Editing Michael Hardt

{{short description|American philosopher (1960-)}}
{{BLP sources|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox philosopher
|region  = [[Western philosophy]]
|era = [[20th-century philosophy]]
|image   = MichaelHardt.jpg
|caption = Michael Hardt speaking at the Seminário Internacional Mundo. 2008
|name        = Michael Hardt
|birth_date  = {{birth year and age|1960}}
|birth_place = [[Bethesda, Maryland]], U.S.<ref name="globetrotter">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110514005121/http://globetrotter.berkeley.edu/people4/Hardt/hardt-con1.html Conversations with History (globetrotter.berkeley.edu) – Conversation with Michael Hardt]</ref>
|death_date  =
|death_place =
|education        = [[Swarthmore College]] ([[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]])<br>[[University of Washington]] ([[M.A.]]),([[Ph.D.]])
|school_tradition = [[Continental philosophy]]<br>[[Autonomism]]
|main_interests   = [[Political philosophy]]<br>[[Literary theory]]
|notable_ideas    = Theory of [[Empire (Hardt and Negri book)|Empire]], [[altermodernity]]
}}
{{Imperialism Studies sidebar|People}}
[[File:Michael Hardt on Subversive Festival.jpg|thumb|Michael Hardt speaking at [[Subversive Festival]]]]
'''Michael Hardt''' (born 1960) is an American [[political philosopher]] and [[literary theorist]]. Hardt is best known for his 2000 book ''[[Empire (Negri and Hardt book)|Empire]]'', which was co-written with [[Antonio Negri]]. 

Hardt and Negri suggest that several forces which they see as dominating contemporary life, such as [[oppression|class oppression]], [[globalization]] and the [[commodification|commodification of services]] (or production of affects), have the potential to spark social change of unprecedented dimensions. A sequel, ''[[Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire]]'' was published in August 2004. It outlines an idea first propounded in ''Empire'', which is that of the [[Multitude (philosophy)|multitude]] as possible locus of a democratic movement of global proportions. The third and final part of the trilogy, [[Commonwealth (Hardt and Negri book)|''Commonwealth'']], was published in 2009.

==Early life and education==
Hardt attended [[Winston Churchill High School (Maryland)|Winston Churchill High School]] in [[Potomac, Maryland|Potomac]], [[Maryland]]. He studied engineering at [[Swarthmore College]] in [[Pennsylvania]] from 1978 to 1983. In college during the [[1970s energy crisis]], he began to take an interest in alternative energy sources<ref name = "guardian">{{cite news| url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/global/story/0,,524215,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Empire hits back | first=Ed | last=Vulliamy | date=2001-07-15 | access-date=2010-05-12}}</ref> Talking about his college politics, he said,  "I thought that doing alternative energy engineering for third world countries would be a way of doing politics that would get out of all this campus political posing that I hated. It seemed that way, but I was quickly disabused."<ref>Hardt, Smith, Minardi, "The Collaborator," 65</ref>

During college, he worked for various [[solar energy]] companies. Hardt also participated, after college, in the Sanctuary Movement and later helped establish a project to bring donated computers from the United States and put them together for the [[University of El Salvador]]. Yet, he says that this political activity did more for him than it did for the Salvadorans.<ref name = "guardian"/>

In 1983, he moved to [[Seattle]] to study [[comparative literature]] at the [[University of Washington]].<ref name = "guardian"/> While working on his PhD, Hardt began to translate Antonio Negri's book on [[Baruch Spinoza]], ''The Savage Anomaly'', in order to come into contact with him.<ref>Hardt, Smith, Minardi, "The Collaborator," 66</ref> He first met Negri in Paris in the summer of 1986 to discuss translation difficulties. After their meeting, Hardt decided to complete his graduate exams and move to Paris the following summer.<ref>Hardt, "Hands," 175</ref> He received an M.A. in 1986 and completed his dissertation on [[Gilles Deleuze]] in 1990, with which he earned his PhD.<ref>Hardt, "Hands," 176</ref>

After briefly teaching at the University of Southern California, Hardt began teaching in the Literature Program at [[Duke University]] in 1994.<ref name = "guardian"/> He is currently professor of Literature and Italian at Duke.

==Thought==
Hardt is concerned with the joy of political life, and has stated, "One has to expand the concept of love beyond the limits of the couple."<ref>Michael Hardt. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bc4pP96suIE Identity and Difference.] Lecture at European Graduate School. 2005</ref> The politics of the multitude is not solely about controlling the means of productivity or liberating one's own subjectivity. These two are also linked to love and joy of political life and realizing political goals.<ref>{{Citation | title= Love's Lessons: Intimacy, Pedagogy and Political Community| first1= Timothy | last1= Laurie | first2= Hannah | last2= Stark | journal=[[Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities]] | volume= 22 | issue= 4 | pages= 69–79 | year= 2017 | url = https://www.academia.edu/35349930}}</ref>

Hardt does not consider teaching a revolutionary occupation, nor does he think the college is a particularly political institution. "But thinking of politics now as a project of social transformation on a large scale, I'm not at all convinced that political activity can come from the university."<ref>Hardt, Smith, Minardi, "The Collaborator," 71</ref>

Hardt says visions of a public education and equal and open access to the university are gradually disappearing: the "[[war on terror]]" has promoted only limited military and technological knowledges, while the required skills of the biopolitical economy, "the creation of ideas, images, code, affects, and other immaterial goods" are not yet recognized as the primary key to economic innovation. Many of Hardt's works have been co-written with [[Antonio Negri]].

==Occupation movements of 2011–2012==

In May 2012 Hardt and Negri self-published an electronic pamphlet on the [[Occupy movement|occupation and encampment movements of 2011–2012]] called ''[[Declaration (book)|Declaration]]'' that argues the movement explores new forms of democracy.{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}

==Publications==

=== Books ===

==== Single-authored ====
*''Gilles Deleuze: an Apprenticeship in Philosophy'', {{ISBN|0-8166-2161-6}}, 1993
*''The Subversive Seventies,'' ISBN 978-0197674659, 2023

==== With Antonio Negri ====
{{See also|:Category:Books by Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt}}
*''Labor of Dionysus: a Critique of the State-form'', {{ISBN|0-8166-2086-5}}, 1994
*''[[Empire (Negri and Hardt book)|Empire]]'', {{ISBN|0-674-00671-2}}, 2000
*''[[Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire]]'', {{ISBN|1-59420-024-6}}, 2004
*''[[Commonwealth (Hardt and Negri book)|Commonwealth]]'', {{ISBN|0-674-03511-9}}, 2009
*''[[Declaration (book)|Declaration]]'', {{ISBN|0-786-75290-4}}, 2012
*''Assembly'', {{ISBN|978-0190677961}}, 2017

=== Selected articles ===
*{{cite journal |year=1995 |title=The Withering of Civil Society |journal=[[Social Text]] |issue=45 |pages=27–44 |doi=10.2307/466673|jstor=466673 |last1=Hardt |first1=Michael }}
*{{cite journal |year=1997 |title=Prison Time |journal=[[Yale French Studies]] |issue=91 |pages=64–79 |doi=10.2307/2930374|jstor=2930374 |last1=Hardt |first1=Michael }}
*{{cite journal |year=1998 |title=The Global Society of Control |journal=Discourse |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=139–152 }}
*{{cite journal |year=1999 |title=Affective Labor |journal=[[boundary 2]] |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=89–100 }}
* {{Cite journal | title =Sovereignty  | journal = Theory and Event | volume = 5 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.1353/tae.2001.0040 | date = 2001 | last1 = Hardt | first1 = Michael | s2cid = 244692620 }}
* {{Cite journal | title = Porto Alegre: Today's Bandung? | journal = [[New Left Review]] | volume = II | issue = 14 | date = March–April 2002 | url = http://newleftreview.org/II/14/michael-hardt-porto-alegre-today-s-bandung }}
*{{cite journal |year=2007 |title=Jefferson and Democracy |journal=[[American Quarterly]] |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=41–78 |doi=10.1353/aq.2007.0026|last1=Hardt |first1=Michael. |s2cid=145786386 }}
*{{cite journal |year=2010 |title=Two Faces of Apocalypse: A Letter from Copenhagen |journal=Polygraph |volume=22 |pages=265–274 }}
*{{cite journal |date=July 2010 |title=The Common in Communism |journal=Rethinking Marxism |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=346–356 |doi=10.1080/08935696.2010.490365|last1=Hardt |first1=Michael |s2cid=54968674 }}
*{{cite journal |date=Winter 2011 |title=The Militancy of Theory |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |volume=110 |issue=1 |pages=19–35 |doi=10.1215/00382876-2010-020|last1=Hardt |first1=M. }}
*{{cite journal |date=April 2012 |title=Falsify the Currency! |journal=South Atlantic Quarterly |volume=111 |issue=2 |pages=359–379 |doi=10.1215/00382876-1548257|last1=Hardt |first1=M. }}
*{{cite journal |year=2013 |title=How to Write with Four Hands |journal=[[Genre (magazine)|Genre]] |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=175–182 |doi=10.1215/00166928-2088007|last1=Hardt |first1=M. }}
*{{cite journal |date= September 2015 |title=The Power to Be Affected |journal=International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=215–222 |doi=10.1007/s10767-014-9191-x |last1=Hardt |first1=M. |s2cid=143992813 }}
*[https://newleftreview.org/sidecar/posts/a-global-war-regime “A Global War Regime”], with  Sandro Mezzadra, ''Side Car'', [[New Left Review]],  09 May 2024. 

==Film appearances==
* ''[[Marx Reloaded]]'', [[Arte]], April 2011.
* ''[[Examined Life]]'', Sphinx Productions, 87 min., 2008.
* ''[[Antonio Negri: A Revolt that Never Ends]]'', [[ZDF]]/[[Arte]], 52 min., 2004.

==References==
{{reflist|22em}}

==Works cited==
* Hardt, Michael, Caleb Smith, and Enrico Minardi. "The Collaborator and the Multitude: An Interview with Michael Hardt." ''The Minnesota Review'' 61-62 (Spring/Summer 2004). 63–77. 
* Hardt, Michael. "How to Write With Four Hands." ''Genre'' 46.2 (2013). 175–182.
* Vulliamy, Ed. [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/jul/15/globalisation.highereducation "Empire hits back"]. ''The Guardian'', Sunday 15 July 2001.
* {{Cite journal | last = Žižek | first = Slavoj | author-link = Slavoj Žižek | title = Have Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri rewritten the ''Communist Manifesto'' for the twenty-first century? | journal = [[Rethinking Marxism]] | volume = 13 | issue = 3–4 | pages = 190–198 | doi = 10.1080/089356901101241875 | date = September 2001 | s2cid = 140777766 }} [http://www.lacan.com/zizek-empire.htm Full text.]

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri}}
* [http://fds.duke.edu/db/aas/Literature/faculty/hardt Michael Hardt] at [[Duke University]]
* {{cite book | last1 = Hardt | first1 = Michael | last2 = Negri | first2 = Antonio | author-link2 = Antonio Negri | title = Empire | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 2001 | isbn = 9780674006713 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/empire0000hard }} [https://www.angelfire.com/cantina/negri/HAREMI_printable.pdf Full text PDF]
* [http://rwm.macba.cat/en/sonia/michael-hardt/capsula Interview/podcast with Michael Hardt about what role revolutions have today as spaces for new social creation] – [[Radio Web MACBA]], 2014.

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hardt, Michael}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bethesda, Maryland]]
[[Category:People from Potomac, Maryland]]
[[Category:Autonomism]]
[[Category:American Marxists]]
[[Category:American political philosophers]]
[[Category:American communists]]
[[Category:American literary critics]]
[[Category:Imperialism studies]]
[[Category:Marxist theorists]]
[[Category:Libertarian Marxists]]
[[Category:Libertarian socialists]]
[[Category:Duke University faculty]]
[[Category:Academic staff of European Graduate School]]
[[Category:Swarthmore College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Washington alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century American writers]]
[[Category:21st-century American non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:20th-century American philosophers]]
[[Category:21st-century American philosophers]]
[[Category:Critics of work and the work ethic]]