Editing Milvus

{{Short description|Genus of bird}}
{{About|the bird|the range of Zeiss lenses|Zeiss Milvus|the database|Milvus (vector database)}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image             = Milvus migrans front(ThKraft).jpg 
| image_caption     = [[Black kite]], (''Milvus migrans'')
| taxon             = Milvus
| authority         = [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède|Lacépède]], 1799
| type_species = ''[[Red kite|Falco milvus]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision       = 
''See text for discussion''
}}

'''''Milvus''''' is a [[genus]] of medium-sized [[bird of prey|birds of prey]]. The genus was erected by the French naturalist [[Bernard Germain de Lacépède]] in 1799 with the [[red kite]] as the [[type species]].<ref>{{ cite book | last=Lacépède | first=Bernard Germain de | author-link=Bernard Germain de Lacépède | year=1799 | title=Discours d'ouverture et de clôture du cours d'histoire naturelle | chapter=Tableau des sous-classes, divisions, sous-division, ordres et genres des oiseux | language=French | publisher=Plassan | place=Paris | page=4 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhAAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA3-PA4 }} Page numbering starts at one for each of the three sections.<!--BHL appears not to have a scan--></ref><ref>{{ cite book | editor1-last=Mayr | editor1-first=Ernst | editor1-link=Ernst Mayr | editor2-last=Cottrell | editor2-first=G. William | year=1979 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=1 | edition=2nd | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=296 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16108936 }}</ref> The name is the [[Latin]] word for the red kite.<ref name=Jobling>{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n255 255]}}</ref>

The genus ''Milvus'' has in the past been placed in the [[subfamily]] Milvinae but [[molecular phylogenetic]] studies have shown that such a grouping is [[polyphyletic]] for [[Buteoninae]]. It is now placed in the subfamily Buteoninae.<ref>{{Cite book | last1=Mindell | first1=D. | last2=Fuchs | first2=J. | last3=Johnson | first3=J. | date=2018 | chapter=Phylogeny, taxonomy, and geographic diversity of diurnal raptors: Falconiformes, Accipitriformes, and Cathartiformes  | editor1-last=Sarasola | editor1-first=J.H. | editor2-last=Grange | editor2-first=J.M. | editor3-last=Negro | editor3-first=J.J. | title=Birds of Prey: Biology and conservation in the XXI century | location=Cham, Switzerland | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-319-73744-7 | pages=3–32 | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326086278 }}</ref><ref name=catanach>{{Cite journal | last1=Catanach | first1=T.A. | last2=Halley | first2=M.R. | last3=Pirro | first3=S. | date=2024 | title=Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus ''Accipiter'' (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) | journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society | pages=blae028 | doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae028}}</ref>

==Species==
The genus contains three species.<ref name=ioc>{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=August 2022 | title=Hoatzin, New World vultures, Secretarybird, raptors | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.2  | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/raptors/| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=6 December 2022 }}</ref>
{{Species table |genus=[[Milvus]] |authority-name= [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] |authority-year=1758 |species-count=three|no-note=y|narrow-percent=75}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Red kite|binomial=[[Milvus milvus]]
|image=File:Milvus milvus Balearic Islands.jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Linnaeus|authority-year=1758  |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Western Europe and northwest Africa
|range-image=File:Milvus milvus distr02.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status=LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
| ''M. m. milvus'' (Linnaeus, 1758) – Europe and northwest Africa to the Middle East
| ''M. m. fasciicauda'' [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1914 – [[Cape Verde|Cape Verde Islands]]
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name= Black kite|binomial=[[Milvus migrans]]
|image=File:Black Kite (6951496173).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Boddaert |authority-year= 1783   |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Eurasia and parts of Australasia and Oceania
|range-image=File:MilvusMigransIUCNver2018 2.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Five subspecies |bullets=on
|''M. m. migrans'' – <small>([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1783)</small>
|''M. m. lineatus'' – <small>([[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1831)</small>
|''M. m. govinda'' – <small>[[William Henry Sykes|Sykes]], 1832</small>
|''M. m. affinis'' – <small>[[John Gould|Gould]], 1838</small>
|''M. m. formosanus'' – <small>[[Nagamichi Kuroda|Kuroda]], 1920</small>
}}
}}

{{Species table/row
|name=Yellow-billed kite|binomial=[[Milvus aegyptius]]
|image=File:Yellow-billed Kite (6608140277).jpg |image-size=180px |image-alt=
|authority-name=Gmelin, JF, |authority-year= 1788    |authority-not-original=yes
|range= Sub-Saharan Africa including Madagascar, except for the Congo Basin with intra-African migrations (range marked in light green on map)
|range-image=File:Milvus migrans distr new.png
|range-image-size=180px
|size=
|habitat=
|hunting=
|iucn-status= LC
|population=
|direction=
|subspecies={{Collapsible list |expand=yes |title=Two subspecies |bullets=on
|''M. a. aegyptius'' - (Gmelin, JF, 1788)
|''M. a. parasitus'' - (Daudin, 1800)
}}
}}

{{Species table/end}}


[[Allozyme]] data indicates that the genetic diversity in both black and red kites is rather low.<ref>Schreiber, Arnd; Stubbe, Michael & Stubbe, Annegret (2000): Red kite (''Milvus milvus'') and black kite (''M. migrans''): minute genetic interspecies distance of two raptors breeding in a mixed community (Falconiformes: Accipitridae). ''[[Biological Journal of the Linnean Society|Biol. J. Linn. Soc.]]'' '''69''''(3): 351–365. {{doi|10.1006/bijl.1999.0365}} (HTML abstract)
</ref> Successful [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridization]] between ''Milvus'' kites is fairly commonplace, making [[mtDNA]] analyses unreliable to resolve the genus' [[phylogeny]]. Furthermore, there is no good [[correlation]] between molecular characters and [[biogeography]] and [[morphology (biology)|morphology]] in the [[red kite]] due to very [[incomplete lineage sorting]].

The yellow-billed kite is apparently a separate species, as indicated by mtDNA phylogeny showing two supported clades,<ref name=Johnson>Johnson, Jeff A.; Rick T. Watson, and David P. Mindell  (7 July 2005). Prioritizing species conservation: does the Cape Verde kite exist?. Proc Biol Sci. (The Royal Society) 272 (7): 1365–1371. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1560339]</ref> biogeography,<ref name = "Scheider"/> and morphology.<ref name = "Scheider"/> The black-eared kite is somewhat distinct morphologically, but is better considered a well-marked [[parapatric]] subspecies. The status of the Cape Verde kite is in doubt; while not a completely [[monophyletic]] lineage according to mtDNA data,<ref name=Johnson/> it is still best regarded as a distinct species. Whatever its status, this population is extinct.

A prehistoric kite from the [[Early Pleistocene]] (1.8 million–780,000 years ago) deposits at [[Ubeidiya prehistoric site|Ubeidiya]] ([[Israel]]) was described as ''Milvus pygmaeus''<!-- Ardeola51:91 -->.

==References==
{{Reflist | refs = 
<ref name = "Scheider">{{cite book | title = Raptors Worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls | editor-first = R. D. | editor-last = Chancellor | editor2-first = B.-U. | editor2-last = Meyburg | chapter = Phylogeographic Relationships of the Black Kite ''Milvus migrans'' | first1 = Jessica | last1 = Scheider | first2 = Michael | last2 = Wink | first3 = Michael | last3 = Stubbe | first4 = Sabine | last4 = Hille | first5 = Wolfgang | last5 = Wiltschko | pages = 467–472 | chapter-url = http://www.uni-heidelberg.de/institute/fak14/ipmb/phazb/pdf-files/2004/22.2004.pdf |publisher = MME/BirdLife Hungary | location = Budapest, Hungary | isbn = 978-963-86418-1-6| year = 2004 }}</ref>
}}

== Further reading ==
*Crochet, Pierre-André (2005): Recent DNA studies of kites. ''[[Birding World]]'' '''18'''(12): 486–488. [http://www.eurobirding.com/birdingmagazines/artinfo.php?id=8556 HTML section list]

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{{Taxonbar|from=Q600204}}
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[[Category:Milvus| ]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Kites (birds)]]


{{Accipitriformes-stub}}