Editing Milwaukee Deep

{{distinguish|Milwaukee}}
{{Short description|The deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean &ndash; part of the Puerto Rico Trench}}{{coord|19|35|N|66|30|W|||type:waterbody_source:kolossus-eswiki|display=title}}

'''Milwaukee Deep''', also known as the '''Milwaukee Depth''', is the deepest part of the [[Puerto Rico Trench]], constituting the deepest points in the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<ref name="ucsd1">{{cite web|url=http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/data/pdf/Appendix.pdf|title=Chart I. - Major Ocean Basins with Depths Exceeding 4000 meters (I-XLV)|author=Vaughan, T. Wayland|author-link=T. Wayland Vaughan|display-authors=etal |publisher=earthguide.ucsd.edu|date=1940|accessdate=2014-08-25}}</ref> Together with the surrounding seabed area, known as '''Brownson Deep''', the Milwaukee Deep forms an elongated depression that constitutes the floor of the trench. As there is no geomorphological distinction between the two, it has been proposed that the use of both names to refer to distinct areas should be reviewed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Stewart|first=Heather Ann|date=October 2019|title=The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334354435|journal=Earth-Science Reviews|volume=197:102896|pages=102896|doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896|bibcode=2019ESRv..19702896S|via=ResearchGate|doi-access=free}}</ref>

{{Location map
| Caribbean
| lat_deg    = 19
| lat_min    = 35
| lat_sec    = 0
| lat_dir    = N
| lon_deg    = 66
| lon_min    = 30
| lon_sec    = 0
| lon_dir    = W
| label      = Milwaukee Deep
| label_size = 
| position   = left
| background = 
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| marksize   = 5
| width      = 300
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| caption    = Location of Milwaukee Deep north of Puerto Rico
| alt        = 
| AlternativeMap = La2-demis-caribbean.png
}}

During the [[Five Deeps Expedition]], explorer [[Victor Vescovo]] achieved the first crewed descent to the location on 21 December 2018.<ref name=":2" /> Media outlets overwhelmingly referred to the area as the Brownson Deep,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hydro-international.com/content/article/exploring-the-deepest-points-on-earth|title=Exploring the Deepest Points on Planet Earth|website=hydro-international.com|language=en|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2019/09/06/the-last-of-the-great-explorers|title=The last of the great explorers, The last of the great explorers|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2020-01-24|issn=0013-0613}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3quarksdaily.com/3quarksdaily/2019/11/the-last-of-the-great-explorers.html|title=The last of the great explorers|last=Raza|first=Azra|date=2019-11-10|website=3 Quarks Daily|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> while the name Milwaukee Deep was used by others.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.popsci.com/five-deeps-vescovo-dive/|title=Victor Vescovo record-setting quest to reach the bottom of each ocean|website=Popular Science|date=5 September 2019 |language=en|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> However, likely due to the factors mentioned above, the expedition has not used any particular name to refer to the site of their Atlantic dive.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://fivedeeps.com/home/expedition/atlantic/|title=Atlantic Ocean|website=Five Deeps Expedition|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-24}}</ref> It is named for the USS ''[[USS Milwaukee (CL-5)|Milwaukee]]'', which recorded the first [[Echo sounding|echo soundings]] of the Puerto Rico Trench in 1939,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lyman |first=J. |date=1954 |title=The Deepest Sounding in the North Atlantic |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/99222 |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=222 |issue=1150 |pages=334–336 |issn=0080-4630}}</ref> and was itself named for the city of [[Milwaukee]].[[File:Caribbean-map.png|thumb|right|300px|Location of the Puerto Rico Trench, [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]]]]Located roughly {{convert|76.0|mi|km nmi|lk=on}} north of the coast of the [[Geography of Puerto Rico|main island]] of [[Puerto Rico]] at ''Punto Palmas Altas'' in [[Manatí, Puerto Rico|Manatí]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Milwaukee Depth {{!}} deepest point, Atlantic Ocean {{!}} Britannica |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383165/Milwaukee-Depth |access-date=11 February 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="mit1">{{cite web |author=Bulent Kastarlak |date=1958 |title=Low Cost Housing Development with Aided Self-Help Method in Bayamon, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico |url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/75604/32418406.pdf?sequence=1 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120953/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/75604/32418406.pdf?sequence=1 |archivedate=2014-08-26 |accessdate=2014-08-25 |publisher=dspace.mit.edu}}</ref> the maximum depth of the Milwaukee Deep is {{convert|8376|m|ft fathom|abbr=out|lk=out}}, as directly measured by Vescovo during his 2018 descent to the deepest point of the Atlantic Ocean.<ref name=":2" /> The maximum depth of the Milwaukee Deep has also been reported at {{convert|8750|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}}<ref name="ucsd1" /> in 1940 by geologist and oceanographer [[T. Wayland Vaughan|Thomas Wayland Vaughan]], {{convert|8710|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}}<ref name="Lyman-1954">{{Cite journal |last=Lyman |first=J. |date=1954-03-18 |title=The Deepest Sounding in the North Atlantic |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences |volume=222 |issue=1150 |pages=334–336 |bibcode=1954RSPSA.222..334L |doi=10.1098/rspa.1954.0075 |jstor=99222 |s2cid=128815738}}</ref> in 1954 by John Lyman, professor of [[oceanography]] at [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], and {{convert|8740|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" /> in 2014 by the [[General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans]] (GEBCO), and {{convert|8526|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}}<ref name=":0" /> in 2018 by marine geologist Heather Stewart and marine biologist [[Alan Jamieson]]. Stewart and Jamieson also reported a maximum depth of {{convert|8408|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}}<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Stewart |first=Heather Ann |date=October 2019 |title=The five deeps: The location and depth of the deepest place in each of the world's oceans |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334354435 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=197:102896 |pages=102896 |bibcode=2019ESRv..19702896S |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.102896 |via=ResearchGate |doi-access=free}}</ref> in 2019 and {{convert|8378|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bongiovanni |first=Cassandra |last2=Stewart |first2=Heather A. |last3=Jamieson |first3=Alan J. |date=2022 |title=High-resolution multibeam sonar bathymetry of the deepest place in each ocean |url=https://rmets.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/gdj3.122 |journal=Geoscience Data Journal |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=108–123 |doi=10.1002/gdj3.122 |issn=2049-6060}}</ref> in 2021.[[File:Atlantic-trench.JPG|thumb|right|300px|Perspective view of the sea floor of the [[Atlantic Ocean]] and the [[Caribbean Sea]]. The [[Lesser Antilles]] are on the lower left side of the view and [[Florida]] is on the upper right. The purple sea floor at the center of the view is the [[Puerto Rico Trench]], the deepest part of the Atlantic Ocean.]]
== History ==
[[File:USS Milwaukee (CL-5) underway, circa the early 1930s (NH 97979).jpg|thumb|right|300px|Discoverer ship [[USS Milwaukee (CL-5)|USS ''Milwaukee'' (CL-5)]]]]
The ocean floor feature is named for the [[USS Milwaukee (CL-5)|USS ''Milwaukee'' (CL-5)]], a [[United States Navy|U.S. Navy]] [[Omaha class cruiser]], which discovered the Milwaukee Deep on February 14, 1939 with a reading of {{convert|28680|ft|m fathom}}.<ref name="ucsd2">{{cite web|url=http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/data/pdf/chapter2.pdf|title=Chapter II: The Earth and its Ocean Basins|author=Vaughn |display-authors=etal |publisher=earthguide.ucsd.edu|date=1940|accessdate=2014-08-25}}</ref><ref name="WWII">{{cite book |last=Silverstone |first=Paul| title=The Navy of World War II: 1922-1947|year=2008}}</ref> On August 19, 1952, the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service|U.S. Fish and Wildlife]] vessel ''Theodore N. Gill'' obtained a reading of {{convert|28560|ft|m fathom}} at ({{coord|19|36|N|68|19|W}}), virtually identical with the ''Milwaukee''{{'}}s reading. By then, the existence of deep water to the Atlantic Ocean side of the [[Caribbean]] had been known for more than a century.

One of the area's earliest soundings was obtained June 12, 1852 by Lt. S. P. Lee, U.S. Navy [[brig]] [[USS Dolphin (1836)|''Dolphin'']], with a reading of {{convert|22950|ft|m fathom}} at ({{coord|26|32|N|60|06|W}}).<ref name="Lyman-1954" />

=== Crewed descents ===
[[File:Limiting Factor to be prepared for a dive into the Atlantic Ocean.jpg|thumb|Deep Submersible Support Vessel ''[[USNS Indomitable (T-AGOS-7)|DSSV Pressure Drop]]'' and ''DSV Limiting Factor'' at its stern]]

In 1964, the French submersible ''[[Archimède]]'' explored the Puerto Rico Trench to a depth of approximately {{convert|8300|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}} but did not reach its deepest point.<ref name=":2"/>

On 21 December 2018 Victor Vescovo  made the first crewed descent to the deepest point of the trench in the Deep-Submergence Vehicle ''[[DSV Limiting Factor]]'' (a Triton 36000/2 model submersible) and measured a depth of {{Convert|8376|m|ft fathom|abbr=on}} by direct [[CTD (instrument)|CTD]] pressure measurements.<ref name=":2"/> This made the ''Limiting Factor'' the deepest diving operational submersible at the time.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="202100505RMS">{{cite journal|title=High-resolution multibeam sonar bathymetry of the deepest place in each ocean |year=2022 |publisher=Royal Meteorological Society |doi=10.1002/gdj3.122 |last1=Bongiovanni |first1=Cassandra |last2=Stewart |first2=Heather A. |last3=Jamieson |first3=Alan J. |journal=Geoscience Data Journal |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=108–123 |s2cid=235548940 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022GSDJ....9..108B }}</ref>

==See also==

*[[List of submarine topographical features]]
*[[Oceanic trench]]
*[[Challenger Deep]]

==References==

{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Lowest points of the World Ocean]]
[[Category:Oceanic trenches of the Atlantic Ocean]]
[[Category:Physical oceanography]]