Editing Meissa

{{Short description|Star in the constellation Orion}} 
{{Starbox begin
 | name = Meissa
}}
{{Starbox image
|image=
{{Location mark
|image=Orion constellation map.svg|alt=|float=center|width=260
|label=|position=right
|mark=Red circle.svg|mark_width=10|mark_link=λ
|x=586|y=242
}}
|caption=λ (circled) in the constellation Orion.
}}
{{Starbox observe 2s
 | epoch    = J2000
 | constell = [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]]
 | component1 = A
 | ra1        = {{RA|05|35|08.27608}}<ref name=dr3a/>
 | dec1       = {{DEC|+09|56|02.9913}}<ref name=dr3a/>
 | appmag_v1  = 3.7<ref name=melnik2020/>
 | component2 = B
 | ra2        = {{RA|05|35|08.48130}}<ref name=dr3b/>
 | dec2       = {{DEC|+09|56|06.0995}}<ref name=dr3b/>
 | appmag_v2  = 5.6<ref name=melnik2020/>
}}
{{Starbox character
 | component = A
 | class    = O8 III((f))<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=2011ApJS..193...24S|title=The Galactic O-Star Spectroscopic Survey. I. Classification System and Bright Northern Stars in the Blue-violet at R ~ 2500|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement|volume=193|issue=2|pages=24|last1=Sota|first1=A.|last2=Maíz Apellániz|first2=J.|last3=Walborn|first3=N. R.|last4=Alfaro|first4=E. J.|last5=Barbá|first5=R. H.|last6=Morrell|first6=N. I.|last7=Gamen|first7=R. C.|last8=Arias|first8=J. I.|year=2011|doi=10.1088/0067-0049/193/2/24|arxiv = 1101.4002 |s2cid=119248206}}</ref>
 | b-v      = −0.21<ref name=mnras181_657/>
 | u-b      = −1.01<ref name=mnras181_657/>
 | variable = 
}}
{{Starbox character|no_heading=y
 | component = B
 | class    = B0 V<ref name=mnras181_657/>
 | b-v      = +0.04<ref name=mnras181_657/>
 | u-b      = −0.77<ref name=mnras181_657/>
 | variable = 
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
 | radial_v = +30.10<ref>{{cite journal|bibcode=2006AstL...32..759G|title=Pulkovo Compilation of Radial Velocities for 35 495 Hipparcos stars in a common system|journal=Astronomy Letters|volume=32|issue=11|pages=759–771|last1=Gontcharov|first1=G. A.|year=2006|doi=10.1134/S1063773706110065|arxiv = 1606.08053 |s2cid=119231169}}</ref>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry|no_heading=y
 | component1 = A
 | prop_mo_ra  = +2.896<ref name=dr3a/>
 | prop_mo_dec = −3.183<ref name=dr3a/>
 | parallax = 2.5936
 | p_error  = 0.4032
 | parallax_footnote = <ref name=dr3a/>
 | absmag_v = −4.25
 | component2 = B
 | prop_mo_ra2  = +2.216<ref name=dr3b/>
 | prop_mo_dec2 = −1.986<ref name=dr3b/>
 | parallax2 = 2.4682
 | p_error2  = 0.1543
 | parallax_footnote2 = <ref name=dr3b/>
 | absmag_v2 = −1.94
}}
{{Starbox detail
 | component1          = A
 | mass                = 34<ref name=voss/>
 | radius              = {{val|10.0|0.6}}<ref name=Gordon2018/>
 | luminosity          = {{val|200,000|117000|74000|fmt=commas}}<ref name=aaa628_A36/>
 | luminosity_bolometric = 
 | luminosity_visual   =   
 | temperature         = {{val|36000|900|fmt=commas}}<ref name=Gordon2018/>
 | metal_fe            = 0.03<ref name=wu/>
 | rotation            =   
 | rotational_velocity =   
 | gravity             = 3.90<ref name=wu/>
 | age_myr             = 4.2<ref name=voss/>
 | component2          = B
 | mass2               = {{val|10.3|0.7}}<ref name=lyubimkov/>
 | radius2             = {{val|4.2|0.8}}<ref name=lyubimkov/>
 | luminosity2         = 6,300<ref name=lyubimkov/>
 | temperature2        = {{val|25,400|500|fmt=commas}}<ref name=lyubimkov>{{cite journal|bibcode=2002MNRAS.333....9L|title=Surface abundances of light elements for a large sample of early B-type stars - II. Basic parameters of 107 stars|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=333|pages=9–26|last1=Lyubimkov|first1=Leonid S.|last2=Rachkovskaya|first2=Tamara M.|last3=Rostopchin|first3=Sergey I.|last4=Lambert|first4=David L.|year=2002|issue=1|doi=10.1046/j.1365-8711.2002.05341.x|doi-access=free}}</ref>
 | gravity2            = {{val|4.21|0.10}}<ref name=lyubimkov/>
 | age_myr2            = 1.8<ref name=lyubimkov/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
 | names=[[Bayer designation|λ Orionis]], [[Flamsteed designation|39 Orionis]], 101&nbsp;G.&nbsp;Orionis, [[Bonner Durchmusterung|BD]]+09°879, [[Hipparcos Catalogue|HIP]]&nbsp;26207, [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog|SAO]]&nbsp;112921
 | component1 = A
 | names1 = [[Henry Draper catalogue|HD]]&nbsp;36861, [[Harvard Revised catalogue|HR]]&nbsp;1879
 | component2 = B
 | names2 = HD&nbsp;36862, HR&nbsp;1880
}}
{{Starbox reference
 | Simbad=HIP+26207|sn=λ Ori
 | Simbad2=HD+36861|sn2=A
 | Simbad3=HD+36862|sn3=B
}}
{{Starbox end}}

'''Meissa''' {{IPAc-en|'|m|ai|s|@}}, designated '''Lambda Orionis''' ('''λ Orionis''', abbreviated '''Lambda Ori''', '''λ Ori''') is a [[star]] in the [[constellation]] of [[Orion (constellation)|Orion]].  It is a [[multiple star]] approximately {{val|1,300|ul=ly|fmt=commas}} away with a combined [[apparent magnitude]] of 3.33.<ref name=Ducati2002>{{cite journal |bibcode=2002yCat.2237....0D |title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: Catalogue ofStellar Photometry in Johnson's 11-color system |journal=CDS/ADC Collection of Electronic Catalogues |volume=2237 |last1=Ducati |first1=J. R. |year=2002 }}</ref>  The main components are an O8 [[giant star]] and a B-class [[main sequence]] star, separated by about 4″.  Despite Meissa being more [[bolometric luminosity|luminous]] and only slightly further away than [[Rigel]], it appears 3 [[apparent magnitude|magnitudes]] dimmer at visual wavelengths, with much of its radiation emitted in the [[ultraviolet]] due to its high temperature.

==Nomenclature==
[[File:Lambda Orionis.jpg|thumb|left|Meissa with nebulosity north of [[φ2 Orionis|φ<sup>2</sup> Orionis]]]]
''Lambda Orionis'' is the star's [[Bayer designation]]. The traditional name ''Meissa'' derives from the [[Arabic (language)|Arabic]] ''Al-Maisan'' which means 'The Shining One'. ''Al-Maisan'' was originally used for [[Gamma Geminorum]], but was mistakenly applied to Lambda Orionis and the name stuck.<ref name=allen/> In 2016, the [[International Astronomical Union]] organized a [[IAU Working Group on Star Names|Working Group on Star Names]] (WGSN)<ref name="WGSN">{{cite web | url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/ | title=IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)|access-date=22 May 2016}}</ref> to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN's first bulletin of July 2016<ref name="WGSN1">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/WGSN_bulletin1.pdf | title=Bulletin of the IAU Working Group on Star Names, No. 1 |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> included a table of the first two batches of names approved by the WGSN; which included ''Meissa'' for this star. It is now so entered in the IAU Catalog of Star Names.<ref name="IAU-CSN">{{cite web | url=http://www.pas.rochester.edu/~emamajek/WGSN/IAU-CSN.txt | title=IAU Catalog of Star Names |access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

The original Arabic name for this star, ''Al Hakah'' (the source for another name for it, ''Heka'') refers to the Arabic lunar mansion that includes this star and the two of [[Phi Orionis]] (''Al Haḳʽah'', 'a White Spot').<ref name=allen>{{Cite book | last=Allen | first=R. H. | year=1963 | author-link=Richard Hinckley Allen | title=Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning | url=https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/318 | access-date=2011-07-16 | edition=Reprint | publisher=Dover Publications Inc | location=New York, NY | isbn=0486210790 | page=[https://archive.org/details/starnamestheirlo00alle/page/318 318] | url-access=registration }}</ref> In [[Chinese astronomy|Chinese]], {{lang|zh|觜宿}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Zī Sù}}), meaning ''[[Turtle Beak (Chinese constellation)|Turtle Beak]]'', refers to an asterism consisting of Meissa and both of [[Phi Orionis]]<ref>{{in lang|zh}} ''中國星座神話'', written by 陳久金. Published by 台灣書房出版有限公司, 2005, {{ISBN|9789867332257}}.</ref> Consequently, the [[Chinese star names|Chinese name]] for Meissa itself is {{lang|zh|觜宿一}} ({{lang|zh-Latn|Zī Sù yī}}, {{langx|en|the First Star of Turtle Beak}}.)<ref>{{in lang|zh}}  [http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060524.html AEEA (Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy) 天文教育資訊網 2006 年 5 月 24 日] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716121915/http://aeea.nmns.edu.tw/2006/0605/ap060524.html |date=2011-07-16 }}</ref>

==Properties==
Meissa is a [[giant star]] with a [[stellar classification]] of O8&nbsp;III and an [[apparent magnitude|apparent visible magnitude]] 3.54. It is an enormous star with about 34<ref name=voss/> times the mass of the Sun and 10 times the Sun's radius. The [[stellar atmosphere|outer atmosphere]] has an [[effective temperature]] of around 35,000&nbsp;K,<ref name=Gordon2018/> giving it the characteristic blue glow of a hot [[O-type star]].<ref name=csiro/> Meissa is a soft X-ray source with a luminosity of 10<sup>32</sup> erg s<sup>−1</sup> and peak emission in the energy range of 0.2–0.3 keV, which suggests the X-rays are probably being generated by the [[stellar wind]].<ref name=aaa530_A150/> The stellar wind of Meissa is well characterized by a mass-loss rate of {{val|2.5|e=−8}} solar masses per year and a terminal velocity of {{val|2000|u=km/s|fmt=commas}}.<ref name=aaa628_A36/>

Meissa is actually a [[double star]] with a companion at an [[angular separation]] of 4.41&nbsp;[[arcsecond]]s along a [[position angle]] of 43.12° (as of 1937).<ref name=aass53_433/> This fainter component is of magnitude 5.61 and it has a stellar classification of B0.5&nbsp;V, making it a [[B-type main sequence star]].<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1086/300234 |title=ICCD Speckle Observations of Binary Stars. XIX. An Astrometric/Spectroscopic Survey of O Stars |date=1998 |last1=Mason |first1=Brian D. |last2=Gies |first2=Douglas R. |last3=Hartkopf |first3=William I. |last4=Bagnuolo, Jr. |first4=William G. |last5=Ten Brummelaar |first5=Theo |last6=McAlister |first6=Harold A. |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=115 |issue=2 |pages=821–847 |bibcode=1998AJ....115..821M }}</ref> There is an outlying component, Meissa C, which is an [[F-type main sequence star]] with a classification of F8&nbsp;V. This star in turn may have a very low mass companion that is probably a [[brown dwarf]].<ref name=aaa530_A150/>

In 2018, a companion was detected around Meissa A, with a project separation of 10.13 mas. However, it was not detected again.<ref name=Lanthermann>{{cite journal| bibcode=2023A&A...672A...6L|arxiv=2302.03168 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/202245364 |title=Multiplicity of northern bright O-type stars with optical long baseline interferometry |date=2023 |last1=Lanthermann |first1=C. |last2=Le Bouquin |first2=J.-B. |last3=Sana |first3=H. |last4=Mérand |first4=A. |last5=Monnier |first5=J. D. |last6=Perraut |first6=K. |last7=Frost |first7=A. J. |last8=Mahy |first8=L. |last9=Gosset |first9=E. |last10=De Becker |first10=M. |last11=Kraus |first11=S. |last12=Anugu |first12=N. |last13=Davies |first13=C. L. |last14=Ennis |first14=J. |last15=Gardner |first15=T. |last16=Labdon |first16=A. |last17=Setterholm |first17=B. |last18=Ten Brummelaar |first18=T. |last19=Schaefer |first19=G. H. |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=672 |pages=A6 |pmid=36974081 }}</ref>

==Ring==
[[File:Orion's Big Head Revealed in Infrared.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.0|[[Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|WISE]] [[infrared]] view of the ring around Meissa, which is the faint "white" star north of the small bright red nebula.<br/><small>(NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA)</small>]]
Meissa is surrounded by a ring of nebulosity about 12 degrees across. It is thought to be the remains of a supernova explosion, now ionized by the ultraviolet radiation from Meissa itself and some of the surrounding hot stars.<ref name=koenig/>

==Cluster==
This star is the dominant member of a 5-million-year-old star-forming region known as the λ Orionis cluster,<ref name=aaa504_1_199/> or [[Collinder 69]]. The intense ultraviolet energy being radiated by this star is creating the [[Sh2-264]]<ref name=rmaa24_217/> [[H II region]] in the neighboring volume of space, which in turn is surrounded by an expanding ring of cool gas that has an age of about 2–6 million years. The expansion of this gaseous ring may be explained by a former binary companion of Meissa that became a [[Type II supernova]]. Such an event would also explain the star's [[peculiar velocity]] with respect to the center of the expanding ring, as the explosion and resulting mass loss could have kicked Meissa out of the system. A potential candidate for the supernova remnant is the [[neutron star]] [[Geminga]].<ref name=aaa309_892/> However, the last is unlikely given the distance between Geminga and the cluster.<ref name=aaa435_2_625/>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Lambda Orionis ABC.jpg|Lambda Orionis A, B and C. Background image was taken with Spitzer and insert showing the AB components is from [[Gemini Observatory|Gemini]]
File:Proplyd Lambda Orionis.png|alt=This image taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope shows two low-mass stars in the rectangles that show tails in the 24 Micron filter image. This is seen as signs that Meissa is photoevaporating the disks of these low-mass stars.[19]|This image taken by the Spitzer Space Telescope shows two low-mass stars in the rectangles that show tails in the 24 Micron filter image. This is seen as signs that Meissa is [[Photoevaporation|photoevaporating]] the disks of these low-mass stars.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Thévenot |first1=Melina |last2=Doll |first2=Katharina |last3=Durantini Luca |first3=Hugo A. |date=2019-07-01 |title=Photoevaporation of Two Proplyds in the Star Cluster Collinder 69 Discovered with Spitzer MIPS |journal=Research Notes of the American Astronomical Society |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=95 |doi=10.3847/2515-5172/ab30c5 |bibcode=2019RNAAS...3...95T |s2cid=199137075 |issn=2515-5172 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
</gallery>{{clear left}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name=dr3a>{{cite Gaia DR3|3337991583943473280}}</ref>

<ref name=dr3b>{{cite Gaia DR3|3337991583942616704}}</ref>

<ref name=Gordon2018>{{Cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Kathryn D. |last2=Gies |first2=Douglas R. |last3=Schaefer |first3=Gail H. |last4=Huber |first4=Daniel |last5=Ireland |first5=Michael |last6=Hillier |first6=D. John |date=December 2018 |title=Angular Sizes and Effective Temperatures of O-type Stars from Optical Interferometry with the CHARA Array |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |language=en |volume=869 |issue=1 |pages=37 |doi=10.3847/1538-4357/aaec04 |doi-access=free |arxiv=1812.05511 |bibcode=2018ApJ...869...37G |issn=0004-637X}}</ref>

<ref name=voss>{{Cite journal |last=Voss |first=R. |last2=Diehl |first2=R. |last3=Vink |first3=J. S. |last4=Hartmann |first4=D. H. |date=2010-09-01 |title=Probing the evolving massive star population in Orion with kinematic and radioactive tracers |bibcode=2010A&A...520A..51V |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |volume=520 |pages=A51 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201014408 |issn=0004-6361|arxiv=1005.3827 }}</ref>

<ref name=koenig>{{cite journal|doi=10.1088/0004-6256/150/4/100|journal=The Astronomical Journal|volume=150|issue=4|pages=100|year=2015|last1=Koenig|first1=Xavier|last2=Hillenbrand|first2=Lynne A.|last3=Padgett|first3=Deborah L.|last4=Defelippis|first4=Daniel| title=Spectroscopic Assessment of WISE-based Young Stellar Object Selection Near λ and σ Orionis |arxiv = 1506.05141 |bibcode = 2015AJ....150..100K |s2cid=20902398}}</ref>

<ref name=aaa504_1_199>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Bouy | first1=H. | last2=Huélamo | first2=N. | last3=Barrado Y Navascués | first3=D. | last4=Martín | first4=E. L. | last5=Petr-Gotzens | first5=M. G. | last6=Kolb | first6=J. | last7=Marchetti | first7=E. | last8=Morales-Calderón | first8=M. | last9=Bayo | first9=A. | last10=Artigau | first10=E. | last11=Hartung | first11=M. | last12=Marchis | first12=F. | last13=Tamura | first13=M. | last14=Sterzik | first14=M. | last15=Köhler | first15=R. | last16=Ivanov | first16=V. D. | last17=Nürnberger | first17=D. | title=A deep look into the core of young clusters. II. λ-Orionis | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=504 | issue=1 | pages=199–209 |date=September 2009 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200912569 | bibcode=2009A&A...504..199B |arxiv = 0907.0322 | s2cid=1595852 }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa309_892>{{cite journal | last1=Cunha | first1=K. | last2=Smith | first2=V. V. | title=Is the expanding molecular cloud surrounding λ Orionis caused by a Supernova? | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=309 | pages=892–894 |date=May 1996 | bibcode=1996A&A...309..892C }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa435_2_625>{{cite journal | display-authors=1 | last1=Pellizza | first1=L. J. | last2=Mignani | first2=R. P. | last3=Grenier | first3=I. A. | last4=Mirabel | first4=I. F. | title=On the local birth place of Geminga | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics | volume=435 | issue=2 |date=May 2005 | pages=625–630 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20042377 | bibcode=2005A&A...435..625P |arxiv = astro-ph/0502190 | s2cid=15223974 }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa530_A150>{{cite journal | last1=Franciosini | first1=E. | last2=Sacco | first2=G. G. | title=XMM-Newton observations of the young open cluster around λ Orionis | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=530 | page=A150 |date=June 2011 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201015248 | bibcode=2011A&A...530A.150F |arxiv = 1104.3803 | s2cid=118633609 }}</ref>

<ref name=aass53_433>{{cite journal | last1=Scardia | first1=M. | title=Micrometric measurements of binary stars (first list) | journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement Series | volume=53 | pages=433–440 | language=fr |date=September 1983 | bibcode=1983A&AS...53..433S }}</ref>

<ref name=csiro>{{cite web|title=The Colour of Stars |date=December 21, 2004 |work=Australia Telescope, Outreach and Education |publisher=[[Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation]] |url=http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html |access-date=2012-01-16 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318151427/http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_colour.html |archive-date=March 18, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=rmaa24_217>{{cite conference | last1=Barrado Y Navascués | first1=D. | contribution=Lambda Orionis Star Forming Region: toward a comprehensive study of the stellar and substellar population | title=II International GTC Workshop: Science with GTC 1st-light Instruments and the LMT | editor1-first=A. M. | editor1-last=Hidalgo-Gámez | editor2-first=J. J. | editor2-last=González | editor3-first=J. M. Rodríguez | editor3-last=Espinosa | editor4-first=S. | editor4-last=Torres-Peimbert  | work=Revista Mexicana de Astronomía y Astrofísica, Serie de Conferencias  | volume=24 | pages=217–218 |date=December 2005 | bibcode=2005RMxAC..24..217B }}</ref>

<ref name=mnras181_657>{{cite journal | last1=Murdin | first1=P. | last2=Penston | first2=M. V. | title=The Lambda Orionis association | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume=181 | issue=4 | pages=657–665 |date=December 1977 | bibcode=1977MNRAS.181..657M | doi=10.1093/mnras/181.4.657| doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=aaa628_A36>{{cite journal | last1=de Almeida | first1=E. S. G. | last2=Marcolino | first2=W. L. F.| last3=Bouret | first3=J.-C. | last4=Pereira | first4=C.B. | title=Probing the weak wind phenomenon in Galactic O-type giants | journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics | volume=628 | page=A36 |date=August 2019 | doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201834266 | bibcode=2019A&A...628A..36D |arxiv = 1903.07937 | s2cid=118958583 }}</ref>

<ref name=wu>{{cite journal|bibcode= 2011A&A...525A..71W|title= Coudé-feed stellar spectral library - atmospheric parameters|journal= Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume= 525|pages= A71|last1= Wu|first1= Yue|last2= Singh|first2= H. P.|last3= Prugniel|first3= P.|last4= Gupta|first4= R.|last5= Koleva|first5= M.|year= 2011|doi= 10.1051/0004-6361/201015014|arxiv = 1009.1491 |s2cid= 53480665}}</ref>

<ref name=melnik2020>{{cite journal
 | title=Internal motions in OB associations with Gaia DR2
 | last1=Melnik | first1=A. M. | last2=Dambis | first2=A. K.
 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=493 | issue=2 | pages=2339–2351
 | date=April 2020 | doi=10.1093/mnras/staa454
 | doi-access=free | arxiv=2002.05044 | bibcode=2020MNRAS.493.2339M }}</ref>

}}

{{Stars of Orion}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meissa}}
[[Category:Bayer objects|Orionis, Lambda]]
[[Category:Flamsteed objects|Orionis, 39]]
[[Category:Orion molecular cloud complex]]
[[Category:O-type giants]]
[[Category:B-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Binary stars]]
[[Category:Henry Draper Catalogue objects|036861]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|026207]]
[[Category:Orion (constellation)]]
[[Category:Emission-line stars]]
[[Category:Bright Star Catalogue objects|1879]]
[[Category:Durchmusterung objects|BD+09 0879]]
[[Category:Stars with proper names|Meissa]]