Editing Mixed-excitation linear prediction

{{Short description|Military speech coding standard}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2018}}
'''Mixed-excitation linear prediction''' ('''MELP''') is a [[United States Department of Defense]] [[speech coding]] standard used mainly in [[military]] applications and [[satellite]] [[communication]]s, [[secure voice]], and secure radio devices. Its standardization and later development was led and supported by the NSA and NATO. The current "enhanced" version is known as '''MELPe'''.

==History==
The initial MELP was invented by Alan McCree around 1995 <ref>A Mixed Excitation LPC Vocoder Model for Low Bit Rate Speech Coding, Alan V. McCree, Thomas P. Barnweell, 1995 in IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing (Original MELP)</ref> while a graduate student at the Center for Signal and Image Processing (CSIP) at Georgia Tech, and the original MELP related patents have expired by now. That initial speech coder was standardized in 1997 and was known as MIL-STD-3005.<ref>Analog-to-Digital Conversion of Voice by 2,400 Bit/Second Mixed Excitation Linear Prediction (MELP), US DoD (MIL_STD-3005, Original MELP)</ref> It surpassed other candidate vocoders in the US DoD competition, including: (a) [[Frequency Selective Harmonic Coder]] (FSHC), (b) [[Advanced Multi-Band Excitation]] (AMBE), (c) [[Enhanced Multiband Excitation]] (EMBE), (d) [[Sinusoid Transform Coder]] (STC), and (e) [[Subband LPC Coder]] (SBC).<ref>M.R. Bielefeld, L.M. Supplee, "Developing a test program for the DoD 2400 bps vocoder selection process", Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing 1996. ICASSP-96. Conference Proceedings. 1996 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 1141-1144 vol. 2, 1996.</ref> Due to its lower complexity than Waveform Interpolative (WI) coder, the MELP vocoder won the DoD competition and was selected for [[MIL-STD]]-3005.<ref>L.M. Supplee, R.P. Cohn, J.S. Collura, A.V. McCree, "MELP: the new Federal Standard at 2400 bps", Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing 1997. ICASSP-97. 1997 IEEE International Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 1591-1594 vol.2, 1997.</ref>

===MIL-STD-3005===
Between 1998 and 2001, a new MELP-based vocoder was created at half the rate (i.e. 1200 bit/s), and substantial enhancements were added to the MIL-STD-3005 by [[SignalCom]] (later acquired by [[Microsoft]]), [[Compandent]], and [[AT&T Corporation]], which included (a) additional new vocoder at half the rate (i.e. 1200 bit/s), (b) substantially improved encoding (analysis), (c) substantially improved decoding (synthesis), (d) Noise-Preprocessing for removing background noise, (e) transcoding between the 2400 bit/s and 1200 bit/s bitstreams, and (f) new postfilter. This fairly significant development was aimed to create a new coder at half the rate and have it interoperable with the old MELP standard. This enhanced-MELP (also known as MELPe) was adopted as the new MIL-STD-3005 in 2001 in form of annexes and supplements made to the original MIL-STD-3005, enabling the same quality as the old 2400 bit/s MELP's at half the rate. One of the greatest advantages of the new 2400 bit/s MELPe is that it shares the same bit format as MELP, and hence can interoperate with legacy MELP systems, but would deliver better quality at both ends. MELPe provides much better quality than all older military standards, especially in noisy environments such as battlefield and vehicles and aircraft.

===STANAG-4591 (NATO)===
In 2002, following extensive competition and testing, the 2400 and 1200 bit/s US DoD MELPe was adopted also as [[NATO]] standard, known as [[STANAG]]-4591.<ref>THE 1200 AND 2400 BIT/S NATO INTEROPERABLE NARROW BAND VOICE CODER, STANAG-4591, NATO</ref> The NATO testing performance measurements included voice intelligibility, voice quality, speaker recognition, language dependency, speaker dependency, 10 acoustic noise environments, transmission channel under 1% BER, tandem using 16&nbsp;kbit/s CVSD vocoder, whispered speech, and real-time implementation. The testing data included Over 36,000 files, or 500 hours of speech under various conditions and languages. As part of NATO testing for new NATO standard, MELPe was tested against other candidates such as [[France]]'s HSX (Harmonic Stochastic eXcitation) and [[Turkey]]'s SB-LPC (Split-Band Linear Predictive Coding), as well as the old secure voice standards such as [[FS1015]] [[LPC-10e]] (2.4&nbsp;kbit/s), [[FS1016]] [[CELP]] (4.8&nbsp;kbit/s) and [[CVSD]] (16&nbsp;kbit/s). Subsequently, the MELPe won also the NATO competition, surpassing the quality of all other candidates as well as the quality of all old secure voice standards (CVSD, [[CELP]] and [[LPC-10e]]). The [[NATO]] competition concluded that MELPe substantially improved performance (in terms of speech quality, intelligibility, and noise immunity), while reducing throughput requirements. The NATO testing also included interoperability tests, used over 200 hours of speech data, and was conducted by 3 test laboratories worldwide. [[Compandent]] Inc, as a part of MELPe-based projects performed for [[NSA]] and [[NATO]], provided NSA and NATO with special test-bed platform known as [[MELCODER]] device that provided the golden reference for real-time implementation of MELPe. The low-cost FLEXI-232 Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) made by [[Compandent]], which are based on the [[MELCODER]] golden reference, are very popular and widely used for evaluating and testing MELPe in real-time, various channels & networks, and field conditions.

In 2005, a new 600 bit/s rate MELPe variation by [[Thales Group]] ([[France]]) was added (without extensive competition and testing as performed for the 2400/1200 bit/s MELPe) to the NATO standard STANAG-4591.<ref>MELPe VARIATION FOR 600 BIT/S NATO NARROW BAND VOICE CODER, STANAG-4591, NATO</ref>

===300 bit/s MELP===
In 2010, MIT Lincoln Labs, [[Compandent]], BBN, and General Dynamics also developed for DARPA a 300 bit/s MELP device .<ref>Alan McCree, “A scalable phonetic vocoder framework using joint predictive vector quantization of MELP parameters,” in Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, 2006, pp. I 705–708, Toulouse, France</ref> Its quality was better than the 600 bit/s MELPe, but its algorithmic delay was longer.

==Implementations==
The MELPe has been implemented in many applications including secure radio devices, satellite communications, VoIP, and cellphone applications. In such applications, additional expertise is required for combating channel errors, packet loss, and synchronization loss. Such expertise requires the understanding of the MELPe's bits sensitivity to errors. The 2400 bit/s and 1200 bit/s MELPe include synchronization bit, which is useful in serial communications.

==Compression level==
MELPe is intended for the compression of speech. Given an audio input sampled at 8&nbsp;kHz, the MELPe codec yields the following compression ratios over a 64&nbsp;kbit/s μ-Law G.711 datastream, discounting the effects of protocol overhead:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Bitrate !! Compression ratio over G.711 !! Payload size !! Payload interval 
|-
| 2400 bit/s || 26.7 X || 54 bits || 22.5 ms
|-
| 1200 bit/s || 53.3 X || 81 bits || 67.5 ms
|-
| 600 bit/s || 106.7 X || 54 bits || 90 ms
|}

Generally, speech coding involves a trade-off of different aspects including bit-rate, speech quality, delay (frame size and lookahead), computational complexity, robustness to different speakers and languages, robustness to different background noises, channel error robustness, and also codec state recovery in the face of packet loss. Since the MELPe's lower rates (600 and 1200 bit/s) are supersets of the 2400 bit/s rate, the algorithm complexity (e.g. in MIPS) is about the same for all rates. The lower rates use increased frames and lookahead, as well as codebook size, therefore they require more memory.

==Intellectual property rights==
MELPe (and/or its derivatives) is subject to IPR licensing from the following companies, [[Texas Instruments]] (2400 bit/s MELP algorithm / source code), [[Microsoft]] (1200 bit/s transcoder), [[Thales Group]] (600 bit/s rate), [[Compandent]], and [[AT&T]] (Noise Pre-Processor NPP).

==See also==
* [[CVSD]]
* [[LPC-10]]e
* [[FS-1015]]
* [[FS-1016]]
* [[Secure Voice]]
* [[Vocoder]]

==References==
<references />

[[Category:Speech codecs]]