Editing Mendeleev's predicted elements

{{short description|Elements predicted to exist but not yet found on the first periodic table}}
{{sidebar periodic table|history|image=Mendelejevs periodiska system 1871.png|caption=Mendeleev's 1871 periodic table}}
[[Dmitri Mendeleev]] published a [[periodic table]] of the [[chemical element]]s in 1869 based on properties that appeared with some regularity as he laid out the elements from lightest to heaviest.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kaji|first=Masanori|title=D. I. Mendeleev's concept of chemical elements and ''The Principles of Chemistry''|journal=Bulletin for the History of Chemistry|volume=27|issue=1|pages=4–16|year=2002|url=http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2005-Kaji.pdf|access-date=2006-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217080509/http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/OPA%20Papers/2005-Kaji.pdf|archive-date=2008-12-17|url-status=dead}}</ref> When Mendeleev proposed his periodic table, he noted gaps in the table and predicted that then-unknown elements existed with properties appropriate to fill those gaps. He named them eka-boron, eka-aluminium, eka-silicon, and eka-manganese, with respective atomic masses of 44, 68, 72, and 100.

== Prefixes ==
To give provisional names to his predicted elements, [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] used the prefixes ''[[wikt:१#Sanskrit|eka]]''- {{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|k|ə|-}},{{refn|group=note|name=ekasanskrit|refn=Citing from the 1871 article:<ref name="mendeleev1871">{{cite journal|last1=Mendeleev|first1=D.|title=The natural system of elements and its application to the indication of the properties of undiscovered elements|journal=Journal of the Russian Chemical Society|date=1871|volume=3|pages=25–56|url=https://www.knigafund.ru/books/56718/read#page31|access-date=23 August 2017|language=ru|archive-date=13 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813142644/https://www.knigafund.ru/books/56718/read#page31|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{rp|45}}<br />{{lang|ru|Элементъ этотъ предлагаю предварительно назвать 'экаборомъ', производя это названіе отъ того что онъ слѣдуетъ за боромъ, какъ первый элементъ четныхъ группъ, а слогъ 'эка' производится отъ санскритскаго слова, обозначающаго 'одинъ'. Eb{{=}}45. Экаборъ ...}}<br />I propose that this element be called ''ekaboron'' first, producing this name from the fact that it comes after the boron, like the first element of even groups, and the syllable ''eka'' is derived from a Sanskrit word that stands for ''one''. Eb=45. Ekaboron ...
}} ''[[wikt:२#Sanskrit|dvi]]''- or ''[[wikt:dwi-#English|dwi-]]'', and  ''[[wikt:३#Sanskrit|tri]]''-, from the [[Sanskrit]] names of digits 1, 2, and 3,<ref>{{Cite journal|arxiv=physics/0411080v2|last1=Kak|first1=Subhash|title=Mendeleev and the Periodic Table of Elements|journal=Sandhan|volume=4|issue=2|pages=115–123|year=2004|bibcode=2004physics..11080K}}</ref> depending upon whether the predicted element was one, two, or three places down from the known element of the same [[group (periodic table)|group]] in his table. For example, [[germanium]] was called eka-silicon until its discovery in 1886, and [[rhenium]] was called dvi-[[manganese]] before its discovery in 1926.

The ''eka-'' prefix was used by other theorists, and not only in Mendeleev's own predictions. Before the discovery, [[francium]] was referred to as ''eka-caesium'', and [[astatine]] as ''eka-iodine''. Sometimes, eka- is still used to refer to some of the [[transuranic element]]s, for example, ''eka-[[radium]]'' for [[unbinilium]]. However, the current official [[IUPAC]] practice is to use a [[systematic element name]] based on the [[atomic number]] of the element as the provisional name, instead of being based on its position in the periodic table as these prefixes require.

== Original predictions ==
{{Periodic table (micro)|title=Mendeleev's predicted elements|caption=(as located in the modern periodic table)|mark=Sc,Ga,Tc,Ge}} 
The four predicted elements lighter than the [[rare-earth element]]s, ''eka-[[boron]]'' (''Eb'', under boron, B, 5), ''eka-[[aluminium]]'' (''Ea'' or ''El'',<ref name="Mendeleev1871">{{Cite journal |last=Mendeleev |first=D. I. |date=1871 |title=The natural system of elements and its application to the indication of the properties of undiscovered elements (in Russian) |url=http://heritage.jscc.ru/Book/10073622 |journal=Journal of the Russian Chemical Society |volume=3 |issue=7 |pages=25–56}}</ref> under Al, 13), ''eka-[[manganese]]'' (''Em'', under Mn, 25), and ''eka-[[silicon]]'' (''Es'', under Si, 14), proved to be good predictors of the properties of [[scandium]] (Sc, 21), [[gallium]] (Ga, 31), [[technetium]] (Tc, 43), and [[germanium]] (Ge, 32) respectively, each of which fill the spot in the periodic table assigned by Mendeleev.

The names were written by Dmitri Mendeleev as {{wikt-lang|ru|экаборъ}} ([[wikt:Wiktionary:Russian transliteration|ekabor]]), {{wikt-lang|ru|экаалюминій}} ([[wikt:Wiktionary:Russian transliteration|ekaaljuminij]]), {{wikt-lang|ru|экамарганецъ}} ([[wikt:Wiktionary:Russian transliteration|ekamarganec]]), and {{wikt-lang|ru|экасилицій}} ([[wikt:Wiktionary:Russian transliteration|ekasilicij]]) respectively, following the [[Reforms of Russian orthography#The post-revolution reform|pre-1917 Russian orthography]].

Initial versions of the periodic table did not distinguish [[rare earth element]]s from [[transition element]]s, helping to explain both why Mendeleev's predictions for heavier unknown elements did not fare as well as those for the lighter ones and why they are not as well known or documented.

[[Scandium oxide]] was isolated in late 1879 by [[Lars Fredrick Nilson]]; [[Per Teodor Cleve]] recognized the correspondence and notified Mendeleev late in that year. Mendeleev had predicted an [[atomic mass]] of 44 for [[ekaboron|eka-boron]] in 1871, while scandium has an atomic mass of 44.955907.

In 1871, Mendeleev predicted<ref name="Mendeleev1871" /> the existence of a yet-undiscovered element he named eka-aluminium (because of its proximity to [[aluminium]] in the [[periodic table]]). The table below compares the qualities of the element predicted by Mendeleev with actual characteristics of gallium, which was discovered, soon after Mendeleev predicted its existence, in 1875 by [[Paul Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran]].

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2|Property
! Eka-aluminium
! Gallium
|-
| colspan=2|Atomic Mass
| 68
| 69.723
|-
| colspan=2|Density (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
| 6.0
| 5.91
|-
| colspan=2|Melting point (°C)
| Low
| 29.76
|-
| rowspan=3|Oxide
|Formula
| Ea<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
| Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>
|-
| Density
|5.5&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|5.88&nbsp;g/cm<sup>3</sup>
|-
|Solubility
| colspan=2|Soluble in both alkalis and acids
|-
|rowspan=2|Chloride
|Formula
| Ea<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>
| Ga<sub>2</sub>Cl<sub>6</sub>
|-
|Volatility
| Volatile
| Volatile
|}

[[Technetium]] was isolated by [[Carlo Perrier]] and [[Emilio Segrè]] in 1937, well after Mendeleev's lifetime, from samples of [[molybdenum]] that had been bombarded with [[deuterium]] nuclei in a [[cyclotron]] by [[Ernest Lawrence]].  Mendeleev had predicted an atomic mass of 100 for eka-manganese in 1871, and the most stable isotopes of technetium are <sup>97</sup>Tc and <sup>98</sup>Tc.<ref>These are [[mass number|mass numbers]] of 97 and 98 which are different from an atomic mass in that they are counts of nucleons in the nuclei of some [[isotope|isotopes]] and are not the [[Standard atomic weight|atomic weight]] of an average sample (with a natural collection of isotopes). The <sup>97</sup>Tc and <sup>98</sup>Tc isotopes have respectively an atomic mass of 96.9063607 and 97.9072112, and respectively a half-life of {{val|4.21|e=6}} years and {{val|4.2|e=6}} years. For elements that are not stable enough to persist from the creation of the Earth, the convention is to report the atomic mass number of the most stable isotope in place of the naturally occurring atomic-mass average. {{cite web |url=http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/PERIODIC/Tc.html |title=Technetium |access-date=2006-11-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061203025311/http://chemlab.pc.maricopa.edu/PERIODIC/Tc.html |archive-date=2006-12-03 }}.</ref>

Germanium was isolated in 1886 and provided the best confirmation of the theory up to that time, due to its contrasting more clearly with its neighboring elements than the two previously confirmed predictions of Mendeleev do with theirs.

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2|Property
! Eka-silicon
! Germanium
|-
| colspan=2|Atomic Mass
| 72
| 72.630
|-
| colspan=2|Density (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
| 5.5
| 5.323
|-
| colspan=2|Melting point (°C)
| High
| 938
|-
| colspan=2|Color
| Grey
| Grey
|-
|rowspan=3|Oxide
| Type
| colspan=2|[[Refractory]] dioxide
|-
| Density (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
| 4.7
| 4.228
|-
| Activity
| Feebly basic
| Feebly basic
|-
| rowspan=2|Chloride
|Boiling point
| Under 100&nbsp;°C
| 86.5&nbsp;°C (GeCl<sub>4</sub>)
|-
| Density (g/cm<sup>3</sup>)
| 1.9
| 1.879
|}

== Other predictions ==

The existence of an element between [[thorium]] (90) and [[uranium]] (92) was predicted by Mendeleev in 1871. In 1900, [[William Crookes]] isolated a radioactive material deriving from uranium that he could not identify, which was later proven to be mixture of <sup>234</sup>Th and <sup>234m</sup>Pa. Protactinium-234m (named "brevium") was identified in Germany in 1913,<ref>{{cite book | last = Emsley | first = John | title = Nature's Building Blocks | edition = Hardcover, First | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | year = 2001 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/347 347] | isbn = 0-19-850340-7 | url = https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/347 }}</ref> but the name ''[[protactinium]]'' was not given until 1918, when protactinium-231 was discovered. Since the acceptance of [[Glenn T. Seaborg]]'s [[actinide concept]] in 1945, thorium, uranium and protactinium have been classified as [[actinide]]s; hence, protactinium does not occupy the place of eka-[[tantalum]] (under 73) in [[Group 5 element|group 5]]. Eka-tantalum is actually the [[synthetic element|synthetic]] [[superheavy element]] [[dubnium]] (105).

Mendeleev's 1869 table had implicitly predicted a heavier analog of [[titanium]] (22) and [[zirconium]] (40), but in 1871 he placed [[lanthanum]] (57) in that spot. The 1923 discovery of [[hafnium]] (72) validated Mendeleev's original 1869 prediction.

{| class="wikitable"
! Mendeleev<ref name=stewart>{{cite journal | title=Mendeleev's predictions: success and failure | author=Philip J. Stewart | journal=Foundations of Chemistry | volume= 21 | pages=3–9 | date=2019| doi=10.1007/s10698-018-9312-0 | s2cid=104132201 | doi-access=free }}</ref>
! Modern names
! Atomic Number
|-
| eka-boron
| scandium, Sc
| 21
|-
| eka-aluminium
| gallium, Ga
| 31
|-
| eka-silicon
| germanium, Ge
| 32
|-
| eka-manganese
| technetium, Tc
| 43
|-
| tri-manganese
| rhenium, Re
| 75
|-
| dvi-tellurium
| polonium, Po
| 84
|-
| dvi-caesium
| francium, Fr
| 87
|-
| eka-tantalum
| protactinium, Pa
| 91
|}

Some other predictions were unsuccessful because he failed to recognise the presence of the lanthanides in the sixth row.<ref name=stewart/>

In 1902, [[Bohuslav Brauner]] placed lanthanides in a special series instead of Mendeleev's extra period, so he renamed Mendeleev's tri-manganese as dvi-manganese and dvi-tellurium as eka-tellurium (polonium had already been discovered, but its chemical properties had not yet been studied). Dvi-caesium was renamed eka-caesium.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brauner|first=Bohuslav|journal=Zhurnal obshcheĭ khimii|year=1902|lang=ru|volume=34|pages=142–153|title=О положеніи рѣдкоземельныхъ элементовъ въ періодической системѣ Менделѣева|url=https://archive.org/details/zhurnalobshcheik3419russ/page/n193/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Later predictions ==

In 1902, having accepted the evidence for elements [[helium]] and [[argon]], Mendeleev placed these noble gases in [[noble gas|Group 0]] in his arrangement of the elements.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mendeleev|first=D.|author-link=Dmitri Mendeleev|title= Osnovy Khimii [The Principles of Chemistry]|edition=7th| date=1902-03-19|language=ru}}</ref> As Mendeleev was doubtful of [[atomic theory]] to explain the [[law of definite proportions]], he had no ''[[A priori and a posteriori (philosophy)|a priori]]'' reason to believe [[hydrogen]] was the lightest of elements, and suggested that a hypothetical lighter member of these chemically inert Group 0 elements could have gone undetected and be responsible for [[radioactivity]]. Currently some periodic tables of elements put lone [[neutron]]s in this place (see [[neutronium]]) but no such element has ever been detected.

The heavier of the hypothetical proto-helium elements Mendeleev identified with [[coronium]], named by association with an unexplained spectral line in the [[solar corona|Sun's corona]]. A faulty calibration gave a wavelength of 531.68&nbsp;nm, which was eventually corrected to 530.3&nbsp;nm, which [[Walter Grotrian|Grotrian]] and [[Bengt Edlén|Edlén]] identified as originating from [[iron|Fe]] XIV (i.e. Fe<sup>13+</sup>) in 1939.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Swings|first=P.|journal=Astrophysical Journal|title=Edlén's Identification of the Coronal Lines with Forbidden Lines of Fe X, XI, XIII, XIV, XV; Ni XII, XIII, XV, XVI; Ca XII, XIII, XV; A X, XIV|date=July 1943|volume=98|issue=119|pages=116–124|doi=10.1086/144550|bibcode=1943ApJ....98..116S|hdl=2268/71737 |url=http://orbi.ulg.ac.be/bitstream/2268/71737/1/SWINGS_1943_edlen-s-identification-of-the-coro.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://laserstars.org/spectra/Coronium.html|title=Identification of Spectral Lines – History of Coronium|website=laserstars.org}}</ref>

The lightest of the Group 0 gases, the first in the periodic table, was assigned a theoretical atomic mass between {{val|5.3|e=-11|ul=u}} and {{val|9.6|e=-7|u=u}}. The kinetic velocity of this gas was calculated by Mendeleev to be 2,500,000 meters per second. Nearly massless, these gases were assumed by Mendeleev to permeate all matter, rarely interacting chemically. The high mobility and very small mass of the trans-hydrogen gases would result in the situation that they could be rarefied, yet appear to be very dense.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mendeleev|first=D.|author-link=Dmitri Mendeleev|title=Popytka khimicheskogo ponimaniia mirovogo efira|year=1903|language=ru|location=St. Petersburg}}<br />An English translation appeared as<br />{{cite book|last=Mendeléeff|first=D.|author-link=Dmitri Mendeleev|translator-first1=G. |translator-last1=Kamensky|title=An Attempt Towards A Chemical Conception Of The Ether|publisher=Longmans, Green & Co.|year=1904}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bensaude-Vincent|first=Bernadette|title=L'éther, élément chimique: un essai malheureux de Mendéleev en 1904|journal=British Journal for the History of Science|year=1982|volume=15|issue=2|pages=183–188|doi=10.1017/S0007087400019166 | jstor=4025966|s2cid=96809512 }}</ref>

Mendeleev later published a theoretical expression of [[the ether]] in a small booklet entitled ''A Chemical Conception of the Ether'' (1904). His 1904 publication again contained two atomic elements smaller and lighter than hydrogen. He treated the "ether gas" as an interstellar atmosphere composed of at least two elements lighter than hydrogen. He stated that these gases originated due to violent bombardments internal to stars, the Sun being the most prolific source of such gases. According to Mendeleev's booklet, the interstellar atmosphere was probably composed of several additional elemental species.<!-- is this 1904 reference distinct from the 1903/1904 publication? -->

== Notes ==

{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last=Scerri |first=Eric |title=The Periodic Table: Its Story and Its Significance |url=https://archive.org/details/periodictableits0000scer |url-access=registration |year=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-530573-9 }}

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[[Category:Chemical elements|*]]
[[Category:Chemical elements predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev| ]]