Editing Minimoog

{{Short description|Analog synthesizer manufactured by Moog Music}}
{{Infobox synthesizer
| image = Minimoog.JPG
| image_caption =
| synth_name = Minimoog
| synth_manufacturer = [[Moog Music]]
| synthesis_type = [[Analog synthesizer|Analog]] [[Subtractive synthesis|subtractive]]
| polyphony = [[Monophonic (synthesizers)|Monophonic]]
| timbrality = [[Monotimbral]]
| oscillator = 3 [[Voltage-controlled oscillator|VCOs]], [[white noise|white]]/[[pink noise]]
| filter = 24dB/oct, 4-pole [[lowpass filter]]<br /> with cutoff, resonance,<br /> [[ADSR envelope]] generator,<br /> keyboard tracking
| attenuator = ADSR envelope generator
| aftertouch =
| lfo = Oscillator 3 can function as LFO (original and 2016 reissue), dedicated extra LFO (2016 reissue only)
| synth_hardware =
| keyboard = 44-note, low-note priority
| left_control = [[Portamento|Pitch bend]] and [[modulation|mod]] wheels
| ext_control = [[Control voltage|CV]]/gate, [[MIDI]] in/out/thru (2016 reissue only), glide and decay via 0.206" dia Switchcraft S-260 plugs (not on 2016 reissue)
| sample =
| velocity =
| memory =
| fx = [[Frequency modulation]]<br /> using oscillator 3/noise
| dates = 1970–81, 2016–2017, 2022-present

}}

The '''Minimoog''' is an [[analog synthesizer]] first manufactured by [[Moog Music]] between 1970 and 1981. Designed as a more affordable, portable version of the modular [[Moog synthesizer]], it was the first synthesizer sold in retail stores. It was first popular with [[progressive rock]] and [[jazz]] musicians and found wide use in [[disco]], [[Pop music|pop]], [[Rock music|rock]] and [[electronic music]].

Production of the Minimoog stopped in the early 1980s after the sale of Moog Music. In 2002, founder [[Robert Moog]] regained the rights to the Moog brand, bought the company, and released an updated version of the Minimoog, the [[Minimoog Voyager]]. In 2016 and in 2022, Moog Music released another new version of the original Minimoog.

== Development ==
[[File:Minimoog model D (early 1970s), MIM PHX.jpg|thumb|An early 1970s Minimoog Model D synthesizer]]
In the 1960s, [[RA Moog Co]] manufactured [[Moog synthesizer]]s, which helped bring electronic sounds to music but remained inaccessible to ordinary people. These [[modular synthesizer]]s were difficult to use and required users to connect components manually with [[patch cable]]s to create sounds. They were also sensitive to temperature and humidity, and cost tens of thousands of dollars.<ref name="Red Bull">{{Cite web|url=http://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2017/10/instrumental-instruments-minimoog|title=Minimoog: The First Truly Portable Synthesizer|last=Weiner|first=Sophie|date=October 20, 2017|website=[[Red Bull Music Academy]]|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> Most were owned by universities or record labels, and used to create soundtracks or [[jingle]]s; by 1970, only 28 were owned by musicians.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

Hoping to create a smaller, more reliable synthesizer, Moog engineer Bill Hemsath created a prototype by sawing a keyboard in half and wiring several components into a small cabinet.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Moog president [[Robert Moog]] felt the prototype was fun, but did not initially see a market for it.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Moog and the engineers created several more prototypes, adding features such as the suitcase design to aid portability.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

In early 1970, Moog Co began losing money as interest in its modular synthesizers fell. Fearing they would lose their jobs if the company closed, the engineers developed a version of Hemsath's miniature synthesizer, the '''Minimoog Model D''', while Moog was away.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Moog chastised them, but came to see the potential in the Model D and authorized its production.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

As the engineers could not properly [[Voltage regulation|stabilize]] the [[power supply]], the Minimoog's three [[Voltage-controlled oscillator|oscillators]] were never completely synchronized. Although unintentional, this created the synthesizer's "warm, rich" sound.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Its [[voltage-controlled filter]] was unique, allowing users to shape sounds to create "everything from blistering, funky bass blurps ... to spacey whistle lead tones".<ref name="Wired">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2016/07/new-minimoog/|title=Clear Some Space on Your Synth Rack: The Minimoog Returns|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref> The Minimoog also was the first synthesizer to feature a [[pitch wheel]], which allows players to bend notes as a guitarist or saxophonist does, allowing for more expressive playing. Moog's associate [[David Borden]] felt that Moog would have become extremely wealthy had he patented the pitch wheel.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

== Release ==
Moog Co released the first Minimoog in 1970.<ref>{{cite web |last1=MoogMusic |title=The Minimoog Model D in Full Production |url=https://www.moogmusic.com/news/minimoog-model-d-full-production |website=MoogMusic.com |publisher=Moog Music |access-date=22 March 2021}}</ref><ref name=Pinch>{{cite book |last1=Pinch |first1=Trevor |last2=Trocco |first2=Frank |title=Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer |date=2002 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=0-674-01617-3 |page=232 |edition=First}}</ref>{{rp|232}} Moog said it was conceived as a portable tool for session musicians, and the team expected to sell "maybe 100 of them".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/may/23/robert-moog-interview-google-doodle|title=Robert Moog: 'I wouldn't call this music' – a classic interview to mark a Google doodle|date=2012-05-23|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref>  Moog became acquainted with former evangelist and musician David Van Koevering, who was so impressed with the Minimoog that he began demonstrating it to musicians and music stores. Van Koevering's friend [[Glen Bell]], founder of the restaurant chain [[Taco Bell]], allowed him to use a building on a private island Bell owned in Florida. There, Van Koevering hosted an event he billed as Island of Electronicus, a "pseudo-psychedelic experience that brought [[counterculture]] (minus the drugs) to straight families and connected it with the sound of the Minimoog".<ref name="Red Bull"/> 

The Minimoog was the first synthesizer sold in retail stores.<ref name=Pinch/>{{rp|214}} Despite the success, the company could not afford to meet demand, nor had credit for a loan, and in November 1971 Moog sold R. A. Moog, Inc. to rival company muSonics and stayed on as an employee until 1976.<ref name="Red Bull"/> Van Koevering was hired as head of sales and marketing, expanding the sales of the Minimoog worldwide.<ref name="Pinch" />{{rp|238–255}} The Minimoog was in continuous production for 13 years and over 12,000 were made.<ref name=Pinch/>{{rp|215,317}} Production of the Minimoog stopped in July 1981. In 1993, Moog Co ceased all production.<ref name="Wired"/>

=== Later models ===
In the 1980s, the rights to use the Moog Music name in the United Kingdom were purchased by Alex Winter of Caerphilly, Wales, who commenced limited production of an updated Minimoog in 1998 as the '''Moog Minimoog 204E'''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/moog-minimoog-204e|title=Moog Minimoog 204E|website=Soundonsound.com|access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref> The 204E added [[Pulse-width modulation|pulse width modulation]] and [[MIDI]] to the Model D specification.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Voyager By Bob Moog|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/voyager-by-bob-moog|access-date=22 April 2021|website=Soundonsound.com}}</ref>[[File:Minimoog 1979 left 2017 right.jpg|thumb|Minimoog from 1979 (left) and 2017]]
In 2002, Robert Moog reacquired the rights to the Moog name and bought the company. In 2002, Moog Co released the [[Minimoog Voyager]], an updated version of the Minimoog that sold more than 14,000 units, more than the original Minimoog.<ref name="Wired" /> Although the Welsh incarnation of Moog Music went into administration shortly afterwards, Winter retained the rights to the Moog name in the UK, with the result that the [[Minimoog Voyager]] was launched there as the '''Voyager by Bob Moog'''.<ref name=":0" />

In 2016, Moog Music began manufacturing an updated version of the Model D, with an independent LFO and MIDI, and an aftertouch and velocity-sensitive keyboard.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soundonsound.com/reviews/moog-minimoog-model-d|title=Moog Minimoog Model D|website=Soundonsound.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-11-28}}</ref> Production ended around August 2017, after a little under a year.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/moog-is-ending-production-of-the-minimoog-model-d|title=Moog is ending production of the Minimoog Model D|work=MusicRadar|access-date=2018-11-28|language=EN-GB}}</ref> In 2018, Moog Music released the Minimoog Model D app for [[iOS]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.factmag.com/2018/03/26/moog-minimoog-model-d-ios-app/|title=Moog turns its iconic Minimoog Model D synth into a fully-featured iOS app|date=2018-03-26|work=FACT Magazine: Music News, New Music.|access-date=2018-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2022, after being out of production for over five years, the Model D was reissued a third time. The basic architecture remained the same as the previous version, but also included new features like a spring-loaded pitch-bend wheel and updates to the previous unit's MIDI specs.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.musicradar.com/news/moog-minimoog-model-d-2022 | title=The iconic Moog Minimoog Model D synth is back in production and looking better than ever | date=17 November 2022 }}</ref>

== Impact ==
According to TJ Pinch, author of ''Analog Days'', the Minimoog was the first synthesizer to become a "classic".<ref name=Pinch/>{{rp|214}} ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' described it as "the most famous synthesizer in music history ... a ubiquitous analog keyboard that can be heard in countless pop, rock, hip-hop, and techno tracks from the 1970s, 80s, and 90s".<ref name="Wired"/> It was also important for its portability.<ref name="Wired"/> [[David Borden]], an associate of Moog, said that the Minimoog "took the synthesizer out of the studio and put it into the concert hall".<ref>Franklin Crawford (August 23, 2005). [http://www.news.cornell.edu/stories/Aug05/Moog.obit.fac.html "Robert Moog, Ph.D. '64, inventor of the music synthesizer, dies of brain cancer"]. Cornell University News Service. Retrieved 4 May 2007.</ref> According to the ''[[The Guardian|Guardian]]'', "Tweaked now so that the synthesizer could reliably perform as either a melodic lead or propulsive bass instrument (rather than just as a complex sound-generating machine), the Minimoog changed everything ... the Moogs oozed character. Their sound could be quirky, kitsch and cute, or pulverising, but it was always identifiable as Moog."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2010/aug/02/moog-synthesisers|title=Hey, what's that sound: Moog synthesizers|last=McNamee|first=David|date=2010-08-02|website=the Guardian|language=en|access-date=2018-11-30}}</ref>

The Minimoog changed the dynamics of [[Rock music|rock]] bands. For the first time, keyboardists could play solos in the style of lead guitarists, or play synthesized [[bassline]]s.<ref name="Red Bull"/> [[Yes (band)|Yes]] keyboardist [[Rick Wakeman]] said: "For the first time you could go on [stage] and give the guitarist a run for his money... A guitarist would say, 'Oh shoot, he's got a Minimoog,' so they're [[Up to eleven|looking for eleven]] on their volume control - it's the only way they can compete." Wakeman said the instrument "absolutely changed the face of music".<ref>[[Hans Fjellestad]] (2004). ''[[Moog (film)|Moog]]''</ref>

The Minimoog took a place in mainstream [[black music]], most notably in the work of [[Stevie Wonder]].<ref name=Pinch/>{{rp|8}} Its use for basslines became particularly popular in [[funk]], as in the [[Parliament (band)|Parliament]] track "[[Flash Light (song)|Flash Light]]".<ref name="Red Bull" /> It was also popular in [[jazz]], and [[Sun Ra]] became perhaps the first musician to perform and record with the instrument (on his 1970 album ''My Brother the Wind'').<ref name="Red Bull"/> [[Herbie Hancock]], [[Dick Hyman]] and [[Chick Corea]] were other early adopters.<ref name="Red Bull"/>

The Minimoog became a staple of [[progressive rock]]. In the early 1970s, [[Keith Emerson]] of [[Emerson, Lake & Palmer]] added the Minimoog to his modular 'Monster Moog' as an occasional part of his performances.<ref name=Pinch/>{{rp|200–212}} Wakeman used five Minimoogs on stage so he could play different sounds without having to reconfigure them.<ref name="Red Bull" /> It was also used by electronic artists such as [[Kraftwerk]], who used it on their albums ''[[Autobahn (album)|Autobahn]]'' (1974) and ''[[The Man-Machine]]'' (1978)'','' and later by [[Tangerine Dream]], [[Klaus Schulze]], and [[Gary Numan]].<ref name="Red Bull" /> In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, it was widely used in the emerging [[disco]] genre by artists including [[ABBA]] and [[Giorgio Moroder]].<ref name="Red Bull" />

In 2005, the Minimoog was inducted into the [[TECnology Hall of Fame]], an honor given to "products and innovations that have had an enduring impact on the development of audio technology."<ref>{{cite web|title=TECnology Hall of Fame, 2005|url=http://legacy.tecawards.org/tec/05TECnologyHOFdetails.html|website=TECawards.org|date=2005|access-date=December 12, 2024}}</ref> In 2012, to celebrate Bob Moog's birthday, [[Google]] created an interactive Minimoog [[Software synthesizer|softsynth]] [[web application]] as its [[Google Doodle]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2012/05/google-doodle-moog/|title=Google Outdoes Itself With Moog Synthesizer Doodle (Play It Here)|magazine=WIRED|access-date=2018-11-28|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2017, [[Roland Corporation|Roland]] released the SE-02, a compact desktop version of the Minimoog released as part of their Boutique series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ridden |first=Paul |date=2017-06-20 |title=Roland launches Designer Series with boutique SE-02 analog synth |url=https://newatlas.com/roland-studio-electronics-se-02-analog-synthesizer/50125/ |access-date=2025-05-13 |website=New Atlas |language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2024, JoE Silva published a 384-page coffee table book about the Minimoog, "The Minimoog Book".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Joe |title=The Minimoog book: the synthesizer that changed music forever: sounds, stories, and technology |last2=Lee |first2=Geddy |date=2024 |publisher=Bjooks |isbn=978-87-975391-0-1 |editor-last=Metlay |editor-first=Mike |location=Frederiksberg |editor-last2=Smethurst |editor-first2=Diana}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Multimoog]]
* [[Micromoog]]
* [[Memorymoog]]
* [[Polymoog]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite magazine|title=MiniMoog|magazine=Future Music|issue=74|date=October 1998|issn=0967-0378|oclc=1032779031}}
*{{cite magazine|title=Expanding the Patchability of the Mini-Moog|page=19|first=Marvin|last=Jones|magazine=Polyphony|date=April–May 1978|volume=3|issue=4|issn=0163-4534|oclc=1090378445}}

== External links ==
{{wikiquote}}
* [http://www.synthmuseum.com/moog/moomini01.html Minimoog at Synthmuseum.com]
* [http://www.polynominal.com/site/studio/gear/synth/moog_minimoog/index.html Minimoog D info, pictures and audio clips]
* Moog Music's [https://www.moogmusic.com/products/minimoog-model-d-app Minimoog Model D app]

{{Moog Music}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moog synthesizers]]
[[Category:Monophonic synthesizers]]
[[Category:Analog synthesizers]]