Editing Measure word

{{Short description|Words that measure quantities}}{{About|measure words in general|measure words in Chinese|Chinese classifier|measure words in Japanese|Japanese counter word|measure words in Korean|Korean count word}}
{{Grammatical categories}}
In [[linguistics]], '''measure words''' are words (or [[morpheme]]s) that are used in combination with a numeral to indicate an amount of something represented by some [[noun]]. Many languages use measure words, and East Asian languages such as [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[Korean language|Korean]] use them very extensively in the form of [[classifier (linguistics)|number classifiers]].

==Description==
Measure words denote a unit of measurement and are used with [[mass noun]]s (uncountable nouns), and in some cases also with [[count noun]]s. For instance, in [[English language|English]], ''{{linktext|mud}}'' is a mass noun and thus one cannot say "three muds", but one can say "three <u>drops</u> of mud", "three <u>pails</u> of mud", etc. In these examples, ''drops'' and ''pails'' function as measure words. One can also say "three <u>pails</u> of shells"; in this case the measure word ''pails'' accompanies a count noun (''shells'').

The term ''measure word'' is also sometimes used to refer to numeral classifiers, which are used with count nouns in some languages. For instance, in English no extra word is needed when saying "three people", but in many [[Languages of East Asia|East Asian languages]] a numeral classifier is added, just as a measure word is added for uncountable nouns in English. For example:

{{columns-start}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=zh |italics2=no |italics3=yes |indent=2
|一 只 狗 |c1=(simplified)
|一 隻 狗 |c2=(traditional)
|yī zhī gǒu
|one [measure-word] dog
|'one dog'}}
{{column}}
{{fs interlinear |lang=zh |italics2=no |italics3=yes |indent=2
|三 只 狗 |c1=(simplified)
|三 隻 狗 |c2=(traditional)
|sān zhī gǒu
|three [measure-word] dog
|'three dogs'}}
{{columns-end}}

There are numerous Chinese measure words, and nouns differ in what measure words they can use. While many linguists maintain a distinction between measure words and numeral classifiers, the terms are sometimes used interchangeably.<ref>{{Cite book |author-link1=James Tai | last=Tai | first=James H.-Y. | year=1994 | chapter=Chinese classifier systems and human categorization | editor1=William S.-Y. Wang|editor1-link=William S-Y. Wang|editor2= M. Y. Chen|editor3-link=Ovid Tzeng|editor3=Ovid J.L. Tzeng | title=In honor of William S.-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary studies on language and language change | page=2 | location=Taipei | publisher=Pyramid Press | isbn=978-957-9268-55-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Cheng | first1=Lisa L.-S. | first2=Rint | last2=Sybesma | year=1998 | title=''yi-wan tang'' and ''yi-ge Tang'': Classifiers and mass-classifiers | journal=Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies | volume=28 | issue=3 }}</ref> For instance, materials for teaching [[Chinese as a second language]] generally refer to [[Chinese classifier|Chinese classifiers]] as "measure words". The corresponding Chinese term is {{Lang|zh-Latn-pinyin|liàngcí}} ({{Zh|s=量词|t=量詞|p=}}), which can be directly translated as "quantity word".

Most measure words in English correspond to [[units of measurement]] or containers, and are themselves count nouns rather than [[grammatical particle]]s:
*one ''quart'' of water
*three ''cups'' of coffee
*four ''kernels'' of corn, three ''ears'' of corn,  two ''bushels'' of corn

Though similar in construction, fractions are not measure words. For example, in "seven-eighths of an apple" the fraction acts as a noun. Compare that to "seven slices of apple" where "apple" is a mass noun and does not require the article "an". Combining the two, e.g. "seven-eighths of a slice of apple", makes it clear the fraction must be a noun referring to a part of another countable noun.

In many languages, including the East Asian languages referred to above, the analogous constructions do not include any equivalent of the English ''of''. In [[German language|German]], for example, ''ein Glas Bier'' means "a glass [of] beer". This is interesting since both languages are [[West Germanic languages]], making them closely related to each other. However, the equivalent of the English ''of'' is common in [[Romance languages]] such as "a glass of beer":
: {{langx|es|un vaso <u>de</u> cerveza}}
: {{langx|fr|un verre <u>de</u> bière}}
: {{langx|pt|um copo <u>de</u> cerveja}}

==Classifiers versus measure words==
[[Classifier (linguistics)|Classifiers]] play a similar role to measure words, except that measure words denote a particular quantity of something (a drop, a cupful, a pint, etc.), rather than the inherent countable units associated with a [[count noun]]. Classifiers are used with count nouns; measure words can be used with mass nouns (e.g. "two pints of mud"), and can also be used when a count noun's quantity is not described in terms of its inherent countable units (e.g. "two pints of acorns").

However, the terminological distinction between classifiers and measure words is often blurred – classifiers are commonly referred to as measure words in some contexts, such as Chinese language teaching, and measure words are sometimes called ''mass-classifiers'' or similar.<ref>{{Cite book | last=Tai | first=James H.-Y. | author-link=James Tai | year=1994 | chapter=Chinese classifier systems and human categorization |editor=William S.-Y. Wang |editor2=M. Y. Chen |editor3=Ovid J.L. Tzeng |editor1-link=William S-Y. Wang |editor3-link=Ovid Tzeng| title=In honor of William S.-Y. Wang: Interdisciplinary studies on language and language change | page=2 | location=Taipei | publisher=Pyramid Press | isbn=978-957-9268-55-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Cheng | first1=Lisa L.-S. | first2=Rint | last2=Sybesma | author-link=Lisa Cheng (linguist) | year=1998 | title=''yi-wan tang'' and ''yi-ge Tang'': Classifiers and mass-classifiers | journal=Tsing Hua Journal of Chinese Studies | volume=28 | issue=3 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28639748 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210316062959/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lisa-Cheng-5/publication/28639748_Yi-wan_tang_yi-ge_Tang_Classifiers_and_massifiers/links/565cbdee08ae1ef92981f496/Yi-wan-tang-yi-ge-Tang-Classifiers-and-massifiers.pdf |archivedate=2021-03-16}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Collective noun]]
*[[Count noun]]
*[[List of collective nouns]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lexical categories|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Measure Word}}
[[Category:Parts of speech]]