Editing Model Parliament

{{short description|Parliament of England}}
{{for|the parliament simulation|Model parliament}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
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The '''Model Parliament''' was the 1295 [[Parliament of England]] of [[Edward I of England|King Edward I]]. Its composition became the [[model]] for later parliaments. 

==History==
The term ''Model Parliament'' was coined by [[William Stubbs]] (1825-1901) and later used also by [[Frederic William Maitland]]. The assembly of AD 1295 included members of the clergy and the aristocracy, as well as representatives from the various [[Historic counties of England|counties]] and [[boroughs]]. Each county returned two [[knights of the Shire|knights]], each borough elected two [[burgess (title)|burgesses]], and each city provided two citizens. That composition became the model for later parliaments, hence the name.<ref name=Powicke>Powicke, Maurice, ''Medieval England: 1066-1485'', pp. 96-97 (London: Oxford University Press paperback edition 1969).</ref>

A similar scheme had been used in summoning [[Simon de Montfort's Parliament]] in 1265, but it had been called by [[Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester|Simon de Montfort]] in the midst of the [[Second Barons' War]] against [[Henry III of England]]. The same scheme was remarkably adopted by a king who was Henry's son and heir although he had quelled Montfort's uprising.

Edward I summoned the parliament to meet at Westminster on 13 November 1295.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Edward I: November 1295 {{!}} British History Online|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/no-series/parliament-rolls-medieval/november-1295|access-date=15 March 2021|website=www.british-history.ac.uk}}</ref> In calling the parliament, Edward proclaimed in his writ of summons that "what touches all, should be approved of all ({{langx|la|Quod omnes tangit ab omnibus approbari debet}}), and it is also clear that common dangers should be met by measures agreed upon in common".<ref>"Edward I," ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (1911).</ref>

Parliament's legislative authority was then limited, and its primary role was to levy taxes. Edward's paramount goal in summoning the parliament was to raise funds for his wars, specifically the planned campaigns against the [[France|French]] and the [[Scotland|Scots]] for the forthcoming year and countering an insurgency in [[Wales]]. That "sound finance" by taxation was a goal of summoning the parliament but was tied into "counsel" to the king and "the element of service" for [[feudalism]].<ref name=Powicke />

However, the resulting parliament became a model for a new function as well, the addressing of grievances with the king. "The elected members were far more anxious to establish the second function: to discuss grievances. A kind of [[quid pro quo]] was looked for: money for the Scottish campaign of 1296 would be forthcoming if certain grievances were addressed. This consciousness was growing, even if all was still in an embryonic state".<ref>Michael L. Nash, "Crown, Woolsack and Mace: the model Parliament of 1295". ''Contemporary Review'', November 1995.</ref> The concept of "Parliament" was in fact such that the division into [[House of Commons of England|House of Commons]] and [[House of Lords]] had not yet taken place. The Model Parliament was [[Unicameralism|unicameral]] and summoned 49 lords to sit with 292 representatives of the Commons.<ref>Nash mentions those figures in discussing separate houses, but the Parliament website {{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g03.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=1 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217192940/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/upload/g03.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2008}} indicates that the Commons did not deliberate apart until 1341. This article accepts the Parliament's version.</ref>

The Model Parliament created a [[precedent]] in which each "successor of a baron" (which includes [[Lords Spiritual]]) who had received a writ to the parliament of 1295 "had a legal right to receive a [[writ]]".<ref name=Powicke/> However, this strictly hereditary right was not recognized formally until 1387.<ref name=Powicke/>

==See also==
* [[Parliament of England]]
* [[Provisions of Oxford]] and [[Provisions of Westminster]]
* [[List of parliaments of England]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150623010012/http://www.parliament.uk/documents/commons-information-office/g03.pdf Parliament of UK documents]
*[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m2242/is_n1558_v267/ai_18038959  Michael L. Nash, "Crown, Woolsack and Mace: the model Parliament of 1295." ''Contemporary Review'', November 1995.]

[[Category:1295 in England]]
[[Category:1295 establishments in England]]
[[Category:13th-century English parliaments]]
[[Category:Political history of medieval England]]
[[Category:Edward I of England]]