Editing Modern Defense

{{Short description|Chess opening}}
{{Infobox chess opening
|openingname = Modern Defense
|image = {{Chess diagram
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|rd|nd|bd|qd|kd|bd|nd|rd
|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|pd|  |pd
|  |  |  |  |  |  |pd|  
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|pl|pl|pl|pl|  |pl|pl|pl
|rl|nl|bl|ql|kl|bl|nl|rl
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|moves = 1.e4 g6
|ECO = B06
|birth = 
|nameorigin = 
|parentopening = [[King's Pawn Game]]
|AKA = Robatsch Defence
|chessgid = 37799&move=2&moves=e4.g6&nodes=21720.37799
}}

The '''Modern Defense''' (also known as the '''Robatsch Defence''' after [[Karl Robatsch]]) is a [[Hypermodern chess|hypermodern]] [[chess opening]] in which Black allows White to occupy the {{chessgloss|center}} with pawns on d4 and e4, then proceeds to attack and undermine this "ideal" center without attempting to occupy it. 

The Modern Defense usually starts with the opening moves:
:1. [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4|e4]] [[b:Chess Opening Theory/1. e4/1...g6|g6]]

The opening has been most notably used by British [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]] [[Nigel Davies (chess player)|Nigel Davies]] and [[Colin McNab]].

The Modern Defense is closely related to the [[Pirc Defence]], the primary difference being that in the Modern, Black delays developing the knight to f6. The delay of ...Nf6 attacking White's pawn on e4 gives White the option of blunting the g7-bishop with c2–c3. There are numerous [[Transposition (chess)|transpositional]] possibilities between the two openings.

The ''[[Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings]]'' (''ECO'') classifies the Modern Defense as code B06, while codes B07 to B09 are assigned to the Pirc.  The tenth edition of ''[[Modern Chess Openings]]'' (1965) grouped the Pirc and Robatsch together as the "Pirc&ndash;Robatsch Defense".
{{AN chess|pos=toc}}

==2.d4==

===Main line: 2.d4 Bg7===
White's strongest response to the Modern Defense is 2.d4, to which Black typically responds 2...Bg7. The main continuations are:
* '''3. Nc3 d6 4. f4 c6 5. Nf3 Bg4''' (the Standard Line, ''ECO'' B06)
* '''3. c4''' (''ECO'' A40) '''d6 4. Nc3 Nc6 5. Be3 e5 6. d5 Nce7''' (7.g4 will be answered by 7...f5 8.gxf5 gxf5 9.Qh5+ Ng6 10.exf5 Qh4 11.Qxh4 Nxh4 12.Nb5 Kd8)
Other possibilities include:
* 3.Bc4 (Bishop Attack)
* 3.Bd2 (Westermann Gambit)
* 3.Bd3 (Wind Gambit)
* 3.f4 (Three Pawns Attack)
* 3.g3
* 3.Nf3

===Fischer's 3.h4!?===
[[Bobby Fischer]] suggested the move 3.h4!? as an unorthodox try against 1...g6 2.d4 Bg7, in his annotation to a game against [[Pal Benko]].<ref>[[Bobby Fischer]], ''[[My 60 Memorable Games]]'', 2008, p. 286</ref> (Fischer played 3.Nc3 in the actual game.) The idea is to pry open Black's {{chessgloss|kingside}} by h4&ndash;h5 followed by hxg6, as ...gxh5 would greatly weaken the cover to Black's king.

===Averbakh System===
{{Chess diagram 
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 |Averbakh System
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The ''Modern Defense, Averbakh System'' (''ECO'' A42) can be reached by the lines:

* 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Bg7 3.c4 d6 4.Nc3 (diagram)
* 1.d4 g6 2.c4 Bg7 3.Nc3 d6 4.e4 (diagram)

Possible moves for Black at this point include 4...Nf6, 4...Nc6, 4...e5, and 4...Nd7. The move 4...Nf6 
leads to a position of the [[King's Indian Defence]], where White has options 5.Nf3, 5.f3, 5.Be2, 5.f4, and so on. <!-- add more about 4...Nc6, 4...e5 -->
{{clear}}

==Unusual White responses==
The flexibility and toughness of the Modern Defense have provoked some very aggressive responses by White, including the crudely named [[Monkey's Bum]], a typical sequence being 1.e4 g6 2.Bc4 Bg7 3.Qf3.  (A more refined version is the [[Monkey's Bum#Monkey's Bum Deferred|Monkey's Bum Deferred]], where White plays Bc4 and Qf3 only after developing the {{chessgloss|queen's knight}}.)

== Unusual Black responses ==
Other unusual openings can be reached after 1.e4 g6. The [[Hippopotamus Defence]] is one such system.  Another is the [[Modern Defense, North Sea Variation|Norwegian Defence (also known as the North Sea Defence)]] which begins 1.e4 g6 2.d4 Nf6 3.e5 Nh5. (If White plays 4.g4, Black retreats the knight with 4...Ng7. On 4.Be2, Black can retreat the knight or [[gambit]] a pawn with 4...d6!? If White plays 3.Nc3 instead of 3.e5, Black can transpose to the Pirc Defence with 3...d6 or continue in unconventional fashion with 3...d5!?)

== Transpositions ==
Transpositions are possible after 2.c4, for example a [[Maróczy Bind]] results after 2...c5 3.Nf3 Bg7 (or Nc6) 4.d4 cxd4 5.Nxd4 and the Averbakh system is reached after 2...Bg7 3.d4 d6 4.Nc3.
After 2.Nf3, Black can play 2...c5, transposing to the [[Sicilian Defense]], or 2...Bg7.  Following 2.Nc3, Black can transpose to a closed [[Sicilian Defence|Sicilian ]] with 2...c5  or play 2...Bg7.

==Kavalek vs. Suttles==
In the following game played at the Nice [[Chess Olympiad|Olympiad]] in [[21st Chess Olympiad|1974]], Canadian [[International Grandmaster|GM]] [[Duncan Suttles]], one of the Modern's leading exponents, defeats Czech-American GM [[Lubomir Kavalek]]:<br>
:'''1. e4 g6 2. d4 d6 3. Nf3 Bg7 4. Be2 Nf6 5. Nc3''' (Pirc Defence by [[transposition (chess)|transposition]]) '''5... a6 6. a4 0-0 7. 0-0 b6 8. Re1 Bb7 9. Bc4 e6 10. Bf4 Nbd7 11. Qd2 b5!''' (initiating a deep combination; Suttles later remarked that Kavalek has occupied the center and developed his pieces in the manner advocated by [[Fred Reinfeld]], yet now stands worse) '''12. axb5 axb5 13. Rxa8 Qxa8 14. Bxb5 Bxe4 15. Nxe4 Nxe4 16. Rxe4 Qxe4 17. Bxd7 Ra8 18. h4 Qb7!''' (despite his {{chessgloss|material}} advantage, White is in trouble; note that his [[bishop (chess)|bishop]] on d7 is nearly trapped) '''19. d5 e5 20. Bh6 Qxb2 21. h5 Ra1+ 22. Kh2 Qb1 23. Bxg7 Qh1+ 24. Kg3 Kxg7 25. Bh3 Qc1 26. h6+ Kf6 27. c4 Qxd2 28. Nxd2 Kg5 29. Ne4+ Kxh6 30. Bd7 f5 31. Nf6 Ra7 32. Bb5 g5 33. Ng8+ Kg7 34. Ne7 Kf6 35. Nc6 Ra3+ 36. Kh2 h5 37. Nb8 h4 38. Na6 g4 39. Nxc7 Ra2 40. Kg1 g3 41. fxg3 hxg3 42. Kf1 e4 0–1'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1135960 |title=Kavalek vs. Suttles, Nice Olympiad 1974 |website=[[Chessgames.com]] }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
{{Wikibooks|Chess Opening Theory|1. e4/1...g6|Modern Defense}}
*{{cite book
 | author=Davies, Nigel
 | author-link=Nigel Davies (chess player)
 | year=2008
 | title=Starting Out: The Modern
 | publisher=Everyman Chess
 | isbn=9781857445664}}
*Tiger Hillarp Persson (2015). The Modern Tiger. Quality Chess. ISBN 9781907982835.

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[[Category:Chess openings]]