Editing Meeussen's rule

{{Short description|Sound law}}
'''Meeussen's rule''' is a special case of [[tone (linguistics)|tone]] reduction. It was first described in [[Bantu languages]], but occurs in analyses of other languages as well, such as [[Papuan languages]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Pennington |first1=Ryan |title=Tone in Gadsup Noun Phrases |url=https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/69106 |website=sil.org |publisher=Linguistics Society of PNG |access-date=28 December 2023}}</ref> The tonal alternation that it describes is the lowering, in some contexts, of the last tone of a pattern of two adjacent high tones (HH), resulting in the pattern HL. The phenomenon is named after its first observer, the [[Belgium|Belgian]] Bantu specialist [[A. E. Meeussen]] (1912–1978). In [[phonology|phonological]] terms, the phenomenon can be seen as a special case of the [[obligatory contour principle]].

The term "Meeussen's Rule" (the spelling with a capital ''R'' is more common) first appeared in a paper by John Goldsmith in 1981.<ref>Goldsmith (1981).</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Meeussen%27s+Rule%2CMeeussen%27s+rule%2CObligatory+Contour+Principle&year_start=1965&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=0&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2CMeeussen%20%27s%20Rule%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CMeeussen%20%27s%20rule%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CObligatory%20Contour%20Principle%3B%2Cc0 Google ngrams].</ref> It is based on an observation made by Meeussen in his 1963 article on the Tonga verb stating that "in a sequence of determinants, only the first is treated as a determinant".<ref>Meeussen (1963)</ref> John Goldsmith reformulated that as the rule HH > HL (or, as he expressed it, H → L / H <u>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</u>&nbsp;), which later became well known as Meeussen's rule.<ref>Goldsmith (1984b), pp. 29, 50.</ref>

Meeussen's rule is one of a number of processes in Bantu languages by which a series of consecutive high tones is avoided. The processes result in a less tonal, more accentual character in Bantu tone systems and causes a situation in which there tends to be only one tone per word or morpheme.<ref>See Laura Downing in Hulst, Harry van der; Goedemans, Rob; Zanten, Ellen van (2010) ''A Survey of Word Accentual Patterns in the Languages of the World''. de Gruyter, p. 412.</ref>

==Examples== 
Here are some illustrations of the phenomenon in [[Kirundi]], a Bantu language of [[Burundi]] (examples adapted from Philippson 1998).

===In verb forms===
* na-rá-zi-báriira &nbsp; (I-<small>PAST</small>-them.<small>CL</small>10-to sew) &nbsp; 'I was sewing them' (''them'' refers to a [[noun class|class]] 10 plural)
* na-rá-bariira &nbsp; (I-<small>PAST</small>-to sew) &nbsp; 'I was sewing'
In the first sentence, both the tense marker ''rá'' and the verb form ''báriira'' (to sew) carry a high tone, signified by the [[acute accent]]. They are separated by the pronominal marker ''zi''. In the second sentence, the pronominal marker ''zi'' is left out, resulting in two adjacent high tones. The phenomenon described by Meeussen's rule causes the second high tone to change into a low tone.

===In noun forms===
* bukéeye > umuɲábukéeye
* mwáaro > umuɲámwaaro
The examples show a way of [[derivation (linguistics)|deriving]] from place names nouns with the meaning 'a person originating from'. In the first example, the place name ''bukéeye'' has a high tone on the second syllable. The junction with ''umuɲá'' ('person from') has no influence on this tone. In the second example, a place name with a High tone on the first syllable is used. Like above, the second high tone of the resulting pattern of two adjacent high tones is changed into a low tone because of the phenomenon described by Meeussen's rule.

===HHH > HLL===
Just as HH (high tone + high tone) can become HL (high tone + low tone) by Meeussen's rule, HHH also often becomes HLL, and HHHH becomes HLLL. Thus in [[Luganda]], a Bantu language of [[Uganda]], the word ''*b'''á'''-l'''í'''-l'''á'''ba'' 'they will see', which theoretically has three High tones, is actually pronounced ''b'''á'''lilabá'' with only one.<ref>Hyman & Katamba (1993), pp.&nbsp;36, 45.</ref> (The tone on the last syllable is an automatically generated phrasal tone; see [[Luganda tones]].)

This process does not operate in the same way in every language, however. For example, in [[Shona language|Shona]], a Bantu language of Zimbabwe]], the similar verb *'''''á'''-ch'''á'''-t'''é'''ng'''á''''' 'he will buy' transforms to '''''á'''-cha-t'''é'''ng'''á''''', where only one syllable is lowered by Meeussen's rule.<ref>Myers (1997), p. 864.</ref>

==Exceptions==
Spreading of a tone across two or more syllables is quite common in Bantu languages. Tones that derive from spreading (or from plateauing, the spreading of high pitch from one high tone to another) are not affected by Meeussen's rule. Thus, in the [[Chewa language]] of [[Malawi]], for example, when the word ''kuph'''í'''ka'' 'to cook' is followed by a direct object such as ''nyama'' 'meat', the tone on the penultimate syllable will spread: ''kuph'''í'''k'''á''' nyama'' 'to cook meat'.<ref>Kanerva (1990), p. 59.</ref>

There are many other exceptions to Meeussen's rule. For example, Shona verbs, in certain circumstances, may have two high tones in adjacent syllables. In the subjunctive ''<u>t'''í'''-t'''é'''</u>ngésé'' 'we should sell', both ''tí'' and ''té-'' have underlying high tones (the high tones of ''-ngésé'' arise from tone spreading), yet the tone of ''té-'' is not deleted.<ref>Myers, (1997), p. 870.</ref> Likewise, in the Chewa verb ''a-<u>n'''á'''-k'''á'''</u>-f'''ó'''tokoza'' 'he went and explained', the tone of ''ká'' 'go and' does not get lowered although it follows the high-toned tense-marker ''ná''.<ref>[[Larry Hyman|Hyman]], Larry M. & Al D. Mtenje (1999). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Larry_Hyman/publication/287771880_Prosodic_morphology_and_tone_The_case_of_Chichewa/links/57a0888f08ae100d3809c7d7.pdf "Prosodic Morphology and tone: the case of Chichewa"] in René Kager, Harry van der Hulst and Wim Zonneveld (eds.) ''The Prosody-Morphology Interface''. Cambridge University Press, 90-133.</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
*Goldsmith, John (1981). "Towards an Autosegmental Theory of Accent: The Case of Tonga", Indiana University Linguistics Club.
*[[John Goldsmith (linguist)|Goldsmith, John]] (1984a) "Meeussen's Rule" in Aronoff, M. & Oehrle, R (eds.), ''Language Sound Structure'', Cambridge, Mass., MIT.
*Goldsmith, John (1984b), [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/248111984_Tone_and_accent_in_Tonga "Tone and accent in Tonga"], in Clements, G.N. & Goldsmith, J. (1984) ''Autosegmental Studies in Bantu Tone''. Dordrecht.
*Hyman, Larry M. & Francis X. Katamba (1993). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/416415 "A new approach to tone in Luganda"], in ''Language''. 69. 1, pp.&nbsp;33–67.
*Kanerva, Jonni M. (1990). Focus and Phrasing in Chichewa Phonology. New York, Garland.
* Meeussen, A.E. (1963) "Morphotonology of the Tonga verb". ''Journal of African Languages'', 2.72–92.
*Myers, Scott (1997) [https://web.archive.org/web/20170219134503/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/3f15/71040e044ea3c127ebb1b0bb3e42b1674b2c.pdf "OCP Effects in Optimality Theory", ''Natural Language & Linguistic Theory''], Vol. 15, No. 4.
* Sharman, J.C. & A.E. Meeussen (1955) 'The representation of structural tones, with special reference to the tonal behaviour of the verb, in Bemba, Northern Rhodesia'. [[Africa (journal)|''Africa'']], 25, 393-404.
* Philippson, Gérard (1998) ''Tone reduction vs. metrical attraction in the evolution of Eastern Bantu tone systems''. Paris: INALCO. ([http://www.ddl.ish-lyon.cnrs.fr/biblio/index.asp?Langue=FR&Page=0&Tri=1&L=16 online version])
{{refend}}

[[Category:Bantu sound laws]]