Editing Metal Machine Music

{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{for|the 2015 album by Die Krupps|V – Metal Machine Music{{!}}''V – Metal Machine Music''}}
{{Infobox album
| name       = Metal Machine Music
| type       = studio
| artist     = [[Lou Reed]]
| cover      = Metal_machine_music.jpg
| alt        =
| released   = July 1975
| recorded   =
| studio     =
| genre      = [[Noise music|Noise]], [[Avant-garde music|Avant-Garde]]
| length     = 64:11
| label      = [[RCA Victor]]
| producer   = Lou Reed
| prev_title = [[Lou Reed Live]]
| prev_year  = 1975
| next_title = [[Coney Island Baby]]
| next_year  = 1975
| misc       = {{external music video|{{YouTube|5w02O-XdsXE|Audio}}|header=no}}
}}
'''''Metal Machine Music''''' (subtitled '''''*The Amine β Ring''''') is the fifth [[studio album]] by American [[rock music]]ian [[Lou Reed]]. It was recorded on a three-speed [[Uher (brand)|Uher machine]] and was mastered/engineered by [[Bob Ludwig]].<ref>[[Alan Licht]], ''Common Tones: Selected Interviews with Artists and Musicians 1995-2020'', [[Blank Forms]] Edition, ''Interview with Lou Reed'', p. 163</ref> It was released as a double album in July 1975 by [[RCA Records]], but taken off the market three weeks later.<ref>[[Alan Licht]], ''Common Tones: Selected Interviews with Artists and Musicians 1995-2020'', [[Blank Forms]] Edition, ''Interview with Lou Reed'', p. 163</ref> A radical departure from the rest of his catalog, ''Metal Machine Music'' features no songs or recognizably structured compositions, eschewing [[melody]] and [[rhythm]] for modulated [[feedback]] and [[noise music]] guitar effects, mixed at varying speeds by Reed. Also in 1975, RCA released a [[Quadrophonic]] version of the ''Metal Machine Music'' recording that was produced by playing it back both forward and backward, and by flipping the tape over.<ref>[[Alan Licht]], ''Common Tones: Selected Interviews with Artists and Musicians 1995-2020'', [[Blank Forms]] Edition, ''Interview with Lou Reed'', p. 164</ref>

The album cost Reed his reputation in the [[music industry]] and has generally been [[List of music considered the worst|panned by critics]] since its release. Simultaneously, it opened the door for some of his later, more [[experimental music|experimental]] material. In 2008, Reed, [[Ulrich Krieger]], and [[Sarth Calhoun]] collaborated to tour playing [[free improvisation]] inspired by the album as [[Metal Machine Trio]]. In 2011, Reed released a remastered version of ''Metal Machine Music.''<ref name="tourremaster">{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE63J47O20100420 |title=Lou Reed is back with experimental music of 1970s |work=Reuters |date=April 20, 2010 |access-date=April 20, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.themortonreport.com/entertainment/music/lou-reed-reissues-newly-remastered-metal-machine-music/|title=Lou Reed Reissues Newly Remastered Metal Machine Music|last=Rowe|first=Matt|date=2011-06-08|website=The Morton Report|language=en|access-date=2019-11-30}}</ref>

==Style==
A major influence on Reed's recording, for which he tuned all the guitar strings to the same note,<ref>[[Alan Licht]], ''Common Tones: Selected Interviews with Artists and Musicians 1995-2020'', [[Blank Forms]] Edition, ''Interview with Lou Reed'', pp.170</ref> was the mid-1960s [[drone music]] work of [[La Monte Young]]'s [[Theatre of Eternal Music]],<ref>[[Alan Licht]], ''Common Tones: Selected Interviews with Artists and Musicians 1995-2020'', [[Blank Forms]] Edition, ''Interview with Lou Reed'', pp.170</ref><ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/album/metal-machine-music-mw0000099717 "Blue" Gene Tyranny on Lou Reed Metal Machine Music]</ref> whose members included [[John Cale]], [[Tony Conrad]], [[Angus MacLise]] and [[Marian Zazeela]].<ref>The album listed (misspelling included) "Drone cognizance and harmonic possibilities vis a vis Lamont<!--"Lamont", sic--> Young's Dream Music" among its "Specifications": [http://www.gutsofdarkness.com/god/objet.php?objet=7406 text copy], [http://www.discogs.com/viewimages?release=748918 image copy (reissue)].</ref> Both Cale and MacLise were also members of Reed's band [[the Velvet Underground]] (MacLise left before the group began recording).

The Theatre of Eternal Music's just intonation harmonies, sustained notes, and loud amplification influenced Cale's subsequent contribution to the Velvet Underground in his use of both unconventional harmony and feedback. Recent releases of works by Cale and Conrad from the mid-sixties, such as Cale's ''Inside the Dream Syndicate'' series (''The Dream Syndicate'' being the alternative name given by Cale and Conrad to their collective work with Young) testify to the influence this mid-sixties experimental work had on Reed years later.

In an interview with [[rock journalism|rock journalist]] [[Lester Bangs]], Reed stated that he "had also been listening to [[Iannis Xenakis|Xenakis]] a lot." He also claimed that he had intentionally placed sonic allusions to [[classical music|classical]] works such as [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]]'s ''[[Symphony No. 3 (Beethoven)|Eroica]]'' and ''[[Symphony No. 6 (Beethoven)|Pastoral]]'' Symphonies in the distortion, and that he had attempted to have the album released on the [[RCA Red Seal]] classical label. He repeated the latter claim in a 2007 interview.<ref name="pitchfork">{{cite web |url=http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/45431-interview-lou-reed |title=Pitchfork: Interviews: Lou Reed |publisher=Pitchforkmedia.com |access-date=August 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113203757/http://www.pitchforkmedia.com/article/feature/45431-interview-lou-reed |archive-date=January 13, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Critical reception==
{{Album reviews
| rev1      = [[AllMusic]]
| rev1Score = {{rating|1|5}}<ref name=amg>Deming, Mark. [https://www.allmusic.com/album/metal-machine-music-mw0000099717 Lou Reed ''Metal Machine Music'']. [[AllMusic]]. Retrieved July 14, 2022.</ref>
| rev2      = ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|1|4}}<ref name="Kot">{{cite news|last=Kot|first=Greg|author-link=Greg Kot|date=January 12, 1992|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2013/10/27/guide-to-lou-reeds-recordings/|title=Guide to Lou Reed's recordings|newspaper=[[Chicago Tribune]]|access-date=March 4, 2015}}</ref>
| rev3      = ''[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies|Christgau's Record Guide]]''
| rev3Score = C+<ref name="CG">{{cite book|last=Christgau|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Christgau|year=1981|title=[[Christgau's Record Guide: Rock Albums of the Seventies]]|publisher=[[Ticknor & Fields]]|isbn=089919026X|chapter=Consumer Guide '70s: R|chapter-url=https://www.robertchristgau.com/get_chap.php?k=R&bk=70|access-date=March 10, 2019|via=robertchristgau.com}}</ref>
| rev4      = ''[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]''
| rev4Score = 5/10<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Fortnam|first=Ian|date=June 2010|title=Lou Reed ''Metal Machine Music''|magazine=[[Classic Rock (magazine)|Classic Rock]]|page=93}}</ref>
| rev5      = ''[[Disc (magazine)|Disc]]''
| rev5Score = {{Rating|3|4}}<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=DF |date=2 August 1975 |title=Lou Reed |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Disc/1975/Disc-1975-08-02-S-OCR.pdf |magazine=[[Disc (magazine)|Disc]] |page=21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131103548/https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Disc/1975/Disc-1975-08-02-S-OCR.pdf |archive-date=31 January 2023}}</ref>
| rev6      = ''[[MusicHound|MusicHound Rock]]''
| rev6score = '''woof!'''<ref name="Kot/MH" />
| rev7      = ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]''
| rev7Score = 8.7/10<ref name="Richardson/Pitchfork" />
| rev8      = ''[[Record Collector]]''
| rev8Score = {{Rating|1|5}}<ref>{{cite magazine|last=Draper|first=Jason|date=June 2010|title=Lou Reed – Metal Machine Music|url=http://recordcollectormag.com/reviews/metal-machine-music|magazine=[[Record Collector]]|access-date=July 27, 2017}}</ref>
| rev9      = ''[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]''
| rev9Score = {{Rating|1|5}}<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=DeCurtis|editor1-first=Anthony|editor1-link=Anthony DeCurtis|editor2-last=Henke|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=George-Warren|editor3-first=Holly|year=1992|title=[[The Rolling Stone Album Guide]]|publisher=[[Random House]]|isbn=0679737294|edition=3rd|page=582}}</ref>
| rev10 = ''[[Tom Hull – on the Web]]''
| rev10Score = C<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tomhull.com/ocston/nm/get_gl.php?n=lou+reed|title=Grade List: Lou Reed|website=[[Tom Hull – on the Web]]|first=Tom|last=Hull|date=November 13, 2023|access-date=November 13, 2023}}</ref>
}}<!--List Automatically Moved by DASHBot-->
''Metal Machine Music'' confounded reviewers and listeners when it was first released. ''[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]]''{{'}}s Dave Segal later claimed it was one of the most divisive records ever, challenging both critics and the artist's core audience, similar to the reception of [[Miles Davis]]' ''[[Agharta (album)|Agharta]]'' album, which was issued around the same time.<ref>{{cite news|last=Segal |first=Dave |year=2015 |url=http://www.thestranger.com/blogs/slog/2015/08/07/22652149/two-of-the-most-divisive-lps-of-all-timemiles-daviss-agharta-and-lou-reeds-metal-machine-musicare-now-40-years-old |title=Two of the Most Divisive LPs of All Time—Miles Davis's Agharta and Lou Reed's Metal Machine Music—Are Now 40 Years Old |newspaper=[[The Stranger (newspaper)|The Stranger]] |location=Seattle |access-date=May 15, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516014603/http://www.thestranger.com/blogs/slog/2015/08/07/22652149/two-of-the-most-divisive-lps-of-all-timemiles-daviss-agharta-and-lou-reeds-metal-machine-musicare-now-40-years-old |archive-date=May 16, 2016 |url-status=live |df=mdy }}</ref>

''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine reviewed the album as sounding like "the tubular groaning of a galactic refrigerator" and as displeasing to experience as "a night in a [[Bus station|bus terminal]]".<ref>Wolcott, James. [https://www.rollingstone.com/music/albumreviews/metal-machine-music-19750814 Rolling Stone Review]. August 14, 1975.</ref> In the 1979 ''[[Rolling Stone Record Guide]]'', critic Billy Altman said it was "a two-disc set consisting of nothing more than ear-wrecking electronic sludge, guaranteed to clear any room of humans in record time". (This aspect of the album is mentioned in the [[Bruce Sterling]] short story "Dori Bangs".) The first issue of the seminal New York zine [[Punk (magazine)|''Punk'']] placed Reed and the album in its inaugural 1976 issue, presaging the advent of both punk and the discordance of the New York [[No Wave]] scene. Reed biographer [[Victor Bockris]] wrote that the recording can be understood as "the ultimate conceptual punk album and the progenitor of New York punk rock". The album was ranked number two in the 1991 book ''The Worst Rock 'n' Roll Records of All Time'' by Jimmy Guterman and Owen O'Donnell.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/slipped_discs.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060516033710/http://www.rocklistmusic.co.uk/steveparker/slipped_discs.htm |url-status= usurped |archive-date= May 16, 2006 |title=Rocklist.net...Steve Parker...Slipped Discs |publisher=Rocklistmusic.co.uk |access-date=August 2, 2010}}</ref>

''[[Village Voice]]'' critic [[Robert Christgau]] referred to ''Metal Machine Music'' as Reed's "answer to ''[[Environments (album series)|Environments]]''" and said it had "certainly raised consciousness in both the journalistic and business communities" and was not "totally unlistenable", though he admitted for white noise he would rather listen to "[[Sister Ray]]".<ref name="CG" /> Writing in ''[[MusicHound|MusicHound Rock]]'' (1999), [[Greg Kot]] gave the album a "woof!" rating (signifying "dog-food"), and opined: "The spin cycle of a washing machine has more melodic variation than the electronic drone that was ''Metal Machine Music''."<ref name="Kot/MH">Gary Graff & Daniel Durchholz (eds), ''MusicHound Rock: The Essential Album Guide'', Visible Ink Press (Farmington Hills, MI, 1999; {{ISBN|1-57859-061-2}}), p. 931.</ref> In 2005, [[Q (magazine)|''Q'' magazine]] included the album in a list of "Ten Terrible Records by Great Artists", and it ranked number four in ''Q''{{'s}} list of the 50 worst albums of all time. It was again featured in ''Q'' in December 2010, on the magazine's "Top Ten Career Suicides" list, where it came eighth overall. The ''[[Trouser Press]] Record Guide'' referred to it as "four sides of unlistenable oscillator noise", parenthetically calling that assessment "a description, not a value judgment".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=lou_reed |title=Lou Reed |publisher=TrouserPress.com |access-date=August 2, 2010}}</ref> Mark Deming's review for [[AllMusic]] said that while [[noise rock]] groups "have created some sort of context for it", ''Metal Machine Music'' "hasn't gotten any more user friendly with time", given it "paus[ed] only for side breaks with no rhythms, melodies, or formal structures to buffer the onslaught".<ref name=amg/>

Rock critic [[Lester Bangs]] wrote of ''Metal Machine Music'': "as classical music it adds nothing to a genre that may well be depleted. As rock 'n' roll it's interesting garage electronic rock 'n' roll. As a statement it's great, as a giant FUCK YOU it shows integrity—a sick, twisted, dunced-out, malevolent, perverted, psychopathic integrity, but integrity nevertheless." Bangs later wrote a tongue-in-cheek article about the album, titled "The Greatest Album Ever Made", in which he judged it "the greatest record ever made in the history of the human eardrum".<ref>Bangs, Lester. [http://www.rocknroll.net/loureed/articles/mmmbangs.html "The Greatest Album Ever Made"]. ''[[Creem]]'', March 1976</ref> In 1998, ''[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]]'' included ''Metal Machine Music'' in its list of "100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening)", with Brian Duguid writing:

{{quote|''Q'' magazine featured ''Metal Machine Music'' in its 50 Worst Records of All Time ... What higher recommendation could you possibly need? ... [''Metal Machine Music''] is at once the pre-eminent deranged noise record, an impossibly cacophonous screech of electric torment, and also a classic of [[Minimal music|Minimalism]]; some of the most enigmatic, exquisite harmonies ever documented. It's a pity the CD reissues can't include the original double LP's [[Unusual types of gramophone records#Sound recorded in locked grooves|locked groove]], but even if it doesn't last forever, the music is infinitely convoluted. It still awaits a proper critical reappraisal—even the gleefully enthusiastic Lester Bangs didn't fully 'get' ''Metal Machine Music''.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Duguid |first=Brian |title=100 Records That Set the World on Fire (While No One Was Listening) — Lou Reed ''Metal Machine Music'' (RCA 1975, Reissued Great Expectations 1991) |date=September 1998 |magazine=[[The Wire (magazine)|The Wire]] |issue=175 |page=36 |location=London |url=https://reader.exacteditions.com/issues/35224/page/36 |url-access=subscription |via=[[Exact Editions]]}}</ref>}}

In a December 2017 review, Mark Richardson of ''[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]'' gave ''Metal Machine Music'' a score of 8.7 out of 10. He describes the album as an "exhilarating" listen.<ref name="Richardson/Pitchfork">{{cite web|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lou-reed-metal-machine-music/ |first=Mark|last=Richardson|title=Lou Reed: Metal Machine Music|website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]]|date=December 3, 2017|access-date=December 4, 2017}}</ref>

Despite the intense criticism (or perhaps because of the exposure it generated), ''Metal Machine Music'' reportedly sold 100,000 copies in the US, according to the liner notes of the 2000 CD reissue by RCA/[[Buddah Records]]<!-- sic, the name is spelled "Buddah" -->. The original 1975 RCA Victor LP edition was withdrawn within three weeks of its release.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/wzwx|title=BBC - Music - Review of Lou Reed - Metal Machine Music: Re-mastered}}</ref>

==Performance==
Lou Reed did not perform ''Metal Machine Music'' on stage until March 2002, when he collaborated with an avant-garde classical ensemble at the [[MaerzMusik]] festival in Berlin. The 10-member group Zeitkratzer performed the original album with Reed in a new arrangement by [[Ulrich Krieger]], featuring classical string, wind, piano, and accordion.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Lou Reed's 'Metal Machine Music' gets live treatment in Berlin |last=James|first=Colin|date=October 11, 2005 |agency=[[Associated Press|AP]] |work=AP Worldstream |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51420463.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924181326/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-51420463.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |access-date=November 4, 2012}}</ref> Live recordings with (2007) and without (2014; all-acoustic) Reed are available commercially.<ref name="Richardson">{{cite web |last1=Richardson |first1=Mark |title=Zeitkratzer: Metal Machine Music |url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/19662-zeitkratzer-metal-machine-music/ |website=Pitchfork |access-date=27 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

A few years later, Reed formed a band named [[Metal Machine Trio]] as a noise rock/experimental side project.

==In popular culture==
The language of the ''[[Star Trek]]'' aliens known as the [[Breen (Star Trek)|Breen]] was inspired by ''Metal Machine Music'', which the post-production sound staff were instructed to listen to when creating the electronic cackle that served as the Breen's voices.<ref name="ErdmannBlock2000">{{cite book|author1=Terry J. Erdmann|author2=Paula M. Block|title=Deep Space Nine Companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kDe3VS07YSMC|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-671-50106-8|pages=702–703}}</ref>

On ''[[Mystery Science Theater 3000]]'', [[Joel Hodgson]]'s character likened watching ''[[Mighty Jack]]'' to "listening to two hours of Lou Reed's ''Metal Machine Music''." Later on the show, [[Michael J. Nelson]]'s character says "Monster immediately gets up and puts on his ''Metal Machine Music''" due to the background music during the mutation scene in ''[[The Horror of Party Beach]].''

==Track listing==
'''Side one'''
# "Metal Machine Music A-1" – 16:10

'''Side two'''
# "Metal Machine Music A-2" – 15:53

'''Side three'''
# "Metal Machine Music A-3" – 16:13

'''Side four'''
# "Metal Machine Music A-4" – 15:55


'''Note:''' On the original vinyl release, timings for sides 1–3 were stated as "16:01", while the 4th side read "16:01 or [[Infinity|∞]]", as the last groove on the LP was a continuous loop, known as the [[Unusual types of gramophone records#Sound recorded in locked grooves|locked groove]]. On CD, this locked groove was imitated for the final 2:22 of the track, fading out at the end. On later CD, DVD, and Blu-Ray reissues, the tracks are retitled as "Part 1", "Part 2", "Part 3", and "Part 4."

==References==
* {{cite book |ref=Bangs | first=Lester | last=Bangs | year=1987 | title=Psychotic Reactions and Carburetor Dung | chapter=How to Succeed in Torture Without Really Trying | editor=Greil Marcus | editor-link=Greil Marcus | publisher=Alfred A. Knopf | location=New York | isbn=0-394-53896-X | author-link=Lester Bangs }}
* Fricke, David (2000). Liner notes. ''Metal Machine Music'' by Lou Reed, 1975. Buddah Records<!-- sic, the name is spelled "buddah" --> 74465 99752 2 (reissue).
* {{cite book | author=Guterman, Jimmy and Owen O'Donnell |title= The Worst Rock 'n' Roll Records of All Time | publisher=Citadel Press| location=New York | year=1991}}
* {{cite book | author=Eno, Brian |title= A Year with Swollen Appendices | publisher=Faber and Faber| location=London | year=1996| author-link=Brian Eno | isbn=0-571-17995-9 }}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* [[Paul Morley|Morley, Paul]]. "Metal Machine Music". ''Words and Music: A History of Pop in the Shape of a City''. London: [[Bloomsbury Publishing|Bloomsbury]], 2003. {{ISBN|0-7475-5778-0}}

==See also==
* ''[[Arc (Neil Young & Crazy Horse album)|Arc]]'', a [[Neil Young]] and [[Crazy Horse (band)|Crazy Horse]] live album featuring an edited composition consisting of only feedback.

==External links==
{{Wikiquote|Lou Reed}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150423024452/http://www.dancingaboutarc.com/essays/e050101.html A humorous essay on the 25th anniversary of Metal Machine Music (Archive.org)]
* [http://www.musicandmeaning.net/issues/showArticle.php?artID=2.4#sec_4_4_2 Section on Metal Machine Music from Sangild article about (minimal) noise]
* [http://www.rocknroll.net/loureed/articles/mmmbangs.html Lester Bangs' review of the album for ''Creem'']

{{Lou Reed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Metal Machine Music}}
[[Category:Lou Reed albums]]
[[Category:1975 albums]]
[[Category:Noise rock albums by American artists]]
[[Category:RCA Records albums]]
[[Category:Albums produced by Lou Reed]]
[[Category:Buddah Records albums]]
[[Category:1970s instrumental albums]]
[[Category:Experimental rock albums by American artists]]