Editing Metacarpal bones

{{Short description|Bones of hand}}
{{Anatomy terms}}
{{Infobox bone

| Name          = Metacarpal bones
| Latin         = os metacarpale<br>pl. ossa metacarpalia
| Image         = Metacarpal bones (left hand) 01 palmar view with label.png
| Caption       = Metacarpals shown in red. Left hand, anterior (palmar) view.
| Image2        = Metacarpus ant with label.png
| Caption2      = The five metacarpal bones, numbered. Left hand, anterior (palmar) view.

os primum metacarpale / os metacarpale I

os secundum metacarpale / os metacarpale II

os tertium metacarpale / os metacarpale III

os quartum metacarpale / os metacarpale IV

os quintum metacarpale / os metacarpale V
| Origins       = [[Carpal bones]] of [[wrist]]
| Insertions    = Proximal [[Phalanx bones|phalanges]]
| Articulations = [[Carpometacarpal joint|Carpometacarpal]], [[Intermetacarpal articulations|intermetacarpal]], [[Metacarpophalangeal joint|metacarpophalangeal]]
}}
In [[human anatomy]], the '''metacarpal  bones''' or '''metacarpus''', also known as the "palm bones", are the [[appendicular skeleton|appendicular]] [[bone]]s that form the intermediate part of the [[hand]] between the [[phalanges]] ([[finger]]s) and the [[carpal bones]] ([[wrist|wrist bones]]), which [[joint|articulate]] with the [[forearm]]. The metacarpal bones are [[homolog]]ous to the [[metatarsal bones]] in the [[foot]].

==Structure==
[[File:Metacarpus (left hand) dorsal view.png|thumb|300px|Left hand shown with thumb on left.]]
The metacarpals form a transverse arch to which the rigid row of distal carpal bones are fixed. The peripheral metacarpals (those of the thumb and little finger) form the sides of the cup of the palmar gutter and as they are brought together they deepen this concavity. The index metacarpal is the most firmly fixed, while the thumb metacarpal articulates with the trapezium and acts independently from the others. The middle metacarpals are tightly united to the carpus by intrinsic interlocking bone elements at their bases. The ring metacarpal is somewhat more mobile while the fifth metacarpal is semi-independent.<ref name="Tubiana-11">Tubiana ''et al'' 1998, p 11</ref>

Each metacarpal bone consists of a body or shaft, and two extremities; the ''head'' at the distal or digital end (near the fingers), and the ''base'' at the proximal or carpal end (close to the wrist).

=== Body ===
The ''body'' (''shaft'') is [[Prismatoid|prismoid]] in form, and curved, so as to be convex in the longitudinal direction behind, concave in front. It presents three surfaces: medial, lateral, and dorsal.
* The ''medial'' and ''lateral surfaces'' are concave, for the attachment of the [[interosseus muscle]]s, and separated from one another by a prominent anterior ridge.
* The ''dorsal surface'' presents in its distal two-thirds a smooth, triangular, flattened area which is covered in by the tendons of the extensor muscles. This surface is bounded by two lines, which commence in small tubercles situated on either side of the digital extremity, and, passing upward, converge and meet some distance above the center of the bone and form a ridge which runs along the rest of the dorsal surface to the carpal extremity. This ridge separates two sloping surfaces for the attachment of the ''[[Dorsal interossei of the hand|interossei dorsales]]''.
* To the tubercles on the digital extremities are attached the collateral ligaments of the [[metacarpophalangeal joints]].<ref name="Gray's">''[[Gray's Anatomy]]''. (See infobox)</ref>

=== Base ===
The ''base'' (''basis'') or ''carpal extremity'' is of a cuboidal form, and broader behind than in front. It articulates with the [[carpal bones]] and with the adjoining metacarpal bones while its dorsal and volar surfaces are rough, for the attachment of [[ligament]]s.<ref name="Gray's" />

=== Head ===
The ''head'' (''caput'') or ''digital extremity'' presents an oblong surface markedly convex from before backward, less so transversely, and flattened from side to side; it articulates with the [[proximal phalanx]]. It is broader, and extends farther upward, on the volar than on the dorsal aspect, and is longer in the antero-posterior than in the transverse diameter. On either side of the head is a tubercle for the attachment of the collateral ligament of the [[metacarpophalangeal]] joint.

The dorsal surface, broad and flat, supports the tendons of the [[extensor muscle]]s.

The volar surface is grooved in the middle line for the passage of the flexor tendons, and marked on either side by an articular eminence continuous with the terminal articular surface.<ref name="Gray's" />

=== Neck===
The neck, or ''subcapital'' segment, is the transition zone between the body and the head.

=== Articulations ===
Besides the [[metacarpophalangeal joint]]s, the metacarpal bones [[joint|articulate]] by [[carpometacarpal joint]]s as follows:
# the [[First metacarpal bone|first]] with the [[trapezium (bone)|trapezium]];
# the [[Second metacarpal bone|second]] with the trapezium, [[Trapezoid bone|trapezoid]], [[capitate]] and third metacarpal;
# the [[Third metacarpal bone|third]] with the capitate and second and fourth metacarpals;
# the [[Fourth metacarpal bone|fourth]] with the capitate, [[hamate]], and third and fifth metacarpals;
# and the [[Fifth metacarpal bone|fifth]] with the hamate and fourth metacarpal;
<gallery mode=packed heights=300px>
 File:Carpus.jpg|[[Carpometacarpal joints]] of the left hand. Thumb on left.
 File:Ospoignet.gif|Carpometacarpal joints of the left hand. Thumb on left.
 File:814 Radiograph of Hand.jpg|X-ray
</gallery>

=== Insertions ===
''[[Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus]]/[[Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis|Brevis]]'': Both insert on the base of metacarpal II; Assist with wrist extension and radial flexion of the wrist

''[[Extensor Carpi Ulnaris]]'': Inserts on the base of metacarpal V; Extends and fixes wrist when digits are being flexed; assists with ulnar flexion of wrist

''[[Abductor Pollicis Longus]]'': Inserts on the trapezium and base of metacarpal I; Abducts thumb in frontal plane; extends thumb at carpometacarpal joint

''[[Opponens pollicis muscle|Opponens Pollicis]]'': Inserts on metacarpal I; flexes metacarpal I to oppose the thumb to the fingertips

''[[Opponens digiti minimi]]'': Inserts on the medial surface of metacarpal V; Flexes metacarpal V at carpometacarpal joint when little finger is moved into opposition with tip of thumb; deepens palm of hand.<ref>Saladin, Kenneth S. "Capt. 10." Anatomy & Physiology: the Unity of Form and Function. Dubuque: McGraw-Hill, 2010. 361-64. Print.</ref>
<gallery>
 File:Gray219 - Metacarpus.png|Metacarpus (yellow). Insertions are shown in red. Left hand, anterior (palmar) view. 
 File:Gray220 - Metacarpus.png|Metacarpus (yellow). Insertions are shown in red. Left hand, posterior (dorsal) view.
</gallery>

==Clinical significance==

=== Congenital disorders ===
The fourth and fifth metacarpal bones are commonly "blunted" or shortened, in [[pseudohypoparathyroidism]] and [[pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism]].

A blunted fourth metacarpal, with normal fifth metacarpal, can signify [[Turner syndrome]].

Blunted metacarpals (particularly the fourth metacarpal) are a symptom of [[nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome]].

===Fracture===
The neck of a metacarpal is a common location for a [[boxer's fracture]], but all parts of the metacarpal bone (including head, body and base) are susceptible to fracture. During their lifetime, 2.5% of individuals will experience at least one metacarpal fracture. [[Bennett's fracture]] (base of the thumb) is the most common.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Goru |first1=Poornanand |last2=Haque |first2=Syed |last3=Verma |first3=Gopalkrishna G. |last4=Mustafa |first4=Abubakar |last5=Ebinesan |first5=Ananthan |year=2022 |title=Bennett's Fracture Management: A Systematic Review of Literature |journal=Cureus |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=e31340 |doi=10.7759/cureus.31340 |doi-access=free |issn=2168-8184 |pmc=9733783 |pmid=36514567}}</ref> Several types of treatment exist ranging from non-operative techniques, with or without immobilization, to operative techniques using closed or [[Internal fixation|open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)]]. Generally, most fractures showing little or no displacement can be treated successfully without surgery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1255690810|title=GREEN'S OPERATIVE HAND SURGERY : 2-volume set.|date=2022|publisher=ELSEVIER - HEALTH SCIENCE|isbn=978-0-323-69793-4|location=[S.l.]|oclc=1255690810}}</ref> Intraarticular fracture-dislocations of the metacarpal head or base may require surgical fixation, as fragment displacement affecting the joint surface is rarely tolerated well.<ref name=":0" />

== Other animals ==
[[File:Evolution pl.png|thumb|right|500px|The principle of [[homology (biology)|homology]] illustrated by the adaptive radiation of the metacarpal bones of mammals. All conform to the basic pentadactyl pattern but are modified for different usages. The third metacarpal is shaded throughout; the shoulder is crossed-hatched.]]

In four-legged animals, the metacarpals form part of the forefeet, and are frequently reduced in number, appropriate to the number of toes. In [[digitigrade]] and [[unguligrade]] animals, the metacarpals are greatly extended and strengthened, forming an additional segment to the limb, a feature that typically enhances the animal's speed. In both [[bird]]s and [[bat]]s, the metacarpals form part of the wing.

==History==

===Etymology===
The Greek [[physician]] [[Galen]] used to refer to the {{lang|la|metacarpus}} as μετακάρπιον.<ref name="Hyrtl1880">Hyrtl, J. (1880). ''Onomatologia Anatomica. Geschichte und Kritik der anatomischen Sprache der Gegenwart.'' Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. K.K. Hof- und Universitätsbuchhändler.</ref><ref name="Liddell & Scott">Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). ''A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie.'' Oxford: Clarendon Press.</ref> The Latin form {{lang|la|metacarpium}} <ref name="Hyrtl1880"/><ref name="Schreger">Schreger, C.H.Th.(1805). ''Synonymia anatomica. Synonymik der anatomischen Nomenclatur.'' Fürth: im Bureau für Literatur.</ref><ref name="Triepel1908">Triepel, H. (1908). Memorial on the anatomical nomenclature of the anatomical society. In A. Rose (Ed.), ''Medical Greek. Collection of papers on medical onomatology and a grammatical guide to learn modern Greek'' (pp. 176-193). New York: Peri Hellados publication office.</ref><ref name="Triepel1910a">Triepel, H. (1910). ''Nomina Anatomica. Mit Unterstützung von Fachphilologen.'' Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.</ref> more truly resembles<ref name="Hyrtl1880"/> its Ancient Greek predecessor μετακάρπιον than metacarpus.<ref name="His">His, W. (1895). ''Die anatomische Nomenclatur. Nomina Anatomica. Der von der Anatomischen Gesellschaft auf ihrer IX. Versammlung in Basel angenommenen Namen''. Leipzig: Verlag Veit & Comp.</ref><ref name="FCAT">Federative Committee on Anatomical Terminology (FCAT) (1998). ''Terminologia Anatomica''. Stuttgart: Thieme</ref> [[List of Greek and Latin roots in English|Meta–]] is Greek for beyond and carpal from Ancient Greek ''καρπός'' ({{Transliteration|grc|karpós}}, “wrist”).
In anatomic Latin, adjectives like {{lang|la|metacarpius}},<ref name="Triepel1910b">Triepel, H. (1910). ''Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Mit einem Anhang: Biographische Notizen.''(Dritte Auflage). Wiesbaden: Verlag J.F. Bergmann.</ref> {{lang|la|metacarpicus}},<ref name="Triepel1936">Triepel, H. & Stieve, H. (1936). ''Die anatomischen Namen. Ihre Ableitung und Aussprache. Anhang: Eigennamen, die früher in der Anatomie verwendet wurden.''(Achtzehnte Auflage). Berlin/Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.</ref> {{lang|la|metacarpiaeus}},<ref name="Siebenhaar1850">Siebenhaar, F.J. (1850). ''Terminologisches Wörterbuch der medicinischen Wissenschaften.'' (Zweite Auflage). Leipzig: Arnoldische Buchhandlung.</ref> {{lang|la|metacarpeus}},<ref name="NA3">International Anatomical Nomenclature Committee (1966). ''Nomina Anatomica'' . Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica Foundation.</ref> {{lang|la|metacarpianus}}<ref name="Foster1891">Foster, F.D. (1891-1893). ''An illustrated medical dictionary. Being a dictionary of the technical terms used by writers on medicine and the collateral sciences, in the Latin, English, French, and German languages.'' New York: D. Appleton and Company.</ref> and {{lang|la|metacarpalis}}<ref name="FCAT"/> can be found. The form {{lang|la|metacarpius}} is more true<ref name="Triepel1908"/><ref name="Triepel1910b"/> to the later Greek form μετακάρπιος.<ref name="Triepel1910b"/>  {{lang|la|Metacarpalis}}, as in {{lang|la|ossa metacarpalia}} in the current official Latin nomenclature, ''[[Terminologia Anatomica]]''<ref name="FCAT" /> is a compound consisting of Latin and Greek parts.<ref name="Triepel1936"/> The usage of such hybrids in anatomic Latin is disapproved by some.<ref name="Triepel1908"/><ref name="Triepel1936"/>
{{Clear}}

== Additional images ==
<gallery>
 File:Metacarpal bones (left hand) - animation01.gif|Metacarpus of the left hand (shown in red). Animation.
 File:Medical X-Ray imaging VNH07 nevit.jpg|X-ray image of right hand with thumb on left.
 File:Metacarpal fractures.jpg|Multiple fractures of the metacarpals (aka broken hand). (Right hand shown with thumb on left.)
 File:Medical X-Ray imaging OCU06 nevit.jpg|X-ray image of human infant left hand.
 File:Hand of embryo.jpg|Micro-radiography of 8 weeks human embryo hand 
 File:Slide1dsds.JPG|Right hand. Deep dissection. Anterior (palmar) view.
 File:Slide1tyty.JPG|Right hand. Deep dissection. Posterior (dorsal) view.
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Anatomy-terms}}
*[[Metacarpal synostosis]]
*[[Carpometacarpal bossing]]

==References==
{{Gray's}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| url       = https://books.google.com/books?id=G1gWHR1_J9UC&pg=PA10
| title     = Examination of the Hand and Wrist
| first1    = Raoul | last1 = Tubiana | first2 = Jean-Michel | last2 = Thomine | first3 = Evelyn | last3 = Mackin
| publisher = Taylor & Francis | year = 1998
| isbn      = 1-85317-544-7
}}
{{Commons category|Metacarpus}}

{{Bones of upper extremity}}
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[[Category:Skeletal system]]
[[Category:Hand]]
[[Category:Bones of the hand]]
[[Category:Metacarpus| ]]
[[Category:Long bones]]