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Medical cybernetics
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{{Short description | Branch of cybernetics applying systems theory in medicine}} '''Medical cybernetics''' is a branch of [[cybernetics]] which has been heavily affected by the development of the [[computer]],<ref>Brian H. Rudall (2000). "Cybernetics and systems in the 1980s". In: ''Kybernetes''. Vol 29. Issue 5/6 p.595-611.</ref> which applies the concepts of cybernetics to [[medical research]] and practice. At the intersection of [[systems biology]], [[systems medicine]] and clinical applications it covers an emerging working program for the application of [[systems theory|systems]]- and [[communication theory]], [[connectionism]] and [[decision theory]] on biomedical research and health related questions. == Overview == Medical cybernetics searches for quantitative descriptions of biological dynamics.<ref name="JWD04">J.W. Dietrich (2004), [http://www.medical-cybernetics.de/definition.html ''Medical Cybernetics β A Definition''], Medizinische Kybernetik, 2004. Released under creative commons 2.0 attribution licence.</ref> It investigates intercausal networks in [[human biology]], [[Decision-making|medical decision making]] and [[Information processing (psychology)|information processing]] structures in the [[living organism]]. Approaches of medical cybernetics include: * [[Systems theory]] in medical sciences: The scope of systems theory in the medical sciences is searching for and modelling of physiological dynamics in the intact and diseased organism.<ref name="Fricke_2006_1">{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=O |last2=Lehmkuhl |first2=G |last3=Schoenau |first3=E |title=The principle of regulation in biology--from bone to eating behavior. |journal=Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes|date=April 2006 |volume=114 |issue=4 |pages=197β203 |doi=10.1055/s-2006-924068 |pmid=16705553}}</ref><ref name="Fricke_2006_2">{{cite journal |last1=Fricke |first1=O |last2=Lehmkuhl |first2=G |last3=Pfaff |first3=DW |title=Cybernetic principles in the systematic concept of hypothalamic feeding control. |journal=European Journal of Endocrinology |date=February 2006 |volume=154 |issue=2 |pages=167β73 |doi=10.1530/eje.1.02081 |pmid=16452529}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Midgley |first1=JE |last2=Hoermann |first2=R |last3=Larisch |first3=R |last4=Dietrich |first4=JW |title=Physiological states and functional relation between thyrotropin and free thyroxine in thyroid health and disease: in vivo and in silico data suggest a hierarchical model. |journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology |date=April 2013 |volume=66 |issue=4 |pages=335β42 |doi=10.1136/jclinpath-2012-201213 |pmid=23423518}}</ref> Its aim is to arrive at deeper insights into the organizational principles of life and its perturbations.<ref name="JWD04"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tretter |first1=F |last2=Wolkenhauer |first2=O |last3=Meyer-Hermann |first3=M |last4=Dietrich |first4=JW |last5=Green |first5=S |last6=Marcum |first6=J |last7=Weckwerth |first7=W |title=The Quest for System-Theoretical Medicine in the COVID-19 Era. |journal=Frontiers in Medicine |date=2021 |volume=8 |pages=640974 |doi=10.3389/fmed.2021.640974 |pmid=33855036|pmc=8039135 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hoermann |first1=R |last2=Midgley |first2=JEM |last3=Larisch |first3=R |last4=Dietrich |first4=JW |title=Recent Advances in Thyroid Hormone Regulation: Toward a New Paradigm for Optimal Diagnosis and Treatment. |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |date=2017 |volume=8 |pages=364 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2017.00364 |doi-access=free |pmid=29375474|pmc=5763098 }}</ref> Based on cybernetic models, improved diagnostical strategies<ref name="Dietrich_2016">{{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=JW |last2=Landgrafe-Mende |first2=G |last3=Wiora |first3=E |last4=Chatzitomaris |first4=A |last5=Klein |first5=HH |last6=Midgley |first6=JE |last7=Hoermann |first7=R |title=Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |date=2016 |volume=7 |pages=57 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2016.00057 |doi-access=free |pmid=27375554|pmc=4899439 }}</ref><ref name="Dietrich_2022">{{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=JW |last2=Dasgupta |first2=R |last3=Anoop |first3=S |last4=Jebasingh |first4=F |last5=Kurian |first5=ME |last6=Inbakumari |first6=M |last7=Boehm |first7=BO |last8=Thomas |first8=N |title=SPINA Carb: a simple mathematical model supporting fast in-vivo estimation of insulin sensitivity and beta cell function. |journal=Scientific Reports |date=21 October 2022 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17659 |doi=10.1038/s41598-022-22531-3 |pmid=36271244|pmc=9587026 |bibcode=2022NatSR..1217659D }}</ref><ref name="Dietrich_2024_1">{{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=JW |last2=Abood |first2=A |last3=Dasgupta |first3=R |last4=Anoop |first4=S |last5=Jebasingh |first5=FK |last6=Spurgeon |first6=R |last7=Thomas |first7=N |last8=Boehm |first8=BO |title=A novel simple disposition index (SPINA-DI) from fasting insulin and glucose concentration as a robust measure of carbohydrate homeostasis. |journal=Journal of Diabetes |date=September 2024 |volume=16 |issue=9 |pages=e13525 |doi=10.1111/1753-0407.13525 |pmid=38169110|pmc=11418405 }}</ref> and methods for personalised therapy of chronic diseases have been developed.<ref name="Goede_2014_1">{{cite journal |last1=Goede |first1=SL |last2=Leow |first2=MK |last3=Smit |first3=JW |last4=Dietrich |first4=JW |title=A novel minimal mathematical model of the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis validated for individualized clinical applications. |journal=Mathematical Biosciences |date=March 2014 |volume=249 |pages=1β7 |doi=10.1016/j.mbs.2014.01.001 |pmid=24480737}}</ref><ref name="Goede_2014_2">{{cite journal |last1=Goede |first1=SL |last2=Leow |first2=MK |last3=Smit |first3=JW |last4=Klein |first4=HH |last5=Dietrich |first5=JW |title=Hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid feedback control: implications of mathematical modeling and consequences for thyrotropin (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) reference ranges. |journal=Bulletin of Mathematical Biology |date=June 2014 |volume=76 |issue=6 |pages=1270β87 |doi=10.1007/s11538-014-9955-5 |pmid=24789568}}</ref><ref name="Dietrich_2016"/><ref name="Li_2021">{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=E |last2=Yen |first2=PM |last3=Dietrich |first3=JW |last4=Leow |first4=MK |title=Profiling retrospective thyroid function data in complete thyroidectomy patients to investigate the HPT axis set point (PREDICT-IT). |journal=Journal of Endocrinological Investigation |date=May 2021 |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=969β977 |doi=10.1007/s40618-020-01390-7 |pmid=32808162}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wolff |first1=TM |last2=Dietrich |first2=JW |last3=MΓΌller |first3=MA |title=Optimal Hormone Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism - A Model Predictive Control Approach. |journal=Frontiers in Endocrinology |date=2022 |volume=13 |pages=884018 |doi=10.3389/fendo.2022.884018 |doi-access=free |pmid=35813623|pmc=9263720 }}</ref><ref name="Dietrich_2024_2">{{cite journal |last1=Dietrich |first1=Johannes W. |title=P4-Endokrinologie β Kybernetische Perspektiven eines neuen Ansatzes |journal=Leibniz Online |date=2024 |volume=54 |doi=10.53201/LEIBNIZONLINE54 |url=https://leibnizsozietaet.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/12/03_03_Kybernetik-2024_DietrichLeibniz-Online-Fachbeitrag.pdf |language=de}}</ref> With focus on medical application this field is also referred to as [[systems medicine]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Alon |first1=Uri |title=Systems medicine: physiological circuits and the dynamics of disease |date=2024 |publisher=CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group |location=Boca Rato London New York |isbn=9781032411859 |edition=First}}</ref> * Medical information and [[communication theory]]: Motivated by the awareness of information being an essential principle of life, the application of communication theory to biomedicine aims at a mathematical description of signalling processes and information storage in different physiological layers.<ref name="JWD04"/> This attempt also includes theories on the information theory of the genetic code.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Tsukamoto |first1=Y |title=An information theory of the genetic code. |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |date=21 June 1979 |volume=78 |issue=4 |pages=451β98 |doi=10.1016/0022-5193(79)90187-5 |pmid=513794|bibcode=1979JThBi..78..451T }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Figureau |first1=A |title=Information theory and the genetic code. |journal=Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres |date=1987 |volume=17 |issue=3β4 |pages=439β49 |doi=10.1007/BF02386481 |pmid=3627775|bibcode=1987OrLi...17..439F |s2cid=25129093 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Battail |first1=GΓ©rard |title=Information Theory and Error-Correcting Codes In Genetics and Biological Evolution |journal=Introduction to Biosemiotics |date=2007 |pages=299β345 |doi=10.1007/1-4020-4814-9_13|isbn=978-1-4020-4813-5 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kuruoglu |first1=EE |last2=Arndt |first2=PF |title=The information capacity of the genetic code: Is the natural code optimal? |journal=Journal of Theoretical Biology |date=21 April 2017 |volume=419 |pages=227β237 |doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.01.046 |pmid=28163008|bibcode=2017JThBi.419..227K |hdl=21.11116/0000-0000-7D7E-8 |hdl-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ramakrishnan |first1=Nithya |last2=Bose |first2=R. |title=Dipole entropy based techniques for segmentation of introns and exons in DNA |journal=Applied Physics Letters |date=20 August 2012 |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=083701 |doi=10.1063/1.4747205|bibcode=2012ApPhL.101h3701R }}</ref> * [[Connectionism]]: Connectionistic models describe information processing in neural networks β thus forming a bridge between biological and technological research.<ref name="JWD04"/> * [[Decision-making|Medical decision theory]] (MDT): The Goal of MDT is to gather evidence based foundations for decision making in the clinical setting.<ref name="JWD04"/> == See also == {{Col-begin}} {{Col-break}} ;Related fields * [[Biocybernetics]] * [[Complex systems]] * [[Cybernetics]] * [[Systems theory]] * [[Prosthetics]] * [[Systems biology]] * [[Systems medicine]] {{Col-break}} ;Related scientists * [[Uri Alon]] * [[William Ross Ashby]] * [[Claude Bernard]] * [[Valentin Braitenberg]] * [[Walter Cannon]] * [[Stephen Grossberg]] * [[Humberto Maturana]] * [[Warren McCulloch]] {{Col-break}} ;Related scientists * [[Walter Pitts]] * [[Arturo Rosenblueth]] * [[Robert Trappl]] * [[Felix Tretter]] * [[Francisco Varela]] * [[Frederic Vester]] * [[Kevin Warwick]] * [[Paul Watzlawick]] {{col-end}} * [[List of biomedical cybernetics software]] * [[List of medical cybernetics schools, Colleges and Universities]] == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * V.V. Parin (1959), "Introduction to medical Cybernetics" in ''NASA Technical Translation'' no.F-459-F-462, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1959. * C.A. Muses (1965). "Aspects of some crucial problems in biological and medical cybernetics". In: ''Progress in biocybernetics'', 1965. == External links == * [http://www.ai.meduniwien.ac.at/ Institute for Medical Cybernetics and Artificial Intelligence, Medical University Vienna, Austria] * [http://open-site.org/Science/Mathematics/Applied/Cybernetics/K3_-_Applied_Cybernetics/Medical/ Medical Cybernetics in the Open Encyclopedia Project] * [http://www.medizinische-kybernetik.de/ Portal Server Medizinische Kybernetik | Medical Cybernetics] * [http://biocyb.cs.ucla.edu/ UCLA Biocybernetics Laboratory, Los Angeles, Ca, USA] {{Cybernetics}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Medical Cybernetics}} [[Category:Biomedical cybernetics]]
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