Editing Moghol language

{{Short description|Possibly extinct Mongolic language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Moghol
| altname          = Mogholi, Mogul, Mongul, Mongolen
| states           = [[Afghanistan]]
| region           = [[Herat Province]]
| ethnicity        = [[Moghol people|Moghols]]
| speakers         = 
| date             = 
| ref              = <ref>{{cite web|title=The ASJP Database - Wordlist Moghol|url=https://asjp.clld.org/languages/MOGHOL|access-date=2025-01-09|website=asjp.clld.org|quote=status extinct since 2013}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]]
| iso3             = mhj
| glotto           = mogh1245
| glottorefname    = Mogholi
| script           = [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]]
| nativename       = {{lang|mhj|{{Script|Arab|مُغُلی}}}}
| speakers2        = 200 (2003)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/languages-atlas/index.php|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|publisher=[[UNESCO]]|language=en|access-date=2018-01-01}}</ref>
| extinct          = 2013
| dia1             = Karez-I-Mulla
| dia2             = Kundur
| map              = Linguistic map of the Mongolic languages.png
| mapcaption       = {{legend|#EB7385|Moghol}}
| mapscale         = 1.25
| map2             = Lang Status 20-CR.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|{{small|Moghol is classified as Critically Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}}
}}
'''Moghol''' (or '''Mogholi'''; {{langx|prs|[[wikt:مُغُلی|مُغُلی]]}}) is a critically endangered and possibly extinct [[Mongolic languages|Mongolic language]] spoken in the province of [[Herat Province|Herat]], [[Afghanistan]], in the villages of [[Kundur, Afghanistan|Kundur]] and [[Karez-i-Mulla]]. The speakers were the [[Moghol people]], who numbered 2,000 members in the 1970s. They descend from the remnants of [[Genghis Khan]]'s Mongol army stationed in Afghanistan in the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sayed Zaki Faqerzai |date=n.d. |title=Language of Speaking in Afghanistan |url=http://www.asiafront.com/news/698/language_of_speaking_in_afghanistan.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413124432/http://www.asiafront.com/news/698/language_of_speaking_in_afghanistan.html |archive-date=2014-04-13 |access-date=2014-04-12 |website=AsiaFront.com}}</ref>

In the 1970s, when the German scholar Michael Weiers did fieldwork on the language, few people spoke it, most knew it passively and most were older than 40. It is unknown if there are still speakers of the language,<ref name=Weiers>Weiers, Michael. 2003. "Moghol," ''The Mongolic Languages''. Ed. Juha Janhunen. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge. Pages 248–264.</ref> and it is listed as dormant by Ethnologue.<ref name="e18">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/mhj/ |title=Moghol |edition=18 |year=2015 |publisher=[[Ethnologue]] |url-access=subscription}}</ref>

The language has been strongly influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]] in its phonology, morphology and syntax, causing Weiers to state that it has the appearance of a "true Inner Asian [[creole language]]".<ref name=Weiers/>

== Phonology ==
Moghol's phonology is influenced by [[Persian language|Persian]]. It has a system of six vowel qualities with no length contrast: {{IPA|/i e a u o ɔ/}}.<ref name="Weiers" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalveolar]]/<br>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]/<br>[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|{{IPA link|k}}
|{{IPA link|q}}
|{{IPA link|ʔ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|{{IPA link|x}}
| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɦ}}
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|<small>voiced</small>]]
|
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ʀ}}
|
|}
/ɦ/ may range between voiced [ɦ] and voiceless [h].

== Script ==
Historically, the Moghol language was written using the [[Persian alphabet|Perso-Arabic script]].<ref>Mogholi alphabet is in Omniglot shown: https://www.omniglot.com/writing/mogholi.htm</ref> Extant Moghol literature included Islamic texts, poetry, Mogholi-Persian vocabularies, and Mogholi grammars.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sanders|first=Alan J. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGwvDwAAQBAJ&dq=Moghol+people&pg=PA530|title=Historical Dictionary of Mongolia|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2017|isbn=978-1-5381-0227-5|pages=530}}</ref>

{| style="font-family:Arial; font-size:30px; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF"
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ح
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | چ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ج
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ث
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ت
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | پ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ب
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ا
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ش
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | س
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ژ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ز
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ر
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ذ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | د
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | خ
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ق
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ف
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | غ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ع
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ظ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ط
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ض
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ص
|-
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ی
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | و
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ه
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ن
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | م
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ل
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | گ
| style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | ک
|}

==Grammar==
Moghol grammar shows substantial influence from Persian languages, having borrowed even word classes not found in other Mongolic languages: the parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives, pronouns, prepositions, adverbs and conjunctions.

Nouns are marked for number and case. Verbs are marked for person, number, tense-aspect and mood. Adjectives inflect for the comparative and superlative degree with the Persian suffixes -''tar'' and -''tariin'', but not for number and case.

== Vocabulary ==

=== Pronouns ===
The Moghol personal pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
{| class="wikitable"
! person !! singular !! plural
|-
! 1st
| {{lang|mhj|bi}} || {{lang|mhj|bidah}} ~ {{lang|mhj|bidat}} (''inclusive''); <br>{{lang|mhj|mån}} (''exclusive'')
|-
! 2nd
| {{lang|mhj|ci}} || tå ~ tåd
|-
! 3rd
| i ~ ih || tid ~ tit
|}

The demonstrative pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
*{{lang|mhj|inah}} ~ {{lang|mhj|enah}} ‘this’
*inat ~ enad ‘these’
*mun ~ munah ‘that’
*munat ~ mutah ~ mutat ‘those’

The interrogative pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
*emah ~ imah ~ imas ‘what’
*ken ~ kiyan ‘who’
*kenaiki ‘whose’
*emadu ~ imadu ~ emaji ~ imaji ~ emagalah ‘why’
*emaula- ‘to do what’
*ked ~ keddu ‘how much’
*keja ‘when’
*oshtin ‘how’

The reflexive pronouns are:<ref name=Weiers/>
*{{lang|mhj|orin}} ‘self’ 
*{{lang|mhj|orindu-nah}} ‘for oneself’
*{{lang|mhj|usa-nah}} ‘self’

=== Numerals ===
The Moghol numerals are Janhunen (2003):
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!  !! English gloss !! Moghol<ref name=Weiers/> !! [[Proto-Mongolic language|Proto-Mongolic]]<ref>Janhunen, Juha. 2003. ''The Mongolic Languages'', p.16. Routledge Language Family Series 5. London: Routledge.</ref> !! [[Mongolian language|Modern Mongolian]]
|-
| 1 || one || nikah ~ nika/n || *nike/n || neg
|-
| 2 || two || qeyår ~ qiar || *koxar ~ *koyar || khoyor
|-
| 3 || three || ghorbån ~ qurban || *gurba/n || gurav
|-
| 4 || four || dorbån ~ durba/n || *dörbe/n || döröv
|-
| 5 || five || tåbun ~ tabun || *tabu/n || tav
|-
| 6 || six || åsun ~ essun ~ jurghan ~ shish || *jirguxa/n || zurgaa
|-
| 7 || seven || dålån ~ húft || *doluxa/n || doloo
|-
| 8 || eight || sålån ~ húshtu || *na(y)ima/n || naym
|-
| 9 || nine || tåsån ~ no || *yersü/n || yös
|-
| 10 || ten || arbån ~ arban ~ dá|| *xarba/n || arav
|}

== Sample ==
Weiers noted down the following poem by the Moghol poet Abd Al-Qadir. 
<div style="font-style:italic">
{|
|- valign="bottom"
|
'''Weiers' Moghol text:'''

{{Poemquote|{{Transliteration|mhj|Dotanamni dog baina
Hawoi ukini aimag baina
Nesoni ugunambi agar toni baiji
Mota giri qara qurgani baina.

Ekimni dard kina halmini geibe
Bemoor boljambi kam khormini geibe
Bemoor boljambi kam khormini khodai jaan
Ena bemoreztu parwoimini geibe.}}}}
|
'''English translation from Weiers' German:'''

{{Poemquote|Inside my heart there is a wound
The girl I search and long for is of the Aimaq tribe
One sign I give you, if near her you happen to be
Know that in her ger (yurt) there is a black lamb

My head hurts, my condition is bad
I'm sick and do not care
I'm sick, but my concern is the love of God
This disease I give (therefore) no attention.}}

|}
</div>

Another Moghol poem or song of Abd Al-Qadir written in Arabic alphabet (from Weiers):
<div style="font-style:italic">
{|
|- valign="bottom"
|
'''Weiers' Moghol text:'''

{{Poemquote|{{Transliteration|mhj|Argun-i kulkah utalat Cingiz kulkah ulu’at
Nirah-ci-du kulkah gahat ya gaut al-a’zam gar bari
Karyas-du-ci kibah nudun lar-i dazam iz abatun
Mun abd qadir gai urun ya gaut al-a’zam gar bari}}}}
|
'''English translation from Weiers' German:'''

{{Poemquote|Lord of lords [[Arghun]] of old, Genghis king of kings
Under your name is all things old oh supreme mediator hold (my) hand
In your fence (camp) the eyes of suffering friends will rest
That same Abd Qadir rests peacefully oh supreme mediator hold (my) hand}}

|}
</div>

==See also==
*[[Qara'unas|Nikudari]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/ramstedt/mogholica.pdf G. J. Ramstedt. 1906. "Mogholica. Beiträge zur kenntnis der moghol-sprache in Afghanistan."] ''[[Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne|JSFOu]]'' 23-4.
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Ligeti/Ligeti_Le%20lexique%20moghol%20de%20R.%20Leech%201955.pdf Louis Ligeti. 1954. "Le lexique moghol de R. Leech]," ''AOH'' 4.
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Ligeti/Лигети_О%20монг.%20и%20тюрк.%20языках%20и%20диалектах%20Афганистана%201955.pdf Л. Лигети. 1954. "О монгольских и тюркиских языках и диалектах Афганистана," ''AOH'' 4].
* Sh. Iwamura and H. F. Schurmann. 1954. "Notes on Mongolian Groups in Afghanistan," ''Silver Jubilee Volume of the Zinbun-Kagaku-Kenkyusyo, Kyoto University''. Kyoto University.
* [http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/Iwamura_The%20Zirni%20Manuscript%201961.pdf Shinobu Iwamura. 1961. ''The Zirni Manuscript: A Persian-Mongolian Glossary and Grammar''. Kyoto University].
* H. F. Schurmann. 1962. ''The Moghols of Afghanistan''. Mouton & Co.
* Michael Weiers. 1972. ''Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan (Sprachmaterial, Grammatik, Wortliste)''. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

{{Mongolic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moghol Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Mongolic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]