Editing Metacomet

{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Metacomet
| image               = Philip King of Mount Hope by Paul Revere.jpeg
| image_size          = 
| caption             = ''Philip, King of Mount Hope'', from [[Benjamin Church (physician)|Benjamin Church]]'s ''The Entertaining History of King Philip's War'', line engraving, colored by hand by [[Paul Revere]], 1772
| office              = [[Wampanoag (tribe)|Wampanoag]] [[Sachem]]
| lead                = 
| birth_date          = 1638
| birth_place         = 
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1676|8|12|1638}}
| death_place         = [[Bristol, Rhode Island]]
| predecessor         = [[Wamsutta]]
| successor           = [[Annawan (chief)|Annawan]]
| native_name         = 
| death_cause         = Gunshot wound
| resting_place       = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| religion            = 
| party               = 
| education           = 
| spouse              = 
| partner             = 
| children            = 
| parents             = 
| relations           = 
}}
'''Metacomet''' (c. 1638 in Massachusetts – August 12, 1676), also known as '''Pometacom''',<ref name="Silverman">{{cite book |last1=Silverman |first1=David |title=This Land Is Their Land |date=2019 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=New York}}</ref>{{rp|205}} '''Metacom''', and by his adopted English name '''King Philip''',<ref name="lepore">[https://books.google.com/books?id=eHJ0AAAAMAAJ Lepore, Jill. ''The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity''], New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998. Note: King Philip "was also known as Metacom, or Metacomet. King Philip may well have been a name that he adopted, as it was common for Natives to take other names. King Philip had on several occasions signed as such and has been referred to by other natives by that name."</ref> was [[sachem]] (elected [[Tribal chief|chief]] from 1662–1676) to the [[Wampanoag]] people and the second son of the sachem [[Massasoit]]. Metacomet became sachem after Massasoit's death. Metacomet was killed on August 12, 1676 near [[Mount Hope (Rhode Island)|Mount Hope, Rhode Island]]. Scholars say his death marked the end of [[King Philip's War|King Phillip's War]] (1675–1678).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Calloway |first=Colin Gordon |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=lbd8VHi8HjgC&oi=fnd&pg=PP9&dq=metacomet&ots=t9N7btgaUK&sig=zBoqMA0pKp0apArgQromLMpUGf4#v=onepage&q=metacomet&f=false |title=After King Philip's War: Presence and Persistence in Indian New England |date=1997 |publisher=UPNE |isbn=978-0-87451-819-1 |language=en}}</ref>

Metacomet's initial goal was to live in peace with the colonists. His main responsibility was trade with the colonists. This peace changed later on after consistent negative interactions with the colonists.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Great Native American Chiefs {{!}} Metacomet (aka King Philip) · Online Exhibits |url=https://apps.lib.umich.edu/online-exhibits/exhibits/show/great-native-american-chiefs/group-of-native-american-chief/chief--king-philip--aka-metaco |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=apps.lib.umich.edu}}</ref> 

[[King Phillip's War]] occurred between the Wampanoag people and English colonists for the sake of preserving [[Wampanoag]] land as the colonies continued to expand.   

== Family ==
Metacomet's older brother [[Wamsutta]] (also known as King Alexander) briefly became sachem after their father's death in 1661. Metacomet believed their father was poisoned due to English hatred of Native Americans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mark |first=Joshua J. |title=King Philip (Metacom) |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/King_Philip_(Metacom)/ |access-date=2025-04-07 |website=World History Encyclopedia |language=en}}</ref> However, Wamsutta also died shortly thereafter. This led to Metacomet becoming sachem in 1662.

Wamsutta's widow, [[Weetamoo]], female sachem of the [[Pokanoket|Pocasset]], became Metacomet's ally and lifelong friend. He married her younger sister, Wootonekanuske.<ref>Lepore, Jill. ''The Name of War: King Philip's War and the Origins of American Identity'', New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998, page 303.</ref> 

Following the defeat of the Native Americans in [[King Philip's War]], Wootonekanuske and their only son were imprisoned. Phillip's only son was sold into slavery in the [[West Indies]].<ref>Lepore, J. (2019). "Chapter 2: Rulers and the Ruled". ''In These truths: A History of the United States''. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.</ref> It is unclear how many other children Metacomet had or what ultimately happened to them, but scholars note that Metacomet only had one son.<ref name="lepore" />

As late as the early 1900s, the Mitchell family of [[Middleboro, Massachusetts]] claimed to be descendants of the famous Wampanoag leader.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last=Gille |editor-first=Frank H. |date=1998 |title=Encyclopedia of Massachusetts Indians |location=St. Clair Shores, Michigan |publisher=Somerset Publishers, Inc. |page=166 |isbn=0-403-09330-9 |quote=The Namasket, from namaus "fish", aki "land", et "at," was a tribe or band that formerly lived in a village of the same name near present Middleboro, Massachusetts. They were subordinate to the Wampanoag. The village was populous when first known, but the Indians rapidly decreased as white setlements [sic] advanced. In 1794 there were still about 40 members of the tribe. One family, named Mitchell still lived near Middleboro in the early 1900s, and claimed descent from the famous Indian King Philip.}}</ref>

- {{Short description|Elected chief of the Wampanoag Indians}}

==Name change==
In the spring of 1660, Metacom's brother [[Wamsutta]] appeared before the court of [[Plymouth Colony|Plymouth]] to request that he and his brother be given English names in accordance with Wampanoag custom, in which new names marked significant moments in time (such as, in this case, Wamsutta's father's death). The court agreed and Wamsutta had his name changed to Alexander, and Metacom's was changed to Philip. 

Author [[Nathaniel Philbrick]] has suggested that the Wampanoag may have taken action at the urging of Wamsutta's interpreter, the Christian neophyte [[John Sassamon]].<ref>Philbrick, p. 196</ref> Metacom was later called "King Philip" by the English, though king was not a word which could be directly translated into Wampanoag. Historians theorize sachem is the closest in meaning.<ref name="lepore" />

==King Philip's War==
{{main|King Philip's War}}
[[File:Death of King Philip.png|thumb|right|alt=Depiction of King Philip's death|The death of King Philip as depicted by ''[[Harper's Magazine]]'' in 1857]]
[[File:In the Miery Swamp marker.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The site of King Philip's death in Miery Swamp on Mount Hope]]
[[File:King Philip's Seat.jpg|thumb|250px|right| "King Philip's Seat", a meeting place on [[Mount Hope, Rhode Island]]]]
King Philip used tribal alliances to coordinate efforts to push European colonists out of New England. Many of the native tribes in the region wanted to push out the colonists following conflicts over land use, diminished game as a consequence of expanding European settlement, and other tensions. 

To the west, the [[Iroquois|Iroquois Confederation]] was also fighting against neighboring tribes in the [[Beaver Wars]], pushing them from the west and encroaching on Metacom's territory. Finally, in 1671, the colonial leaders of the [[Plymouth Colony]] forced major concessions from Metacom. Metacom surrendered much of his tribe's armament and ammunition, and agreed that they were subject to English law. The encroachment continued until hostilities broke out in 1675.

As the colonists brought their growing numbers to bear, King Philip and some of his followers took refuge in the great [[Assawompset Pond|Assowampset Swamp]] in southern [[Massachusetts]]. He held out for a time, with his family and remaining followers.

Hunted by a group of rangers led by [[Benjamin Church (ranger)|Captain Benjamin Church]], King Philip was fatally shot by a [[praying Indian]] named [[John Alderman]], on August 12, 1676, in the Miery Swamp near [[Mount Hope (Rhode Island)|Mount Hope]] in [[Bristol, Rhode Island]]. He was shot by Alderman for killing his brother. After his death, his wife and nine-year-old son were captured and sold as slaves in [[Bermuda]].  Philip's head was mounted on a pike at the entrance to [[Plymouth, Massachusetts]], where it remained for more than two decades.  His body was cut into quarters and hung in trees.<ref>[http://www.historynet.com/blood-and-betrayal-king-philips-war.htm "Blood and Betrayal: King Philip's War"], History Net</ref> Alderman was given Philip's right hand as a trophy.

Remaining Native Americans that weren't killed during the war relocated to join other tribes or reservations while many Native American leaders got sold into slavery.

==Representations==
* [[Mary Rowlandson]], who was taken captive during a raid on [[Lancaster, Massachusetts]], later wrote a [[A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson|memoir]] about her [[captivity narrative|captivity]], and described meeting with Metacom while she was held by his followers.
* [[Washington Irving]] relates a romanticized but sympathetic version of Metacom's life in the 1820 sketch "Philip of Pokanoket," published in his collected stories, ''[[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.]]'' (1820).
* Another notable representation of Metacomet is in [[John Augustus Stone]]'s tragedy play, [[Metamora; or, The Last of the Wampanoags|Metamora; or, the Last of the Wampanoags]] (1829). The play was very popular during the 1830s and 1840s with significance during this time given the greater political context of [[Andrew Jackson|Andrew Jackson's]] [[Indian Removal Act]]. [[Edwin Forrest]] played the role of Metacomet. In real life, King Philip is not thought to have spoken during his death. However, this play gave King Philip the last word before his death.<ref name="lepore" />
* In his short story "[[The Devil and Daniel Webster]]" (1937), [[Stephen Vincent Benét]] portrays Metacom as a villain to the colonists, and as being killed by a blow to the head (he was shot in the heart). Webster is portrayed as respecting Metacom as one of those who "formed American history." Metacomet, together with other famous historical villains, is a juror in the "trial of the damned". When convinced that his damnation resulted in his loss of admiration for the natural world, he ultimately takes Webster's side against the Devil. In the [[The Devil and Daniel Webster (1941 film)|film]] he is replaced by Asa, the [[The Black Monk|Black Monk]].
* Metacom is featured in the 1995 film ''[[The Scarlet Letter (1995 film)|The Scarlet Letter]]'' as the Wampanoags' new chief after his father's death.
* David Kerr Chivers' ''Metacomet's War'' (2008) is an historical novel about King Philip's War.
* [[Narragansett people|Narragansett]] journalist [[John Christian Hopkins]]'s novel, ''Carlomagno,'' is a historical novel that imagines Metacom's son becoming a pirate after having been sold into slavery in the West Indies.
* The novel ''My Father's Kingdom'' (2017) by James W. George focuses on the events leading to King Philip's War.
*There is a short section about Metacomet in the [[prologue]] of [[Tommy Orange]]'s novel ''[[There There (novel)|There There]]'' (2018).
==Legacy==
Numerous notable places are named after Metacomet:
* [[Metacomet Mill]] in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], built in 1847 and named for the chief, is the oldest remaining textile mill in the city.
* King Philip Stockade, a large park named after the chief, where the Pocumtuc Indians planned and began the Sack of [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield]], is now a part of [[Forest Park (Springfield, Massachusetts)|Forest Park]] in Springfield
* [[King Philip Mills]] in [[Fall River, Massachusetts]], built 1871
* The [[USS Metacomet (1863)|USS ''Metacomet'']], an 1863 [[United States Navy]] ship
* The [[Metacomet Ridge]], a {{Convert|100|mi|km|-long|adj=mid}} mountain range in southern New England
* The {{Convert|51|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Metacomet Trail]] in central Connecticut
* The {{Convert|110|mi|km|adj=on}} [[Metacomet-Monadnock Trail]] in the Connecticut River Valley of Massachusetts and southern [[New Hampshire]]
* [[Metacomet Country Club]], a golf course in [[East Providence, Rhode Island]]
* The Metacomet parcel of conservation land within the Black Brook Management Area in [[Easton, Massachusetts]]
* [[King Phillip's Cave (Massachusetts)|King Phillip's Cave]] in [[Norton, Massachusetts]], a cave said to have been used by the chief as a hiding place towards the end of his reign<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20060206225009/http://www.mamantapett.com/about_mgalinks/history.html History: MGA Links at Mamantapett], ''MGA Links'' (archived 2006)</ref>
* King Philip Mountain, a peak on [[Talcott Mountain]], near [[Hartford, Connecticut]]
* [[King Philip's Hill]], on the western bank of the Connecticut River in [[Northfield, Massachusetts]]
* King Phillip's Nose, a rock island in the Connecticut River, south of Northfield, Massachusetts
* King Philip's Rock, a historic site situated on a trail in [[Sharon, Massachusetts]]
* King Philip Avenue/Road/Street or Drive in [[East Providence, Rhode Island|East Providence]] and [[Bristol, Rhode Island]]; [[Fall River, Massachusetts|Fall River]], [[Longmeadow, Massachusetts|Longmeadow]], [[Raynham, Massachusetts|Raynham]], [[Somerset, Massachusetts|Somerset]], [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]], and [[South Deerfield, Massachusetts]]; and in [[West Hartford, Connecticut]]

One insect species is named after Metacomet:
* ''[[Tipula metacomet]]'', a species of large crane fly with a type locality in Amherst, Massachusetts

==See also==
* Rev [[William Apess]], claimed descent from Metacomet
* [[List of early settlers of Rhode Island]]
*''[[Eulogy on King Phillip]]'' by William Apess, 1836

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* Bourne, Russel (1990). ''The Red King's Rebellion''. {{ISBN|0-689-12000-1}}.
* Philbrick, Nathaniel, ''Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War''. New York: Viking Penguin. {{ISBN|0670037605}}.
*Tilton, Rev. George Henry. (1918) "A History of Rehoboth, Massachusetts: Its History for 275 Years, 1648–1918." Boston, MA: Published by the author.

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://www.theroyalgazette.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050614/LIFESTYLE/106140098 The Royal Gazette article: The struggle to honour Bermuda's Native American heritage.]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~massasoit/photo.htm Rootsweb: New England Indians. Bermuda Reconnection Festival 2002 Photo Album.]
* [http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~massasoit/causes.htm Rootsweb: Edward Randolph on the Causes of the King Philip's War (1685).]
* [http://www.rootsweb.com/~bmuwgw/stdavidislanders.htm Rootsweb: St. David's (Bermuda) Indian Committee.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060629084148/http://www.shire.net/flagman/wampanoag.htm Pokanoket/Wampanoag  Constitution. With History.]
* [http://www.u-s-history.com/pages/h578.html US History.com: King Philip's War, 1675–76.]
* {{Cite Appletons'|wstitle=Philip|year=1900 |short=x |notaref=x}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/377406/Metacom King Philip's Biography]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metacomet}}
[[Category:1638 births]]
[[Category:1676 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Native American leaders]]
[[Category:People of King Philip's War]]
[[Category:Native Americans connected with Plymouth Colony]]
[[Category:Native American history of Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Native American people from Rhode Island]]
[[Category:People from colonial Rhode Island]]
[[Category:Wampanoag people]]