Editing Menin Gate

{{Short description|World War I memorial in Ypres, Belgium}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military memorial
|name=Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing 
|body=[[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]
|image=Ieper Menenpoort R05.jpg
|image_size=300px
|caption=The Menin Gate
|commemorates=the missing of Commonwealth nations (except [[New Zealand]] and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]) who died in the [[Ypres Salient]] during the [[First World War]].
|coordinates={{coord|50|51|08|N|02|53|30|E|region:FR_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
|nearest_town=[[Ypres]], West Flanders, Belgium
|designer=[[Reginald Blomfield]]
|inscription=To the armies of the British Empire who stood here from 1914 to 1918 and to those of their dead who have no known grave
|established=
|unveiled=24 July 1927
|total=
|commemorated=54,896
|by_country=[[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth nations]]:
* [[United Kingdom]]: 40,244
* [[Canada]]: 6,983
* [[Australia]]: 6,198
* [[South Africa]]: 564
* [[British Raj|British India]]: 414
* [[British West Indies]]: 6
|by_war=[[World War I]]: 54,896
|source={{cwgc cemetery|91800}}
| embedded             = {{designation list | embed=yes
   | designation1            = WHS
   | designation1_offname    =Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)
   | designation1_type       = Cultural
   | designation1_criteria   = i, ii, vi
   | designation1_date       = [[List of World Heritage Sites by year of inscription#2023 (45th session)|2023]] <small>(45th [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small>
   | designation1_number     = [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1567 1567-FL17]
  }}
}}
The '''Menin Gate''' ({{langx|nl|Menenpoort}}), officially the '''Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing''',{{efn|name=fn1|"Menin" is the traditional name of the gate in this location of Ypres' city walls because it leads to the town of [[Menen]].}} is a [[war memorial]] in [[Ypres]], [[Belgium]], dedicated to the [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] soldiers who were killed in the [[Ypres Salient]] of [[World War I]] and whose graves are unknown. The memorial is located at the eastern exit of the town and marks the starting point for one of the main roads that led Allied soldiers to the front line.

Designed by Sir [[Reginald Blomfield]] and built by the Imperial War Graves Commission (since renamed the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission]]), the Menin Gate Memorial was unveiled on 24 July 1927.<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web|title=Monuments of the First and Second World Wars |author=Jacqueline Hucker |publisher=The Canadian Encyclopedia |url=https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/monuments-of-the-first-and-second-world-wars/ |access-date=2011-11-21 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810091629/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0009128 |archive-date=10 August 2011 }}</ref> In early 2023, the monument was closed for extensive restoration works, expected to be completed in time for the memorial's centenary in 2027.<ref>{{Cite web |last=CWGC |title=Menin Gate Memorial |url=https://www.cwgc.org/our-work/menin-gate-memorial/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=CWGC |language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2013}}
[[File:Menin Gate - start of WWI.jpg|left|thumb|''Menenpoort'' on 28 May 1914, before World War I]]
In medieval times, the original narrow gateway on the eastern wall of Ypres was called the Hangoartpoort, "poort" being the Dutch word for gate. During the 17th and 18th centuries, while under the occupation of the [[Habsburgs]] and the [[France|French]], the city was increasingly fortified. Major works were completed at the end of the 17th century by the French military engineer [[Sebastien Le Prestre, Seigneur de Vauban]]. At the outbreak of the First World War in August 1914, the eastern exit simply cut through the remains of the ramparts and crossed a moat. The gateway was by this time known as the Menenpoort, or Menin Gate in English, because the road leading through the gateway led to the small town of [[Menen]].

Ypres occupied a strategic position during the [[First World War]] because it stood in the path of Germany's planned sweep across the rest of Belgium, as had been called for in the [[Schlieffen Plan]]. By October 1914, the much battered Belgian Army broke the dykes on the Yser River to the north of the City to keep the western tip of Belgium out of German hands.  Ypres, being the centre of a road network, anchored one end of this defensive feature and was also essential for the Germans if they wanted to take the Channel Ports through which British support was flooding into France.  For the Allies, Ypres was also important because it eventually became the last major Belgian town that was not under German control.

The importance of the town is reflected in the five major battles that occurred around it during the war.  During the [[First Battle of Ypres]] the Allies halted the German Army's advance to the east of the city. The German army eventually surrounded the city on three sides, bombarding it throughout much of the war. The [[Second Battle of Ypres]] marked a second German attempt to take the city in April 1915.  The third battle is more commonly referred to as [[Battle of Passchendaele|Passchendaele]], but this 1917 battle was a complex five-month engagement.  The fourth and fifth battles occurred during 1918.

British and Commonwealth soldiers often passed through the Menenpoort on their way to the front lines with some 300,000 of them being killed in the [[Ypres Salient]].  90,000 of these soldiers have no known graves.

From September to November 1915, the British [[177th Tunnelling Company]] built tunnelled [[Dugout (military)|dugout]]s in the city [[Rampart (fortification)|rampart]]s near the Menin Gate. These were the first British tunnelled dugouts in the Ypres Salient.<ref name=Beneath216218>Peter Barton/Peter Doyle/Johan Vandewalle, Beneath Flanders Fields – The Tunnellers' War 1914–1918, Staplehurst (Spellmount) (ISBN 978-1862272378) pp. 216–218.</ref>

The carved limestone lions adorning the original gate were damaged by shellfire, and were donated to the [[Australian War Memorial]] by the Mayor of Ypres in 1936. They were restored in 1987, and currently reside at the entrance to that Memorial, so that all visitors to the Memorial pass between them.<ref name="burness">{{cite web| author=Elizabeth Burness| title=Menin Gate lions| work=Journal of the Australian War Memorial 13| date=October 1988| pages=48–49| publisher=Australian War Memorial|  url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/lions.asp}}</ref> Replicas of the original Menin gate lions now sit at the entrance of the original gate in [[Ypres]], a gift by the [[Australian government]] in recognition of the 100th anniversary of Australians serving in [[Flanders]] during the [[First World War]].<ref>{{cite web| author=CWGC| title=Menin Gate Lions to Make a Permanent Return to Ieper| date=27 September 2017| publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|  url=https://www.cwgc.org/learn/news-and-events/news/2017/09/27/10/43/menin-gate-lions-to-make-a-permanent-return-to-ieper}}</ref>

==Memorial==
[[File:Field Marshal Herbert Plumer (Field Marshal Lord Plumer at the unveiling of the Menin Gate memorial, Belgium, 24 July 1927) (19893076515) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Unveiling of the memorial in 1924 by Field Marshal [[Herbert Plumer]]]]
Reginald Blomfield's [[triumphal arch]], designed in 1921, is the entry to the [[Barrel vault|barrel-vaulted]] passage for traffic through the [[mausoleum]] that honours the Missing, who have no known graves. The patient [[lion]] on the top is the lion of Britain but also the lion of Flanders. It was chosen to be a memorial as it was the closest gate of the town to the fighting, and so Allied Troops would have marched past it on their way to fight. Actually, most troops passed out of the other gates of Ypres, as the Menin Gate was too dangerous due to shellfire.

Its large ''Hall of Memory'' contains names on stone panels of 54,395 Commonwealth soldiers who died in the Salient but whose bodies have never been identified or found. On completion of the memorial, it was discovered to be too small to contain all the names as originally planned. An arbitrary cut-off point of 15 August 1917 was chosen and the names of 34,984 UK missing after this date were inscribed on the [[Tyne Cot Cemetery|Tyne Cot Memorial to the Missing]] instead. The Menin Gate Memorial does not list the names of the missing of [[New Zealand]] and [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]] soldiers, who are instead honoured on separate memorials.

[[File:MeninGateCeremony.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Interior, Menin Gate]]
The inscription inside the archway is similar to the one at [[Tyne Cot]], with the addition of a prefatory Latin phrase: "''Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam'', a centuries-old traditional text meaning 'To the greater glory of God'. – Here are recorded names of officers and men who fell in Ypres Salient, but to whom the fortune of war denied the known and honoured burial given to their comrades in death". This inscription, proposed by [[Rudyard Kipling]], is matched by the main overhead inscription on both the east- and west-facing façades of the arch, which he personally composed.<ref>[http://www.tpyf.com/upload/pdf/RESOURCE_E_What_does_the_Menin_Gate_look_like.pdf What does the Menin Gate look like?], Their Past Your Future, Imperial War Museum, November 2005, accessed 07/02/2010</ref> On the opposite side of the archway to that inscription is the shorter dedication: "They shall receive a crown of glory that fadeth not away". There are also Latin inscriptions set in circular panels either side of the archway, on both the east and west sides: "Pro Patria" and "Pro Rege" ('For Country' and 'For King'). A French inscription mentions the citizens of Ypres: "''Erigé par les nations de l'Empire Britannique en l'honneur de leurs morts ce monument est offert aux citoyens d'Ypres pour l'ornement de leur cité et en commémoration des jours où l'Armée Britannique l'a défendue contre l'envahisseur''", which translated into English means: "Erected by the nations of the British Empire in honour of their dead, this monument is offered to the citizens of Ypres for the ornament of their city and in commemoration of the days where the British Army defended it against the invader."<ref>[http://inventaris.vioe.be/woi/relict/1422 Menepoort], Belgian World Heritage Sites entry, accessed 07/02/2010</ref><ref>[http://www.forumeerstewereldoorlog.nl/viewtopic.php?t=6638&p=106563 Last Post – Menenpoort – Ieper], Forum Eerste Wereldoorlog, accessed 07/02/2010. The information is attributed to three sources: Dominiek Dendooven – Documentatiecentrum in Flanders Fields (In Flanders Fields Magazine); Dominiek Dendooven – Documentatiecentrum in Flanders Fields 'Menenpoort & Last Post'; Jabobs M., "Zij, die vielen als helden", Brugge, 1996, 2 volumes – Uitgave Provincie West-Vlaanderen.</ref>

Reaction to the Menin Gate, the first of the [[Commonwealth War Graves Commission|Imperial (now Commonwealth) War Graves Commission]]'s Memorials to the Missing, ranged from its condemnation by the war poet [[Siegfried Sassoon]], to praise by the Austrian writer [[Stefan Zweig]]. Sassoon described the Menin Gate in his poem 'On Passing the New Menin Gate', saying that the dead of the [[Ypres Salient]] would "deride this sepulchre of crime". Zweig, in contrast, praised the simplicity of the memorial, and lack of overt triumphalism, and said that it was "more impressive than any triumphal arch or monument to victory that I have ever seen". Blomfield himself said that this work of his was one of three that he wanted to be remembered by.<ref name="Stamp">''The Memorial to the Missing of the Somme'' ([[Gavin Stamp]], 2007), pp. 103–105</ref>

To this day, the remains of missing soldiers are still found from time to time in the countryside around the town of Ypres. Typically, such finds are made during building work or road-mending activities. Any human remains discovered receive a proper burial in one of the war cemeteries in the region. If the remains can be identified, the relevant name is removed from the Menin Gate.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}

==Notable commemoratees==
[[File:Ypres, Menenpoort J5.jpg|thumb|One of the panels of names of the missing dead]]
Eight recipients of the [[Victoria Cross]] are commemorated on this memorial, listed under their respective regiments:<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.victoriacross.org.uk/ggbeypre.htm|title=Menin Gate Memorial Ypres |website=www.victoriacross.org.uk}}</ref>
* Lance Corporal [[Frederick Fisher (VC)|Frederick Fisher]] VC (Irish-Canadian)
* Brigadier-General [[Charles FitzClarence]] VC (highest ranking commemorated)
* Company Sergeant Major [[Frederick William Hall]] VC (Canadian)
* Second Lieutenant [[Denis George Wyldbore Hewitt]] VC
* Lieutenant [[Hugh McKenzie (VC)|Hugh McKenzie]] VC (Canadian)
* Captain [[John Vallentin]] VC
* Private [[Edward Warner (VC)|Edward Warner]] VC
* Second Lieutenant [[Sidney Woodroffe]] VC

Others listed include:
* Lieutenant [[George Archer-Shee]], original for the title character in [[Terence Rattigan]]'s play ''[[The Winslow Boy]]''<ref>{{CWGC|id=925581|name=Archer-Shee, George|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse, brother of Captain Noel Chavasse VC and Bar.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-records/find-war-dead/casualty-details/1606473/AIDAN%20CHAVASSE/|title=Lieutenant Aidan Chavasse &#124; War Casualty Details 1606473 &#124; CWGC|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref>
* Second Lieutenant [[Harold Bache]], English first-class cricketer<ref name="Wisden">Deaths in the war. ''[[Wisden Cricketers' Almanack]]'' 1917</ref><ref>{{CWGC|id=925986|name=Bache, Harold Godfrey|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Sergeant Harry Band, reputed victim of the alleged [[The Crucified Soldier|"Crucified Canadian" atrocity]]<ref>{{CWGC|id=921959|name=Band, Harry|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Captain [[Percy Banks]], English first-class cricketer<ref>{{CWGC|id=1604501|name=Banks, Percy d'Aguilar|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Captain [[Frank Bingham]], English first-class cricketer<ref>{{CWGC|id=927781|name=Bingham, Frank Miller|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Second Lieutenant [[Billy Geen|William (Billy) Geen]], Wales [[rugby football|rugby]] international<ref>{{CWGC|id=930643|name=Geen, W P|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Private [[James Hastie (footballer)|James Hastie]], Scottish footballer<ref>{{CWGC|id=1613249|name=Hastie, James}}</ref>
* Lieutenant [[Walter Lyon (poet)|Walter Lyon]], poet<ref>{{CWGC|id=1621239|name=Lyon, Walter Scott Stuart|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Captain [[Basil Maclear]], Ireland rugby international<ref>{{CWGC|id=1622212|name=Maclear, Basil|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Lieutenant Colonel [[Edgar Mobbs]], England rugby international<ref>{{CWGC|id=907119|name=Mobbs, Edgar Roberts|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Captain [[Arthur O'Neill|The Hon. Arthur O'Neill]], first British [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] killed in the war.<ref>{{CWGC|id=1622815|name=O'Neill, The Hon. Arthur Edward Bruce|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
* Second Lieutenant [[Clyde Pearce|Clyde Bowman Pearce]],<ref>[http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/1600282/PEARCE,%20CLYDE%20BOWMAN CWGC casualty record Clive Bowman Pearce].</ref> first Australian born winner of the [[Australian Golf Open]] (1908)
* Lance-Sergeant [[Leonard Sutton]], English first-class cricketer (serving with Canadians)<ref>{{CWGC|id=1596411|name=Sutton, Leonard Cecil Leicester|access-date=19 May 2015}}</ref>
*Private [[Arthur Wilson (rugby union)|Arthur Wilson]], English rugby international.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/911360/wilson,-arthur-james/|title=Casualty|website=www.cwgc.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-03}}</ref>
*Second Lieutenant [[Euan Lucie-Smith]], the first mixed race officer to be killed in war.  (Originally recorded on  [[Ploegsteert Memorial to the Missing]]) but served with Warwickshire Regiment listed in Menin Gate.  

=="Last Post" ceremony==
[[File:Cessnock City Pipes and Drums.jpg|thumb|In July 2016, the Combined RSL Centenary of ANZAC (Australia) Pipes & Drums played during the Last Post ceremony.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sellars|first1=Krystal|title= pipe band members to perform at centenary observances for Western Front battles|url=http://www.cessnockadvertiser.com.au/story/3902896/pipe-band-members-to-perform-at-western-front-services-video/|access-date=16 August 2016|publisher=The Advertiser|date=20 May 2016|location=Cessnock, NSW Australia}}</ref>]]
Following the Menin Gate Memorial opening in 1927, the citizens of Ypres wanted to express their gratitude towards those who had given their lives for Belgium's freedom. Hence every evening at 20:00, [[Bugle (instrument)|buglers]] from the Last Post Association close the road which passes under the memorial and sound the "[[Last Post]]".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lastpost.be/en/x/58/ceremonies|title=Last Poster Association – Ceremonies|accessdate=16 April 2023}}</ref> Except for the [[German occupation of Belgium during World War II|occupation by the Germans in World War II]] when the daily ceremony was conducted at [[Brookwood Cemetery#Brookwood Military Cemetery and memorials|Brookwood Military Cemetery]], in [[Surrey]], England, this ceremony has been carried on uninterrupted since 2 July 1928.<ref>{{cite web|title=Last Post Association Ieper|url=https://lastpost.be/}}</ref> On the evening that [[Polish Armed Forces in the West|Polish forces]] liberated Ypres in the Second World War, on 6 September 1944 the ceremony was resumed at the Menin Gate despite the fact that heavy fighting was still taking place in other parts of the town.

During an extended version of the ceremony, individuals or groups may lay a wreath to commemorate the fallen.<ref name="LastPost">{{cite web|title=Participation|url=https://lastpost.be/ceremony/participate/|website=Last Post Association|access-date=16 August 2016}}</ref> Bands, choirs and military units from around the world may also apply to participate in the ceremonies.<ref name="LastPost" /> This extended version of the ceremony also starts at 20:00, but lasts longer than the normal ceremony, when only the Last Post is played. The Last Post Association is an independent, voluntary, non-profit-making organisation. It was the Association that first founded the Last Post Ceremony back in 1928, and it is the Association that is still responsible for the day-to-day organisation of this unique act of homage. It also administers the Last Post Fund, which provides the financial resources necessary to support the ceremony. It is a tradition that the Buglers of the Association should wear the uniform of the local volunteer Fire Brigade, of which they are all required to become members.

The Last Post was a bugle call played in the British Army (and in the armies of many other lands) to mark the end of the day's labours and the onset of the night's rest. In the context of the Last Post ceremony (and in the broader context of remembrance), it has come to represent a final farewell to the fallen at the end of their earthly labours and at the onset of their eternal rest.

Similarly, the Reveille was a bugle call played at the beginning of the day, to rouse the troops from slumber and to call them to their duties. In the context of the Last Post ceremony (and in the broader context of remembrance), the Reveille symbolises not only a return to daily life at the end of the act of homage, but also the ultimate resurrection of the fallen on the Day of Judgement.<ref name="LastPost" /> Schedules are available on the Last Post website.<ref name="LastPost" />

==In art==
''[[Menin Gate at Midnight]]'' (also known as ''Ghosts of Menin Gate'') is a 1927 painting by Australian artist [[Will Longstaff]]. The painting depicts a host of ghostly soldiers marching across a field in front of the Menin Gate war memorial.<ref name="AWMEncyclopedia">{{cite web|last=Grey|first=Anne|title=Will Longstaff's Menin Gate at midnight (Ghosts of Menin Gate)|url=http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/menin/notes.asp|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=21 October 2010}}</ref> The painting is part of the collection of the [[Australian War Memorial]] in [[Canberra]].<ref name="AWM Collection">{{cite web|title=ART09807 – Menin Gate at midnight|url=http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/ART09807|publisher=Australian War Memorial|access-date=21 October 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100630152957/http://cas.awm.gov.au/item/ART09807|archive-date=30 June 2010}}</ref>

==Other memorials==
On the city walls near the Menin Gate are further memorials to Allied soldiers who fought and died at Ypres, the most notable being those to the Gurkhas and Indian soldiers.

<gallery>
File:India in Flanders Fields Ypres.JPG|Monument to Indian soldiers
File:Ypres, statue at Gurkha memorial Menin Gate.JPG|Gurkha memorial
File:Ypres town walls near Menin Gate1.JPG|Town ramparts near Menin Gate
File:Tactile model of Menin Gate on Ypres ramparts.jpg|Tactile model of Menin Gate
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of Commonwealth War Graves Commission World War I memorials to the missing in Belgium and France]]

==References==

===Footnotes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Menin Gate}}
* [http://www.lastpost.be/ The Official Last Post Website]
* [https://cambridgemilitaryhistory.com/2020/04/14/ypres-the-menin-gate/ Ypres: The Menin Gate] Article from Cambridge Military History.
* [http://www.fylde.demon.co.uk/menin.htm Tom Morgan, "The Menin Gate, Ypres"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023081119/http://www.fylde.demon.co.uk/menin.htm |date=23 October 2019 }}, with an excerpt from Lord Plumer's moving dedicatory address
* [http://www.aftermathww1.com/sassoon3.asp Siegfried Sassoon On Passing the new Menin Gate]
* [http://inventaris.vioe.be/woi/relict/1422 Menenpoort] (Belgian heritage register)
* [http://simonjoneshistorian.wordpress.com/tag/eric-haydon/ Menin Gate poem 'Man-at-Arms' authorship uncovered]

{{Canadian First World War Memorials in Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menin Gate}}
[[Category:World War I memorials in Belgium]]
[[Category:Commonwealth War Graves Commission memorials]]
[[Category:Triumphal arches in Belgium]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1927]]
[[Category:1927 sculptures]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ypres]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in West Flanders]]
[[Category:Cemeteries and memorials in West Flanders]]
[[Category:Funerary and memory sites of the First World War (Western Front)]]