Editing Mimnermus

{{Short description|Ancient Greek poet}}
[[File:Eclipse 4-12-2002 Woomera.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|Mimnermus was one of several ancient Greek poets who composed verses about solar eclipses, and there was a total solar eclipse of his home town, Smyrna, on April 6, 648 BC.<ref>Plutarch ''de.facie.lun.'', cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), pages 99–101</ref> His poetry survives only as a few fragments yet they afford us a glimpse of his "brilliantly vivid" style.<ref>[[J. P. Barron]] and [[P. E. Easterling]], "Early Greek Elegy", in P. Easterling and [[Bernard Knox|B. Knox]] (eds.), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature: Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 136</ref>]]
'''Mimnermus''' ({{langx|grc|Μίμνερμος}} ''Mímnermos'') was a [[Greek lyric|Greek elegiac poet]] from either [[Colophon (city)|Colophon]] or [[Smyrna]] in [[Ionia]], who flourished about 632–629 BC (i.e. in the 37th Olympiad, according to [[Suda]]). He was strongly influenced by [[Homer]], yet he wrote short poems suitable for performance at [[Symposium|drinking parties]] and was remembered by ancient authorities chiefly as a love poet. Mimnermus in turn exerted a strong influence on Hellenistic poets such as [[Callimachus]] and thus also on Roman poets such as [[Propertius]], who even preferred him to Homer for his eloquence on love themes (see [[Mimnermus#Comments by other poets|Comments by other poets]] below).

His work was collected by Alexandrian scholars in just two "books" (relatively few compared for example with the twenty-six books for [[Stesichorus]]) and today only small fragments survive. The fragments confirm the ancient estimate of him as a "consummate poet"<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb/Harvard University Press (1999), page 6 {{ISBN|9780674995826}}</ref> but also indicate that he was a "sturdier character" than the indulgent love poet he was assumed to be by various ancient commentators.<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), page 222</ref> Almost no reliable biographical details have been recorded. One ancient account linked him romantically with a flute girl who subsequently gave her name, Nanno, to one of his two books.

==Life and work ==
The Byzantine encyclopaedia ''[[Suda]]'' provides a good example of the biographical uncertainties.
{{Blockquote|Mimnermus, son of Ligyrtyades, from Colophon or Smyrna or [[Astypalaia|Astypalaea]], an elegiac poet. He flourished in the 37th [[Olympiad]] (632–29 BC) and so is earlier than the [[Seven Sages of Greece|seven sages]], although some say that he was their contemporary. He was also called Ligyaistades because of his harmonious clarity. He wrote&nbsp;... books.<ref>Suda, cited and translated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 73 note 3</ref>}}
The gap indicates a corruption in the text and the original wording probably testified to two books, though the only source we have for this number was the grammarian [[Pomponius Porphyrion]].<ref>Porph. on Hor. ''Epist.'' 2.2.101, cited, translated and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 77 note 1</ref> The ''Suda''{{'}}s mention of Astypalaea, an island in the southern Aegean, as a possible candidate for the poet's home town is mere fantasy.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 73 note 1</ref> Smyrna seems to be the most likely candidate.<ref>A. Allen, ''The Fragments of Mimnermus: Text and Commentary'', (Stuttgart 1993) page 13 note 17</ref> The nickname ''Ligyaistades'' was probably taken by the ''Suda'' from an elegy addressed to Mimnermus by one of the seven sages—the Athenian lawgiver and elegiac poet, [[Solon]] (see [[Mimnermus#Comments by other poets|Comments by other poets]]). Solon clearly admired the skills of the older poet, whom he addressed as ''Ligyaistades'', yet he objected to his hedonism and singled out this couplet for criticism:
{{Blockquote|{{lang|grc|αἲ γὰρ ἄτερ νούσων τε καὶ ἀργαλέων μελεδωνέων}}

::{{lang|grc|ἑξηκονταέτη μοῖρα κίχοι θανάτου.}}
Would that my fated death might come at sixty, unattended by sickness and grievous cares.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 85</ref>}}
Solon thought he should be willing to live to eighty. [[Plutarch]] was another ancient author critical of the poet's self-indulgence, dismissing one poem (see Fragment 1 in [[Mimnermus#Poetic style|Poetic style]] below) as "the utterances of intemperate people."<ref>Plutarch ''de virt.mor.'' 6.445f, cited and translated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 81</ref>  Mimnermus however was not timid in his hedonism, as indicated by a couplet attributed to him in the [[Palatine Anthology]], an exhortation to others to live intemperately: "Enjoy yourself. Some of the harsh citizens will speak ill of you, some better.". However, the same lines have also been attributed to [[Theognis]].<ref>''Anth.Pal.'' 9.50 = ''Theognis 795–96, cited, translated and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), pages 86 and 289</ref> A robust side to his personality is shown by his versatility as a poet. Archaic elegy was often used for patriotic purposes, to screw courage to the sticking place in times of war and to celebrate national achievements, and there is ample evidence that Mimnermus assumed this role as a poet. A quote recorded by the geographer [[Strabo]] represents the earliest surviving account of the [[Ionia]]n migration, celebrating the settlement of Colophon and Smyrna from [[Pylos]],<ref>J.P. Barron and P.E. Easterling, "Early Greek Elegy", P. Easterling and B. Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 134</ref>
<ref>Strabo 14.1.4 and 14.1.3, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), pages 87–9</ref> while another quotation, recorded by [[Stobaeus]], describes the heroic exploits of a Greek warrior against the cavalry of the [[Lydia]]n king, [[Gyges of Lydia|Gyges]], early in the 7th century—Mimnermus evidently hoped thereby to strengthen his countrymen's resolve against further Lydian encroachments.<ref>Stobaeus 3.7.11, cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), pages 95–7</ref> The name "Mimnermus" might have been chosen by his parents to commemorate a famous Smyrnean victory against Gyges near the [[Hermus]] river (and yet names ending in -''ermus'' were quite common in Ionia).<ref>Martin Litchfield West, ''Studies in Greek Elegy and Iambus'', Walter de Gruyter and Co. (1974), page 73</ref> He was alive when Smyrna was besieged for the final time by the Lydians under [[Alyattes of Lydia]] and possibly he died with the town.<ref>Stobaeus 3.7.11, cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 222–23</ref> The disappearance of Smyrna for the next three hundred years might be the reason why Colophon was able to claim the poet as one of its own, yet Smyrna's own claim persisted and this suggests that its claim had the advantage of being true.<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 222</ref>

Smyrna lay near Mount [[Sipylos]], one of whose rocky outcrops was traditionally imagined to be the tragic figure [[Niobe]]. Like other archaic poets, Mimnermus adapted myths to his own artistic needs and [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]] recorded that he attributed twenty children to Niobe, unlike Homer, for example, who attributed twelve to her.<ref>Aelian ''V.H.'' 12.36, cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 99</ref> According to [[Sallust]]ius, Mimnermus was just as creative in his poetical account of [[Ismene]], representing her as being killed by [[Tydeus]] at the command of the goddess, [[Athena]], in the very act of making love to [[Theoclymenus]]<ref>Sallustius' preface to Sophocles, ''Antigone'', cited by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 99</ref>—an original account that was soon accepted by an international audience, being represented on an early Corinthian [[amphora]]<ref>J.P.Barron and P.E.Easterling, "Early Greek Elegy", P.Easterling and B.Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 136</ref> (pictured below). Imaginative accounts of the sun, voyaging at night from west to east in a golden bed, and of [[Jason]] the Argonaut voyaging to "[[Aeetes]]' city, where the rays of the swift Sun lie in a golden storeroom at the edge of [[Oceanus]]", survive in brief quotes by ancient authors.<ref>Athenaeus 11.470a, and Strabo 1.2.40, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 91–3</ref> According to Strabo, Smyrna was named after an Amazon and, according to a manuscript on proverbs, Mimnermus once composed on the theme of the proverb "A lame man makes the best lover", illustrating the Amazonian practice of maiming their men.<ref>Manuscript on proverbs, cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 101–3</ref>

==Nanno==
[[File:Aulos player Louvre G313.jpg|left|thumb|The [[aulos]] was an instrument that might accompany the singing of elegies ([[Brygos Painter]], Attic red-figured kylix, ca. 490 BC)]]
Unlike epic and lyric verse, which were accompanied by stringed instruments (the [[cithara]] and [[barbiton]] respectively), elegy was accompanied by a wind instrument (the [[aulos]]) and its performance therefore required at least two people—one to sing and one to play.<ref>J.P. Barron and P.E. Easterling, "Early Greek Elegy", P. Easterling and B. Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 128</ref> Ancient accounts associate Mimnermus with a female aulos player, Nanno (Ναννώ), and one makes him her lover (see quote from [[Hermesianax (poet)|Hermesianax]] in [[Mimnermus#Comments by other poets|Comments by other poets]] below). Another ancient source indicates that Mimnermus was a [[Pederasty in ancient Greece|pederast]],<ref>Alexander Aetolus fr. 5.4–5 Powell ap. Ath. 15.699b, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 77</ref> which is consistent with conventional sexual themes in Greek elegy. However, as noted by [[Martin Litchfield West]], Mimnermus could have been a pederast and yet still have composed elegies about his love for Nanno: "Greek pederasty&nbsp;... was for the most part a substitute for heterosexual love, free contacts between the sexes being restricted by society."<ref>Martin Litchfield West, ''Studies in Greek Elegy and Iambus'', Walter de Gruyter and Co. (1974), page 75</ref> Mimnermus apparently was also capable of playing all by himself—Strabo described him as "both a pipe-player and an elegiac poet".<ref>Strabo 14.1.28, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 72</ref> According to the poet [[Hipponax]], Mimnermus when piping used the melancholy "fig-branch strain," apparently a traditional melody played while [[scapegoat]]s were ritually driven from town, whipped with fig branches.<ref>Pseudo-Plutarch ''de musica'' 8.1133f = Hipponax fr. 153 W., cited and annotated by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 77</ref> 
[[File:ManisaAglayanKayaWeepingStoneTurkey.jpg|right|thumb|Weeping Stone, Mount Sipylos—associated with the tragic figure of [[Niobe]].]]

Ancient commentators sometimes refer to a work called ''Nanno'' and there is one clear reference to a work called ''Smyrneis''. Modern scholars have concluded that these could be the two books mentioned by Porphyrion. The ''Nanno'' appears to have been a collection of short poems on a variety of themes (not just love), whereas the ''Smyrneis'' appears to have been a quasi-epic about Smyrna's confrontation with the Lydians. A cryptic comment by the Hellenistic poet Callimachus (see [[Mimnermus#Comments by other poets|Comments by other poets]] below) also seems to refer to those two books, commending one for "sweetness" and distinguishing it from "the great lady". The latter seems to be a reference to ''Smyrneis'', whereas the sweet verses—apparently the slender, economical kind of verses on which Callimachus modelled his own poetry—appear to refer to ''Nanno''. However, the comment is preserved as an incomplete fragment and modern scholars are not unanimous in their interpretation of it.<ref>A. Allen, ''The Fragments of Mimnermus: Text and Commentary'', (Stuttgart 1993) pages 146–56</ref> Another Callimachus fragment has been interpreted as proof that Mimnermus composed some [[Iambus (genre)|iambic verse]] but this conjecture has also been disputed.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''A Companion to Greek Lyric Poets'', Brill (1997) page 111</ref>

==Poetic style==
[[File:Tydeus Ismene Louvre E640.jpg|right|thumb|Corinthian vase depicting Mimnermus's original account of Ismene's death. Tydeus is depicted in black (usual for a male), Ismene and her fleeing lover Theoclymenus are white (usual for females and appropriate for an adulterous male on the run).<ref>James I Porter (ed), ''Construction of the Classical Body'', University of Michigan Press (1999), pages 13, 38 [https://books.google.com/books?id=uah8nkFBZ04C&pg=PA38 Google preview]</ref>]]
Elegy has been described as  "a variation upon the heroic [[hexameter]], in the direction of [[lyric poetry]],"<ref>W.R.Hardie, ''Res Metrica'' 49, cited by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), page xxiv-v</ref> and, in Mimnermus, this takes the form of a variation on Homer, as appears for example in Fragment 1, quoted below, about which one modern scholar had this to say"
{{blockquote|Mimnermus' dependence on Homer is striking: it is amusing to see him express such un-Homeric thoughts as those of fr.1 in language which is almost entirely Homer's. Homer's vocabulary, line-endings, formulas, similes, all reappear, but from this material Mimnermus creates quite a distinctive poetry of easy grace and pleasing rhythm.|David A. Campbell<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Classical Press (1982), pages 223-4</ref>}}  
::::::Fragment 1
::{{lang|grc|τίς δὲ βίος, τί δὲ τερπνὸν ἄτερ χρυσῆς Ἀφροδίτης;}}
:::{{lang|grc|τεθναίην, ὅτε μοι μηκέτι ταῦτα μέλοι,}}
::{{lang|grc|κρυπταδίη φιλότης καὶ μείλιχα δῶρα καὶ εὐνή·}}
:::{{lang|grc|οἷ’ ἥβης ἄνθεα γίγνεται ἁρπαλέα}}
::{{lang|grc|ἀνδράσιν ἠδὲ γυναιξίν· ἐπεὶ δ’ ὀδυνηρὸν ἐπέλθῃ}}
:::{{lang|grc|γῆρας, ὅ τ’ αἰσχρὸν ὁμῶς καὶ κακὸν ἄνδρα τιθεῖ,}}
::{{lang|grc|αἰεί μιν φρένας ἀμφὶ κακαὶ τείρουσι μέριμναι,}}
:::{{lang|grc|οὐδ’ αὐγὰς προσορῶν τέρπεται ἠελίου,}}
::{{lang|grc|ἀλλ’ ἐχθρὸς μὲν παισίν, ἀτίμαστος δὲ γυναιξίν·}}
:::{{lang|grc|οὕτως ἀργαλέον γῆρας ἔθηκε θεός.}}
<br />
Typically, the elegiac couplet enabled a poet to develop his ideas in brief, striking phrases, often made more memorable by internal rhyme in the shorter,  pentameter line.<ref>David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Press (1982), page xxv</ref> Mimnermus employs the internal rhyme in the pentameter lines 2 ({{lang|grc|μοι... μέλοι}}) and 4 ({{lang|grc|ἄνθεα...ἁρπαλέα}}). Here is the same poem paraphrased in English to imitate the rhythms of an [[elegy]], with half-rhymes employed in the same lines 2 (far...for) and 4 (youth...bloom):

<br />
::What is life, what is sweet, if it is missing golden [[Aphrodite]]?
:::Death would be better by far than to live with no time for
::Amorous assignations and the gift of tenderness and bedrooms,
:::All of those things that give youth all of its covetted bloom,
::Both for men and for women. But when there arrives the vexatiousness
:::Of old age, even good looks alter to unsightliness
::And the heart wears away under the endlessness of its anxieties:
:::There is no joy anymore then in the light of the sun;
::In children there is found hate and in women there is found no respect.
:::So difficult has old age been made for us all by God!{{Citation needed|reason=No source for the translation|date=February 2021}}
<br /> 
Commenting on the poem, [[Maurice Bowra]] observed that "...after the challenging, flaunting opening we are led through a swift account of youth, and then as we approach the horrors of old age, the verse becomes slower, the sentences shorter, the stops more emphatic, until the poet closes with a short, damning line of summary."<ref>Maurice Bowra, ''E.G.E.''19, quoted by David A. Campbell, ''Greek Lyric Poetry'', Bristol Press (1982), page 224</ref>

Of all the other early elegists, only [[Archilochus]] might be compared with Mimnermus for effective use of language,<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''A Companion to Greek Lyric Poets'', Brill (1997) page 112</ref> both being lifelong poets of outstanding skill.<ref>J.P. Barron and P.E. Easterling, 'Early Greek Elegy', P. Easterling and B. Knox (ed.s), ''The Cambridge History of Classical Literature:Greek Literature'', Cambridge University Press (1985), page 133-34</ref>

===Comments by other poets===

====Solon====
Addressing Mimnermus and criticizing him for his stated wish to die at sixty years of age, as quoted above in [[Mimnermus#Life and work|Life and work]], the Athenian sage said:
{{Verse translation|italicsoff=y|lang=grc|
ἀλλ᾽ εἴ μοι κἂν νῦν ἔτι πείσεαι, ἔξελε τοῦτον:{{emdash}}
:μηδὲ μέγαιρ᾽ ὅτι σεῦ λῷον ἐπεφρασάμην:{{emdash}}
καὶ μεταποίησον, Λιγυαιστάδη, ὧδε δ᾽ ἄειδε:
:'''ὀγδωκονταέτη μοῖρα κίχοι θανάτου.'''<ref>Solon quoted by Diogenes Laertius 1.60</ref>
|
But if even now you will listen to me, remove this (i.e. Mimnermus's objectionable verse){{emdash}}
:and do not be offended because my thoughts are better than yours{{emdash}}
and changing it, Ligyaistades, sing as follows:
:'''May my fated death come at eighty.'''<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 141</ref>}}

====Hermesianax====
{{Blockquote|And Mimnermus who, after much suffering, discovered the sweet sound and breath given off by the soft pentameter, was on fire for Nanno...<ref>Hermesianax fr.7.35-37 Powell ap. Ath. 13.597f, cited by Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 75</ref>}}

====Callimachus====
Defining the kind of poetry he liked and believed best suited to his own, much later times, the Alexandrian scholar-poet commended Mimnermus thus [brackets indicate gaps in the text]:
{{Blockquote|Of the two [types of poetry] it was his slender [verses?], not the big lady, that revealed Mimnermus' sweetness.}}

====Propertius====
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|la|plus in amore valet Mimnermi versus Homero:
:carmina mansuetus lenia quaerit Amor.}}<ref>Propertius 1.9.11-12</ref>
|
In love the verses of Mimnermus prevail over those of Homer.
:Gentle love calls for soft songs.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 79</ref>}}

====Horace====
{{Verse translation|
{{lang|la|si, Mimnermus uti censet, sine amore iocisque
nil est iucundum, vivas in amore iocisque.}}<ref>Horace, ''epist.'' 1.6.65-66</ref>
|
If, as Mimnermus believes, without love and jests
There is no joy, may you live amid love and jests.<ref>Douglas E. Gerber, ''Greek Elegiac Poetry'', Loeb (1999), page 79</ref>}}

==Editions and translations==
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Kanellakis |editor1-first=Dimitrios |title=Mimnermus: Elegies (with an Introduction, Translation and Commentary)|date=2023 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-83764-274-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i_G9EAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Andrew M. |title=Greek Lyric: An Anthology in Translation |date=1996 |publisher=Hackett Pub. Company |isbn=978-0-87220-291-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80MpjrOfTH8C&pg=PA27 |language=en}}
*{{cite book |last1=Gerber |first1=Douglas E. |title=Greek Elegiac Poetry: From the Seventh to the Fifth Centuries B.C. |date=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-99582-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4wILAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}
*[http://oak.cats.ohiou.edu/~hays/Love/Texts/Mimnermus.html Several fragments translated by Steve Hays]
*[http://toutcoule.blogspot.com/search/label/Mimnermus Translation of Fragment 2 into Elegiac couplets]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
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*{{wikisourcelang-inline|el|Μίμνερμος}}

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[[Category:Ancient Greek elegiac poets]]
[[Category:7th-century BC Greek poets]]
[[Category:Ancient Colophonians]]
[[Category:Epigrammatists of the Greek Anthology]]