Editing Monody

{{Short description|Poetic or musical vocal style}}
{{no footnotes|date=September 2018}}
{{About|the term ''monody''|other uses|Monody (disambiguation)}}
[[Image:Caccini - le nuove musiche.jpg|thumb|right|Caccini, ''[[Le nuove musiche]]'', 1601, title page]]

In music, '''monody''' refers to a solo vocal style distinguished by having a single [[melody|melodic]] line and instrumental accompaniment. Although such music is found in various cultures throughout history, the term is specifically applied to [[Italy|Italian]] song of the early 17th century, particularly the period from about 1600 to 1640. The term is used both for the style and for individual songs (so one can speak both of monody as a whole as well as a particular monody). The term itself is a recent invention of scholars. No composer of the 17th century ever called a piece a monody.  Compositions in monodic form might be called [[madrigal (music)|madrigals]], [[motet]]s, or even [[concerto]]s (in the earlier sense of "[[concertato]]", meaning "with instruments").

In [[poetry]], the term '''monody''' has become specialized to refer to a poem in which one person laments another's death.  (In the context of [[ancient Greek literature]], monody, {{lang|grc|μονῳδία}}, could simply refer to lyric poetry sung by a single performer, rather than by a [[Greek chorus|chorus]].)


==History==
Musical monody, which developed out of an attempt by the [[Florentine Camerata]] in the 1580s to restore [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greek]] practices of melody and declamation (probably with little historical accuracy), one solo voice sings a melodic part, usually with considerable [[ornament (music)|ornamentation]], over a rhythmically independent bass line.  Accompanying instruments could be [[lute]], [[chitarrone]], [[theorbo]], [[harpsichord]], [[Organ (music)|organ]], and even on occasion [[guitar]].  While some monodies were arrangements for smaller forces of the music for large ensembles which was common at the end of the 16th century, especially in the [[Venetian School (music)|Venetian School]], most monodies were composed independently.  The development of monody was one of the defining characteristics of early [[Baroque music|Baroque]] practice, as opposed to late [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] style, in which groups of voices sang independently and with a greater balance between parts.

Contrasting passages in monodies could be for the most part melodic or for the most part declamatory and the two styles of presentation developed into the [[aria]] and the [[recitative]] respectively, both of which came to be incorporated into the [[cantata]] by about 1635.

The parallel development of solo song with accompaniment in [[France]] was called the ''[[air de cour]]'':  the term monody is not normally applied to these more conservative songs, however, which retained many musical characteristics of the Renaissance ''[[chanson]]''.

An important early treatise on monody is contained in [[Giulio Caccini]]'s song collection, ''[[Le nuove musiche]]'' (Florence, 1601).

==Main composers==

* [[Vincenzo Galilei]] (1520 &ndash; 1591)
* [[Giulio Caccini]] (c. 1545 &ndash; 1618)
* [[Emilio de' Cavalieri]] (c. 1550 &ndash; 1602)
* [[Lucia Quinciani]] (b. c. 1566)
* [[Bartolomeo Barbarino]] (c. 1568 &ndash; c. 1617)
* [[Jacopo Peri]] (1561 &ndash; 1633)
* [[Claudio Monteverdi]] (1567 &ndash; 1643)
* [[Alessandro Grandi]] (c. 1575 &ndash; 1630)
* [[Giovanni Pietro Berti]] (d. 1638)
* [[Sigismondo d'India]] (c. 1582 &ndash; 1629)
* [[Claudio Saracini]] (1586 &ndash; c. 1649)
* [[Francesca Caccini]] (1587 &ndash; after 1641)
* [[Benedetto Ferrari]] (c. 1603 &ndash; 1681)

==See also==
* [[Monodies (Mehdi Hosseini)|Monodies]] by [[Mehdi Hosseini]]
* [[Threnody]]
* [[Texture (music)]]

==References and further reading==
* [[Nigel Fortune]], "Monody", in ''The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians'', ed. Stanley Sadie.  20 vol.  London, Macmillan Publishers Ltd., 1980.  {{ISBN|1-56159-174-2}}
* [[Gustave Reese]], ''Music in the Renaissance''.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1954.  {{ISBN|0-393-09530-4}}
* [[Manfred Bukofzer]], ''Music in the Baroque Era''.  New York, W.W. Norton & Co., 1947.  {{ISBN|0-393-09745-5}}

==External links==
* {{wiktionary-inline}}
* [http://www.hoasm.org/VA/VAMonodyVocalConcerto.html] more on Monody and the Vocal Concerto

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ancient Greek theatre]]
[[Category:Baroque music]]
[[Category:Renaissance music]]

[[Category:Musical texture]]
[[Category:Vocal music]]
[[Category:Genres of poetry]]