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Michael Haydn
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{{Short description|Austrian composer (1737–1806)}} {{for|other people with similar names|Michael Hayden (disambiguation)}} <!-- please do not add an infobox, per [[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Composers#Biographical_infoboxes]]--> [[File:Portrait of Michael Haydn by Franz Xaver Hornöck.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Michael Haydn by Franz Xaver Hornöck [[File:Michael Haydn signature.svg|center|frameless|upright|alt=signature written in ink in a flowing script]]]] '''Johann Michael Haydn''' ({{IPA|de|ˈhaɪdn̩|lang|De-Johann Michael Haydn.oga}}; 14 September 1737 – 10 August 1806) was an Austrian [[composer]] of the [[Classical period (music)|Classical period]], the younger brother of [[Joseph Haydn]]. ==Life== Michael Haydn was born in 1737 in the Austrian village of [[Rohrau, Austria|Rohrau]], near the Hungarian border. His father was [[Mathias Haydn]], a [[wheelwright]] who also served as "Marktrichter", an office akin to village mayor. Haydn's mother Maria, {{née}} Koller, had previously worked as a cook in the palace of [[Friedrich August von Harrach-Rohrau|Count Harrach]], the presiding aristocrat of Rohrau. Mathias was an enthusiastic folk musician, who during the [[journeyman]] period of his career had taught himself to play the harp, and he also made sure that his children learned to sing. Michael went to Vienna at the age of eight, his early professional career path being paved by his older brother [[Joseph Haydn|Joseph]], whose skillful singing had landed him a position as a [[boy soprano]] in the [[St. Stephen's Cathedral, Vienna]] choir under the direction of [[Johann Georg Reutter|Georg Reutter]], as were [[Johann Georg Albrechtsberger]] and [[Franz Joseph Aumann]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Robert|page=556|date=August 1982|volume=123|title=Mostly unknown|number=1674|journal=[[The Musical Times]]|doi=10.2307/962794|jstor=962794}}</ref> both composers with whom Haydn later traded manuscripts. By Michael's 12th birthday he was earning extra money as a substitute organist at the cathedral and had, reportedly, performed preludes and fantasies of his own composition. The early 19th-century author [[Albert Christoph Dies]], based on Joseph's late-life reminiscences, wrote:{{sfn|Dies|1810|p=86}} <blockquote> Reutter was so captivated by [Joseph]'s talents that he declared to his father that even if he had twelve sons he would take care of them all. The father saw himself freed of a great burden by this offer, consented to it, and some five years after dedicated Joseph's brothers Michael, and still later [[Johann Evangelist Haydn|Johann]] to the musical muse. Both were taken on as choirboys, and, to Joseph's unending joy, both brothers were turned over to him to be trained.</blockquote> The same source indicates that Michael was a brighter student than Joseph, and that (particularly when Joseph had grown enough to have trouble keeping his soprano voice) it was Michael's singing that was the more admired. About 1753, he left the choir school because of the breaking of his voice. In 1760 Michael was appointed [[Kapellmeister]] at Großwardein (today [[Oradea]]) and later, in 1762, was appointed concertmaster<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-Haydn |title = Michael Haydn | German musician| date=6 August 2023 }}</ref> at [[Salzburg]], where he remained for 44 years, during which he wrote over 360 compositions comprising both church and instrumental music. From their mutual sojourn in Salzburg, Haydn was acquainted with [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]], who held his work in high esteem. On 17 August 1768 he married singer Maria Magdalena Lipp (1745–1827); their only child, a daughter (Aloisia Josepha, born 31 January 1770) died just short of her first birthday, on 27 January 1771. Although Lipp was disliked by the women in Mozart's family for some reason,{{sfn|Kenyon|p=142}} she still created the role of ''{{Lang|de|Barmherzigkeit}}'' ([Divine] Mercy) in Mozart's first musical play, ''[[Die Schuldigkeit des ersten Gebots]]'' ("The Obligation of the First Commandment"), 1767, and later the role of Tamiri in his short pastoral opera ''[[Il re pastore]]'' of 1775. [[Leopold Mozart]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kenyon|p=154}}: "Michael Haydn indeed, according to Leopold, was taking to drink. He was sometimes under its influence at the organ during High Mass ..."</ref> along with Wolfgang,<ref>Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart to Leopold Mozart, July 9, 1778, in ''Mozart Letters and Documents – Online Edition'', Stiftung Mozarteum Salzburg, accessed February 18, 2025, https://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/briefe/letter.php?mid=1026&cat=. Wolfgang wrote to his father: "I had to laugh heartily over Haydn’s drunkenness—if I had been there, I would certainly have whispered Adlgasser quietly into his ear—it is indeed scandalous when such a skilful man, through his own fault, renders himself inert in doing his duty—in a function which is to the glory of God—when the Archbishop and the whole court is present—the whole church full of people—that is disgusting—this is also one of the main things that makes me hate Salzburg—the coarse, roguish and dissolute court musicians—indeed, an honest man who has learned manners cannot live with them;—he must, in fact, far from being able to befriend them, be ashamed of them!" </ref> criticized Haydn's drinking habits. In Salzburg Haydn taught young [[Carl Maria von Weber]]<ref>{{harvnb|Kenyon|p=197}}: "In January 1798, Michael Haydn, who had succeeded to one of Leopold Mozart's minor posts, that of teacher to the Cathedral choir boys, found among the new entry a likeable and promising lad of 11 named Carl Maria von Weber."</ref> and [[Anton Diabelli]]. [[File:DSC01378 Crypt 54 (Petersfriedhof Salzburg) Kommunegruft.jpg|thumb|Crypt 54 ([[Petersfriedhof|St Peter's Cemetery]], Salzburg): communal vault in which [[Maria Anna Mozart]] and Michael Haydn are buried]] Michael remained close to Joseph all of his life. Joseph regarded his brother's music highly, to the point of feeling Michael's religious works were superior to his own (possibly for their devotional intimacy, as opposed to Joseph's monumental and majestic, more secularized, symphonic style).{{sfn|Rosen|1997|p=366}} In 1802, when Michael was "offered lucrative and honourable positions" by "both [[House of Esterházy#Prince Nikolaus II .5BMikl.C3.B3s Ferdin.C3.A1nd.5D .281765.E2.80.931833.29|Esterházy]] and the [[Louis of Etruria|Grand Duke of Tuscany]]," he wrote to Joseph in Vienna asking for advice on whether or not to accept either of them, but in the end chose to stay in Salzburg.<ref>[[H. C. Robbins Landon]], ''The Collected Correspondence and London Notebooks of Joseph Haydn'' (Fair Lawn, New Jersey: Essential Books, 1959; 214), draft of a letter to Haydn's brother, Johann Michael, in Salzburg using the German familiar second-person "Du" form (Vienna, 22 January 1803).</ref> Michael and Maria Magdalena Haydn named their daughter Aloisia Josepha not in honor of Michael's brother, but after Josepha Daubrawa von Daubrawaick, who substituted as godmother at the baptism for Countess de Firmian. He died in Salzburg at the age of 68. ==Works== [[Musicology|Musicologist]] [[Karl Geiringer]] has claimed that Michael Haydn has not received the recognition he deserves from posterity, taking the view that his church music, his choruses for male voices, and many of his instrumental works are on a respectable level and ought to be revived.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Geiringer|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Geiringer|title=Review of Michael Haydn|jstor=890157|journal=[[Notes (journal)|Notes]]|series=Second Series|volume=9|issue=4|date=September 1952|page=619|doi=10.2307/890157}}</ref> Michael Haydn never compiled a thematic catalog of his works, nor did he ever supervise the making of one. The earliest catalog was compiled in 1808 by Nikolaus Lang for his 'Biographische Skizze' (Biographical Sketch). In 1907 Lothar Perger compiled a catalogue of his orchestral works, the [[Perger-Verzeichnis]], for ''[[Denkmäler der Tonkunst in Österreich]]'', which is somewhat more reliable than Lang's catalog and attaches P. (for Perger) numbers to many of Haydn's instrumental works. And in 1915 Anton Maria Klafsky undertook a similar work for Michael's sacred vocal music. In 1982, Charles H. Sherman, who has edited scores of many of his symphonies for Doblinger, published a chronological catalog of them which some recording companies have adopted. Later, in 1991, Sherman joined forces with T. Donley Thomas to publish a chronological catalog of Michael's complete works using a single continuous range of numbers after [[Ludwig Ritter von Köchel]]'s pioneering catalog of all Mozart's works and [[Otto Erich Deutsch]]'s similar comprehensive compendium for all Schubert's works. Further important amendments to the Sherman/Thomas catalogue have been made by Dwight Blazin.<ref>Dwight Blazin, "Michael Haydn and the 'Haydn Tradition': A Study of Attribution, Chronology and Source Transmission" (PhD diss., New York University, 2004), 235–354</ref> The task of cataloging Michael's music is made easier by the fact that he almost always entered the date of completion on his manuscripts.<ref>[[H. C. Robbins Landon]], ''The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn'' (London: Universal Edition & Rockliff, 1955): "Michael ... dated his manuscripts with a most satisfying exactitude."</ref> Guesswork as to date was necessary only where autograph manuscripts did not survive. [[File:Michael Haydn, St Peters Church, Salzburg, image by Scott Williams.jpg|thumb|500px|St. Peter's Church in Salzburg and the entrance to the Michael Haydn Library]] Haydn's sacred choral works are generally regarded as his most important; his musical taste and skill showed themselves best in his church compositions, which were already in his lifetime regarded as old-fashioned.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=C.|first=M.|date=April 1953|title=Review of ''Michael Haydn: Ein Vergessener Meister'' by Hans Jancik|jstor=730844|journal=[[Music & Letters]]|volume=34|number=2|pages=160–161|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> Some of these works include the ''[[Requiem pro defuncto Archiepiscopo Sigismundo]]'' (Requiem for the death of Archbishop Siegmund) in C minor, which greatly influenced the ''[[Requiem (Mozart)|Requiem]]'' by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]]; ''[[Missa Hispanica]]'' (which he exchanged for a diploma at [[Stockholm]]); his magnificent last St. Francis [[mass (music)|Mass]] in D minor; the motet ''Lauda Sion'' which he wished to have sung at his funeral; and a set of graduals, forty-two of which are reprinted in [[Anton Diabelli]]'s ''Ecclesiasticon''. He wrote several settings of the mass ordinary in German by [[Franz Seraph von Kohlbrenner]], named ''[[Deutsches Hochamt]]''. Haydn was also a prolific composer of secular music, including 41 [[symphony|symphonies]] and wind partitas, and multiple [[concerto]]s and [[chamber music]] including a [[string quintet]] in C major once thought to have been by his brother Joseph. There was another case of posthumous mistaken identity involving Michael Haydn: for many years, the G major symphony now known to be Michael Haydn's [[Symphony No. 25 (Michael Haydn)|Symphony No. 25]] was thought to be Mozart's [[Symphony No. 37 (Mozart)|Symphony No. 37]] and assigned as [[Köchel catalogue|K.]] 444. The confusion arose because an autograph was discovered with the opening movement of the symphony in Mozart's hand and the rest in another's hand. It is now known that Mozart composed the slow introduction to the first movement but the rest of the work is by Michael. Several of Michael Haydn's works influenced Mozart. Three examples are first, the ''Te Deum'' "which Wolfgang was later to follow very closely in K. 141";{{sfn|Kenyon|p=44}} secondly the finale of the [[Symphony No. 23 (Michael Haydn)|Symphony No. 23]] which influenced the finale of the [[String Quartet No. 14 (Mozart)|G major Quartet]], K. 387; and lastly the (fugal) transition and (non-fugal) closing theme of the G major second subject expositions of the finales of both Michael's Symphony No. 28 (1784) and Mozart's monumental last Symphony No. 41 (''Jupiter'') (1788), both in C major. ==List of works== {{Main article|List of compositions by Michael Haydn}} ===Instrumental music=== * 1.1 Symphonies (43 symphonies + single movements of symphonies) * 1.2 Concertos (12 concertos + 1 single movement) * 1.3 Serenades (21 serenades, cassations, notturni and divertimenti) * 1.4 Incidental music (1) * 1.5 Ballets (3) * 1.6 Dances (15 collections of ''Menuetti'', 3 of ''Menuettini'', 1 ''English Dances'', 1 ''German Dances'') * 1.7 Marches (15 marches and fragments of marches) * 1.8 Quintets (6) * 1.9 Quartets (19; the authenticity of the quartets MH 308–313 is under dispute.<ref>Dwight Blazin, "Michael Haydn and the 'Haydn Tradition': A Study of Attribution, Chronology and Source Transmission" (PhD diss., New York University, 2004), 98</ref>) * 1.10 Trio Sonatas (10) * 1.11 Duo Sonatas (4) * 1.12 Solo Sonatas (2) * 1.13 Keyboard (19 compositions) * 1.14 Unknown instrumentation (1) ===Sacred vocal music=== * 2.1 Antiphons (47) * 2.2 Cantatas (5) * 2.3 Canticles (65) * 2.4 Graduals (130) * 2.5 Hymns (16) * 2.6 Masses (47) including [[St. Francis Mass|Missa Sancti Francisci Seraphici]] and [[Missa tempore Quadragesimae (Michael Haydn)|Missa tempore Quadragesimae]] * 2.7 Motets (7) * 2.8 Offertories (65) * 2.9 Oratorios (7) * 2.10 Psalm settings (19) * 2.11 Requiem (2, 1 completed only to the Kyrie, completed in 1839 by Paul Gunther Kronecker [[Order of Saint Benedict|OSB]] (1803–1847) ) * 2.12 Other (42) ===Secular vocal music=== * 3.1 Arias (8) * 3.2 Canons (65) * 3.3 Cantatas (14) * 3.4 Part-songs (97) * 3.5 Operas (1) * 3.6 Serenatas (1) * 3.7 Singspiele (11) * 3.8 Songs (46) ==Recordings== * ''Michael Haydn: Symphonies N.1–12,15,16,18,25–28'' (1998, CPO) – [[Slovak Chamber Orchestra]] conducted by Bohdan Warchal * ''Michael Haydn: Die Wahrheit der Natur'' (2018, CPO) – Salzburger Hofmusik o.l.v. Wolfgang Brunner * ''Michael Haydn: Endimione'' (2021, CPO) – Salzburger Hofmusik conducted by Wolfgang Brunner * ''Michael Haydn: Kaiser Constantin I'' (2022, Accent ACC26504) – Purcell Choir & Orfeo Orchestra conducted by György Vashegyi * ''Michael Haydn: Missa Sancti Aloysii'' (2022, Brilliant Classics) – Genova Vocal Ensemble & Accademia Vocaledi Genova conducted by Roberta Paraninfo ==Notes== {{reflist}} ===Sources=== *{{cite book|last=Dies|first=Albert Christoph|author-link=Albert Christoph Dies|year=1810|chapter=Biographical Accounts of Joseph Haydn|translator=Vernon Gotwals|title=Haydn: Two Contemporary Portraits|location=Milwaukee|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press}} * {{cite book|last=Kenyon|first=Max|title=Mozart in Salzburg: A Study and Guide|location=New York|publisher=Putnam}} * {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Charles|author-link=Charles Rosen|year=1997|title=[[The Classical Style]]|location=New York|publisher=Norton|isbn=0-393-31712-9}} ==Further reading== * {{cite book|last1=Sherman|first1=Charles H.|last2=Thomas|first2=T. Donley|title=Johann Michael Haydn (1737–1806), a chronological thematic catalogue of his works|location=Stuyvesant, New York|publisher=Pendragon Press|year=1993|ref=none}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Michael Haydn}} * {{ChoralWiki|Johann Michael Haydn}} * {{IMSLP|id=Haydn, Michael}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080108052924/http://www.haydn.dk/ The Michael Haydn Project]( ) – Biography, works, literature, etc. for Michael Haydn and his contemporaries * [http://www.classicalarchives.com/composer/2680.html Michael Haydn], [[Classical Archives]] * [http://www.dommusik.at/downloads/index.html "Jubilaeumsmesse" in MP3-Format] (creative commons licence) {{Michael Haydn}} {{Classical period (music)}} {{Portal bar|Biography|Classical music|Music}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Haydn, Michael}} [[Category:1737 births]] [[Category:1806 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Austrian classical composers]] [[Category:18th-century Austrian male musicians]] [[Category:19th-century Austrian male musicians]] [[Category:Austrian classical musicians]] [[Category:Austrian Classical-period composers]] [[Category:Austrian expatriates in Hungary]] [[Category:Austrian people of Hungarian descent]] [[Category:Austrian Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Catholic liturgical composers]] [[Category:Classical composers of church music]] [[Category:Composers for carillon]] [[Category:Composers from Salzburg]] [[Category:Joseph Haydn]] [[Category:People from Bruck an der Leitha District]] [[Category:Musicians from Lower Austria]] [[Category:Austrian string quartet composers]] [[Category:Oratorio composers]] [[Category:People from the Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg]]
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