Editing Mevlevi Order

{{short description|Sufi order in Islam}}
{{redirect|Mevlevi|other uses|Mevlevi (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox organization
| name                     = Mevlevi Order
| image                    = [[File:Sufi calligraphy.png|x200px|Sufi calligraphy]]
| caption                  = Seal of the Mevlevi
| size                     = 200px
| abbreviation             = Mevlevi
| formation                = {{start date and age|1273}}<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://sufism.org/origins/mevlevi/the-mevlevi-order-2|title=sufism [Sufism]|website=www.sufism.org|date=22 November 2003 }}</ref>
| native name              = {{langx|tr|Mevlevi Dergahi}}
| headquarters             = [[Konya]], Turkey
| founder                  = [[Sultan Veled|Veled]]
| founding_location        = [[Sultanate of Rum]]
| type                     = [[Dervish]] order
| membership               = ca. 2,000 as of 2015<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/features/modern-day-dervishes-followers-turkeys-rumi|title = middle east eye;}}</ref>
| leader_title             = Makam Chalabi (Chief Master)
| leader_name              = Faruk Hemdem
| leader_title2            = [[Wali]]
| leader_name2             = [[Rumi]]
| main_organ               = [[Diyanet]]
| website                  = 
}}
{{Infobox intangible heritage
| ICH = Mevlevi Sema Ceremony
| State Party = Turkey
| ID = 00100
| Region = ENA
| Year = 2008
| Session = 3rd
| List = Representative
}}
{{Sufism|Orders}}
[[File:Whirling Dervishes at Hodjapasha.jpg|thumb|[[Hodjapasha Culture Center]] is a restored Ottoman hamam (Turkish bath) in Istanbul's Sirkeci district now used for performances of the Mevlevi (whirling dervish) sema.]]

The '''Mevlevi Order''' or '''Mawlawiyya''' ({{langx|tr|Mevlevilik}}; {{langx|fa|طریقت مولویه}}) is a [[Sufism|Sufi]] order that originated in [[Konya]], Turkey (formerly capital of the [[Sultanate of Rum]]) and which was founded by the followers of [[Rumi|Jalaluddin Muhammad Balkhi Rumi]], a 13th-century [[Persians|Persian]] poet, Sufi [[mysticism|mystic]], and theologian.<ref>Julia Scott Meisami, Forward to Franklin Lewis, Rumi Past and Present, East and West, Oneworld Publications, 2008 (revised edition)</ref> The Mevlevis are also known as the "'''whirling dervishes'''" due to their famous practice of [[Sufi whirling|whirling]] while performing ''[[dhikr]]'' (remembrance of [[God in Islam|God]]). [[Dervish]] is a common term for an initiate of the [[Sufi]] path; whirling is part of the formal [[sama (Sufism)|sema]] ceremony and the participants are properly known as ''semazens''.<ref name="semaz">{{cite book |last1=Gölpınarlı |first1=Abdülbâki |title=Mevlevî Âdâb ve erkâni |date=2017 |publisher=İnkılap Kitabevi}}</ref>

In 2005, [[UNESCO]] confirmed "The Mevlevi [[Sema]] Ceremony" as amongst the [[Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/39eur_uk.htm |title=The Mevlevi Sema Ceremony |publisher=UNESCO |access-date=8 May 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232331/http://www.unesco.org/culture/intangible-heritage/39eur_uk.htm |archive-date=April 26, 2014 }}</ref>

==Principles and practices==
Approximately 750 years old, the Mevlevi Order was once a living tradition based on the teachings of Rumi, also known as Mevlevi or Mevlana, who is perhaps one of the most celebrated poets in Turkey. He is also venerated as a mystic within Islam. Rumi's friend and mentor, Shams of Tabriz, is also revered within the order and within Sufism.
 
The Mevlevis insist that love is central to Islam. Mevlevi shaikh [[Şefik Can]] writes, "Rumi tells us to take the love of God to the forefront, to abstain from being attached to the letter of the law rather than the spirit of it, to find the essence of the faith, and to raise our faith from the level of imitation to the level of realization."<ref name=can>{{cite book |last1=Can |first1=Şefik |title=Fundamentals of Rumi's Thought: A Mevlevi Sufi Perspective |date=2005 |publisher=Light}}</ref>

In addition to obligatory Islamic worship, some of the main spiritual practices within the Mevlevi Order are as follows (in order of importance):

* Study of the [[Quran]] and Rumi's works (especially his poetic masterpiece the ''[[Mathnavi]]'') 
* [[Muraqabah]] (Islamic meditation)
* [[Initiation|Initiatic]] conversation led by the sheikh (known as ''sohbet'') 
* ''[[Sama (Sufism)|Sema]]'': the whirling ceremony
* ''[[Dhikr]]'': invocation of the Divine Names which is believed to purify the heart
* [[Adab (Islam)|Adab]] (developing courtesy and mindfulness)<ref name="heart">{{cite book |last1=Helminski |first1=Kabir |title=The Knowing Heart: A Sufi Path of Transformation |date=1999 |publisher=Shambhala}}</ref>

==Sema==

The Sema with the greatest significance to the Mevlevi order is the annual celebration of Mevlana's "marriage to god" (death), also called Seb-i Arus, meaning Nuptial Night or Night of Union.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lifestyle-Ceremonies-Sema |url=http://www.turkishculture.org/lifestyles/ceremonies/sema-220.htm |website=Turkish Cultural Foundation}}</ref> It is observed for one week, with the final night occurring on the anniversary of his death. Pilgrims from all over the world travel to Konya for the official celebration.  The event is so popular that a ticketing system is in place for those who wish to attend.

Rumi mentions whirling in a number of his poems. In one ''ghazal'' in the ''Divani Shamsi Tabriz'' he says:

Those who turn in the direction of prayer,<br>
whirl in both this world and the next.

Pay heed when a circle of friends whirl,<br>
circling round and round, the Kaaba is the center.

If you wish a mine of sugar, it is there;<br>
and if you wish a fingertip of sugar, it is gratis.<ref name=ripening>{{cite book |last1=Helminski |first1=Kabir and Ahmad Rezwani |title=Love's Ripening: Rumi on the Heart's Journey |date=2008 |publisher=Shambhala}}</ref>

=== Origins of ''Sema'' ===
[[File:Mevlevi dervishes 1887.jpg|thumb|left|Mevlevi [[whirling dervish]]es, 1887]]
According to a popular story, Rumi was first inspired to whirl when he heard the hammering of the goldsmiths in Konya's bazaar,<ref name=schimmel>{{cite book |last1=Schimmel |first1=Annemarie |title=Mystical Dimensions of Islam |url=https://archive.org/details/mysticaldimensio00schi |url-access=registration |date=1975 |publisher=The University of North Carolina Press}}</ref> however, Mevlevi historian [[Abdülbaki Gölpınarlı|Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı]] believed that Rumi must have learnt whirling from Shams of Tabriz.<ref name=semaz/> Şefik Can claimed that whirling was practiced among Sufis at least as early as Abu Sa’id Abu’l-Khayr (d. 1049).<ref name=can/> Though they have cultivated it to the highest degree, Mevlevis are not the only Sufis who practice whirling, and Kabir Helminski suggests primordial origins: "The practice of whirling may have its origins in the timeless shadows of Central Asian spirituality where shamans used it to induce altered states of consciousness."<ref name=heart/>

=== Method and symbolism ===
''Sema'' (or ''sama'') is traditionally practised in a ''semahane'' (ritual hall) according to a precisely prescribed symbolic ritual with the ''semazens'' whirling in a circle around their shaikh. ''Semazens'' whirl using their right foot to propel themselves in a counter-clockwise circle, whilst their left foot remains rooted to the floor acting as an axis about which the ''semazen'' turns. Both arms are extended and raised to the level of the head, with the right palm pointing upward (believed to be receiving Divine grace) and the left palm pointing downward (believed to channel that grace to the world). With each 360° turn, the ''semazen'' is inwardly chanting "Allah" – a form of ''dhikr''.<ref name=semaz/>

The ''semazens'' enter wearing a black cloak (''hırka'') symbolizing death and the grave, which they remove before whirling. On their heads they wear a tall, brown hat known as a ''[[sikke]]'', which symbolizes the tombstone and the death of the ego (a version of the ''sikke'' is also worn by the [[Bektashi]]). Once their cloaks are removed, their long white robes (''tennûre'') and white jackets (''destegül'' – meaning 'bouquet of roses') become visible. Both are symbols of resurrection.<ref name=semaz/>

=== Structure of the ceremony ===
''Naat-i Sharif'' – The ''naat'' marks the beginning of the ceremony in which a solo singer offers a eulogy to the Prophet Muhammad. It is concluded with a ''taksim'' (improvisation) on the reed flute (''ney''), which symbolises the Divine breath that gives life to everything.

''Devr-i Veled'' – The Sultan Veled walk involves the ''semazens'' walking slowly and rhythmically to the ''peshrev'' music. After slapping the ground forcefully (representing the Divine act of creation when God said 'Be!' according to the Quran), they make a circuit in single file around the hall three times, bowing first to the ''semazen'' in front of them, and then to the ''semazen'' behind them as they begin each circuit. The bow is said to represent the acknowledgement of the Divine breath which has been breathed into all of us and is a salutation from soul to soul. The dervishes then remove their black cloaks.

''The Four Salams'' – The Four ''Salams'' (''Selams'') form the main part of the ceremony and are distinct musical movements. According to Celalettin Celebi and Shaikh Kabir Helminski, "The first ''selam'' represents the human being's birth to Truth through knowledge, and through his awareness and submission to God. The second ''selam'' represents the rapture of the human being while witnessing the splendour of creation and the omnipotence of God. The third ''selam'' is the transformation of rapture into love, the sacrifice of mind to love. It is annihilation of the self within the Loved One. It is complete submission. It is unity.... The fourth ''selam'' is the ''semazen's'' coming to terms with his destiny. With the ''semazen's'' whole self, with all his mind and heart, he is a servant of God, of God's books and His prophets – of all Creation."

''Quranic recitation'' – The ceremony concludes with a recitation from the [[Quran]], which normally includes the following verse: ''God is in the East and West. And wherever you turn, there is the face of God.'' (Quran 2:115)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Helminski |first1=Kabir|last2=Celebi|first2=Celalettin |title=Embracing Both Worlds: The Whirling Dervishes in America: The Mevlevi Ensemble with Kani Karaca, Recorded Live at Harvard University & the University of Arizona |publisher=Threshold Productions}}</ref>

==History==
[[Image:Dansende derwisjen Rijksmuseum SK-A-4081.jpeg|thumb|left|''Mevlevi dervishes whirling in [[Beyoğlu|Pera]]'' by [[Jean-Baptiste van Mour]]]]

=== Early expansion ===
The order was established after Rumi's death in 1273 by his son Sultan Veled and Husameddin Chelebi (who inspired Rumi to write the ''[[Mathnavi]]'').<ref name=schimmel/>  Like his father, Sultan Veled is celebrated for his poetry. Lyrics he wrote are often sung during the ''sema'' ceremony itself,<ref name=algan>{{cite book |last1=Algan |first1=Refik |last2=Helminski |first2=Camille |title=Embracing Both Worlds: The Whirling Dervishes in America: The Mevlevi Ensemble with Kani Karaca, Recorded Live at Harvard University & the University of Arizona |publisher=Threshold Productions}}</ref>  and both he and Husameddin Chelebi are honoured within the order as accomplished Sufi mystics in their own right. It was they who had Rumi's mausoleum built in Konya, which to this day is a place of pilgrimage for many Muslims (and non-Muslims). A number of Rumi's successors, including both Sultan Veled and  Husameddin Chelebi themselves, are also buried there. Their personal efforts to establish the order were continued by Sultan Veled's son [[Ulu Arif Chelebi]].<ref name=semaz/>

During the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] period, the Mevlevi order spread into the Balkans, Syria, Lebanon, Egypt, and Palestine, especially in Jerusalem. The Bosnian writer [[Meša Selimović]] wrote the book ''The Dervish and Death'' about a Mevlevi dergah in Sarajevo. Eventually, there were as many as 114 Sufi lodges, the order becoming well established within the Ottoman Empire when Devlet Hatun, a descendant of Sultan Veled, married [[Bayezid I]]. Their son [[Mehmed I]] Çelebi became the next sultan, endowing the order, as did his successors, with many advantages. Many of the members of the order served in various official positions within the empire.
[[Image:MevlanaMuseum.jpg|262px|thumb|[[Mevlana Museum]] in [[Konya]].]]
[[Image:Turkey.Konya058.jpg|thumb|262px|Model of a [[dervish]] studying.]]

=== The Çelebis ===
To this day, responsibility for overseeing the Mevlevi Order is passed down through the generations of Rumi's male descendants. The head of the order is referred to as ''Çelebi'' (''Chelebi'') which means ‘man of God' or ‘noble, courteous' according to Mevlevi historian Abdülbâki Gölpınarlı.<ref name=semaz/> The current ''Çelebi'' is Faruk Hemdem Çelebi. He is also president of the International Mevlana Foundation ([http://mevlanafoundation.com/index_en.html Uluslararası Mevlâna Vakfı]), a Turkish cultural and educational foundation managed by his sister and vice-president Esin Çelebi Bayru. Shaikhs, who have the authority to teach Mevlevi practices and philosophy, are appointed by the ''Çelebi''.

=== Artistic heritage ===
Rumi's ''[[Mathnavi]]'' and ''[[Diwan-e Shams-e Tabrizi]]''<ref name=ripening/> are considered masterpieces of [[Persian literature]], and throughout the centuries the Mevlevi Order has continued its long-standing association with the arts in Turkey. Apart from the works of Rumi and Sultan Veled, other famous literary works by Mevlevis include influential commentaries on Rumi's ''Mathnavi'' by Ismāʿil Rusūhī Ankarawi (d. 1631) and [[Ismail Hakki Bursevi|Ismāʿil Ḥaqqı Burṣalı]] (d. 1724), the latter also being 'a fine mystical poet' in his own right.<ref name=schimmel/> The most celebrated Mevlevi poet, after Rumi and [[Sultan Veled]], is [[:tr:Şeyh Galip|Shaykh Ghalib Dede]] (d. 1799), the author of ''[[Hüsn ü Aşk]]'' and ‘perhaps the last true master of [[Turkish literature|Turkish classical poetry]]' according to scholar Annemarie Schimmel.<ref name=schimmel/> Both Ghālib Dede and Ankarawī are buried at the Galata Mevlevihanesi.

The Mevlevi Ayin (ceremony music) is the most elaborate and artistically composed music on this planet.  The use of the Makams (musical modes) and the subtle modulations in some of the best Ayins, produces a highly uplifting atmosphere. Highly suited to the ethos of the ceremony; which aims at union of the human soul with its Creator. The music of the sema has been studied and performed by an English family; beginning in the 1970s (to the present) when they went to Istanbul to study with the remaining true Mevlevis. And also to study with some of Turkey's greatest exponents of the Mevlevi music; Such as Nezih Üzel and Necdet Yaşar. The information about the music, practised over many years, eventually resulted in the "Doctorate in the Philosphy of Music", undertaken by Dr. Alan Wenham-Prosser. The book "The Music of Rumi" which contains all the content of that doctorate, was called, by Middlesex University, "The World Authority" on the subject of Mevlevi music. See https://academia.edu/95815541/ for details.
A significant number of the most celebrated Turkish musicians have been Mevlevis, and during the Ottoman era the Mevlevi Order produced a great deal of vocal and instrumental music. [[Buhurizade Mustafa Itri|Mustafa Itri]] (1640–1712), an Ottoman-Turkish musician, composer, singer and poet, is regarded as the master of Turkish classical music<ref name=schimmel/> [[Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi|Ismail Dede]] (1778-1846) is also considered one of Turkey's greatest classical composers and wrote the music for the ceremonial songs (''ayins'') played during the ''sema'' ceremony.<ref name=algan/> Celebrated female musicians and composers include Dilhayat Khalifa (early 1700s) and Layla Saz (late 1800s – also buried at Galata Mevlevihanesi).<ref name=women/>

===The Mevlevi Regiment===
[[File:Mustafa Kemal and Mevlevi Order March 1923.png|thumb|Atatürk in 1923, with members of the Mevlevi Order, before its institutional expression became illegal and their dervish lodge was changed into the Mevlana Museum.]]
During [[World War I]], the Mevlevi Regiment served in Syria and Palestine under the command of 4th Army. A battalion of some 800 dervishes was formed December 1914 in Konya (the Mucahidin-i Mevleviyye) and was sent to Damascus. Another battalion of regular recruits was added at the end of August 1916, and together they formed the Mevlevi Regiment. This unit did not fight until the end of the Palestine campaign and was disbanded at the end of September 1918.<ref>{{cite web |title= SYRIA AND THE 1948 WAR IN PALESTINE |url=http://joshualandis.oucreate.com/Syria_1948.htm |access-date=2022-10-15 |website=joshualandis.oucreate.com}}</ref>

[[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal]] met with members of the Mevlevi Order in 1923 before its institutional expression became illegal.<ref>See Omer Tarin, 'The Turkish Mevlevi Sufis and their Retrenchment in Modern Turkey from the time of Ataturk onwards', in ''Anderoon: A Journal of the Inner Self'', 1999, Vol 32, No 2, p. 42</ref>

===1925 ban on Sufism in the Turkish Republic===

Sufism was outlawed in Turkey in September 1925 by the new Turkish Republic under [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk|Atatürk]]. As a result, the Dervish lodge in Konya eventually became the [[Mevlana Museum]]. According to the International Mevlana Foundation, preceding the ban 'Atatürk uttered the following words about the Mevlevi Order to Abdulhalim Chalabi, "Makam Chalabi" of Konya, and furthermore the Vice President of the First House of Representatives: "You, the Mevlevis have made a great difference by combating ignorance and religious fundamentalism for centuries, as well as making contributions to science and the arts. However we are obliged not to make any exceptions and must include Mevlevi tekkes. Nonetheless, the ideas and teaching of Mevlana will not only exist forever, but they will emerge even more powerfully in the future."'<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mevlevi Order & Sema |url=https://mevlanafoundation.com/mevlevi-order-sema/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=International Mevlana Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref>

Though the Sufi lodges were forced to close down, Mevlevi practice continues within Turkey but in a more restricted and private mode. Sufism is still officially illegal in Turkey, and ''sema'' ceremonies are therefore officially presented as cultural events of historical interest rather than as worship.

Outside the Mevlevi Order, a number of groups and individuals who have no connection to the order claim to present ‘Mevlevi whirling' – often for the entertainment of tourists.

===Mevlevi Order comes to the West===
[[File:Dedeanddavid.jpg|thumb|Suleyman Loras with David Bellak in Konya]]
In the latter half of the twentieth century, the Mevlevi Order began to make its presence felt in the West. This was due to the great popularity of English translations and versions of Rumi's poetry (especially by [[Coleman Barks]]), but was also due to the influence of Shaikh Suleyman Hayati Lorasulam of Konya - known as [https://sufism.org/library/articles/the-most-important-thing-i-learned-from-our-murshid Süleyman Dede]. He began training in the Konya Mevlevi dergah in the early 1920s, and was appointed as a Mevlevi Sheikh in the 1960s by Dr Celaleddin Çelebi, whose grandfather had been the last Mevlevi leader in Konya before the 1925 closures.<ref>Çelebi Bayru, Esin. ''Love is Something Beautiful''. İstanbul, Türkiye: Nefes Yayincilik. {{ISBN|978-605-9901-76-5}}.</ref> Suleyman Dede made a number of trips to the USA, Canada and Europe in the 1970s, and appointed several Westerners as Mevlevi teachers for the first time, including [[Reshad Feild]], [https://rumiscircle.com/2014/12/14/konya-a-christmas-tale-1975/ David (Daud) Bellak] and [[Kabir Edmund Helminski|Kabir Helminski]], and sent his son Jelaleddin Loras to live and [https://hayatidede.org/ teach in America].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Bruce |title=Rumi Comes to America |date=2017 |publisher=Miller eMedia}}</ref> David Bellak took Suleyman Dede's teaching to Edinburgh in Scotland where he settled in 1982 and established this strand of Mevlevi practice.

There are ongoing disagreements whether Süleyman Dede had the traditional authority to appoint others as Mevlevi shaikhs, or only as his own deputies. At this point in time, there was no functioning Mevlevi Order or hierarchy, and prior to 1925 there had been a variety of means for succession of leadership in the Mevlevi centres spread around the Ottoman Empire.

Around the 1970s, Mevlevi dervishes also began to present the whirling ceremony to audiences in the West. In 1971, they performed in London with [[Kâni Karaca]] (known as the 'Voice of Turkey') as lead singer. In 1972, they toured North America for the first time with Kâni Karaca, Ulvi Erguner, and Akagündüz Kutbay among the musicians. Since the 1990s there have been several tours of the United States, including those led by the first Westerner to be officially initiated as a shaikh in the Mevlevi Order, [[Kabir Edmund Helminski|Kabir Helminski.]]<ref>{{cite book |title=Embracing Both Worlds: The Whirling Dervishes in America: The Mevelvi Ensemble with Kani Karaca, Recorded Live at Harvard University & the University of Arizona |publisher=Threshold Productions}}</ref> Since the 1980s, the Helminskis (Kabir and Camille) have presented their own ideas of Mevlevi principles and practice to Western audiences through books, seminars, retreats, and their organisation [http://www.sufism.org Threshold Society]. Practising Mevlevis under the tutelage of a recognised shaikh can now be found across the globe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Society Centers and Representatives |url=https://sufism.org/local-groups/threshold-society-centers |website=Threshold Society|date=4 March 2011 }}</ref>

===Women in the Mevlevi Order===
Camille Helminski explains in her book, ''Women of Sufism, A Hidden Treasure'', how Rumi had a number of noteworthy female students, and how in the early days of the order there were instances of female shaikhs and ''semazens'', such as Destina Khatun (who was appointed ''shaykha'' of the Kara Hisar Mevlevi lodge). "In the early days of the Mevlevi order, women and men were known to pray, share ''sohbet'' (spiritual conversation), and whirl within each other's company, though more often as the centuries unfolded, women held their own ''semas'' and men also whirled in ''zhikr'' separate from women. However, in the time of Mevlana [Rumi], spontaneous ''semas'' would occur including both men and women".<ref name=women>{{cite book |last1=Helminski |first1=Camille |title=Women of Sufism, A Hidden Treasure |date=2003 |publisher=Shambhala}}</ref> In the same book, Camille Helminski presents a 1991 letter from Celaleddin Bakir Çelebi, the ''Çelebi'' heading the order, which granted permission for men and women to once more whirl together in mixed Mevlevi ceremonies.

== Relationship with the Ottoman Empire ==

=== Early Patronage and Expansion ===
The first recorded relationship between the Mevlevi Order and the Ottoman state dates back to the late 14th century. During the reign of Sultan Murad I, Ali Pasha, son of Grand Vizier Khalil Khayr al-Din Pasha, commissioned the construction of a Mevlevi lodge (Tekke) in 1387. This marked the beginning of the order's integration into the Ottoman religious and cultural landscape. The following century saw further patronage, particularly from Mehmed, known as the Conqueror, who not only established the first Mevlevi lodge in Istanbul but also restored the Konya fortress and Rumi’s mausoleum, dedicating endowments to maintain the shrine.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/0355-pdf_202101 |title=0355 Pdf التصوف وآثاره في تركيا أبان العصر العثماني}}</ref>

During the reign of Bayezid II, Jalal al-Din Rumi’s mausoleum was renewed, its interior was adorned, and luxurious fabric was provided to cover the tomb. The Mevlevi Order gained reached new heights under Sultan Selim III, who actively engaged with Mevlevi teachings. He read the Mathnawi (Masnavi), played the ney (reed flute), performed Mevlevi melodies, and visited Mevlevi lodges in Istanbul. His patronage led to the establishment of dedicated endowments for Mathnawi teachings in imperial mosques. This period is often considered the golden age of the Mevlevi Order. <ref name=":0" />

=== Mevlevi Influence in Ottoman Ceremonial and Political Life ===
By the late Ottoman period, the Mevlevi Order held a significant ceremonial role in state affairs. Sultan Mehmed V Reşâd demonstrated reverence for the Mevlevi tradition by involving the order in his enthronement ritual. During a visit to Rumi’s mausoleum, he entrusted a sword belonging to Caliph Omar to the grandson of Rumi, Abdülhalim Çelebi, who girded the sword at the Sultan’s waist before performing a two-rakat prayer. This act symbolized the deep intertwining of the Mevlevi Order with Ottoman legitimacy and spiritual authority. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASCENSION AND SWORD-GIRDING CEREMONIES IN ISTANBUL {{!}} History of Istanbul |url=https://istanbultarihi.ist/456-ascension-and-sword-girding-ceremonies-in-istanbul# |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=istanbultarihi.ist}}</ref>

=== Muradiye Convent-Mosque and Changing Political Relations ===
The Muradiye convent-mosque in Edirne is an early example of Ottoman patronage for the Mevlevi Order. Built by Sultan Murad II, it was the first Mevlevi convent commissioned by an Ottoman ruler. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Smarthistory – Muradiye Mosque |url=https://smarthistory.org/muradiye-mosque/ |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref>

According to a legend, Murad II dreamt of meeting Rumi at the site and vowed to construct a Mevlevi lodge there. This project may have been a way to strengthen the Sultan’s influence in western Anatolia by aligning with the Mevlevis, who held social influence in the region. However, between 1435 and 1453, Murad II expelled the Mevlevis, possibly for political reasons, and the convent-mosque was turned into a congregational mosque. <ref name=":1" />

=== Literary and Artistic Contributions ===
Several Persian biographies of Rumi were commissioned during the Ottoman era, including an official Turkish translation of Aflākī’s 14th-century account, ordered by Sultan Murad III in 1590. This translation, known as ''Tarjuma-i Thawāqib-i manāqib'', was created by Darvīsh Mahmud Mesnevī Khān of Konya. Some of the illustrated manuscripts from this period, featuring miniatures depicting Rumi’s life and teachings, are preserved in collections such as the Topkapi Palace Museum and the Morgan Library. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-22 |title=Konya, Besieged |url=https://www.themorgan.org/collection/treasures-of-islamic-manuscript-painting/51 |access-date=2025-02-12 |website=The Morgan Library & Museum |language=en}}</ref>

The Mevlevi Order’s influence extended into Ottoman education and architecture. The Madrasa of Sultan Walad, built within the Mevlevi complex in Konya by Sultan Murad III in 1584, was named after Rumi’s son, reflecting the lasting ties between the order and the ruling class. More recently, in 2004, a conference hall named after Sultan Walad was included in the Mevlana Cultural Centre in Konya. This site hosted the first international conference dedicated to Sultan Walad in 2011, bringing together scholars from around the world to discuss his contributions. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Küçük |first=Hülya |date=2012 |title=Sulṭān Walad's Role in the Foundation of the Mevlevi Sufi Order |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45236331 |journal=Mawlana Rumi Review |volume=3 |pages=22–50 |issn=2042-3357}}</ref>

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mevlevi order}}
* [http://www.hayatidede.org Mevlevi Order of America]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kVykC5En59g Video of Ensemble Al-Kindi & The Whirling Dervishes of Damascus]
* [https://pbase.com/dosseman/mawlawi Pictures of Mevlevi museum in Istanbul]
* [https://pbase.com/dosseman/mevlana Pictures of Mevlevi museum in Konya]
* Mevleviname: Mevlevism in Western Travelogues with Translated Texts and Illustrations (Free Turkish PDF book) [https://www.academia.edu/88539464 Vol.1] [https://www.academia.edu/88539887 Vol.2]

{{Sufi}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Mevlevi Order| ]]
[[Category:Religious organizations established in the 1270s]]
[[Category:Rumi]]
[[Category:Dervish movements]]