Editing Monogram Pictures

{{Short description|American film studio}}
{{use mdy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox company
| name          = Monogram Pictures
| logo          = Monogramlogo.jpg
| logo_size     = 200px
| foundation    = {{start date and age|1931}} (original)<br />{{start date and age|1946}} (as a predecessor-in-interest to Allied Artists Pictures Corporation)
| defunct       = {{end date|1953}} (original)<br />{{end date|1979}} (as Allied Artists Pictures Corporation)
| successors    = ''Library:''<br />[[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]]<br />{{small|(through [[United Artists]])}}<br />(pre-August 1946)<br />[[Warner Bros.]]<br />{{small|(through [[Lorimar Television#Theatrical films|Lorimar Motion Pictures]])}}<br />(post-August 1946)<br />[[Paramount Pictures]]<br />{{small|(through [[Republic Pictures|Melange Pictures]])}}<br />(select post-1938 films)
| founders      = [[W. Ray Johnston]]<br />[[Trem Carr]]
| location_city = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]<br />[[New York City, New York]]
| location      = 
| fate          = Film and music rights vested in [[Allied Artists International]]
| key_people    = Kim Richards (Chairman and CEO)<br>Robert Fitzpatrick (President)
| num_employees = 
| industry      = [[List of entertainment industry topics|Entertainment]]
| products      = [[Film|Motion picture]]s
| homepage      = {{url|monogrampictures.com}}
}}

'''Monogram Pictures Corporation''' was an American [[film studio]] that produced mostly low-budget films between 1931 and 1953, when the firm completed a transition to the name '''Allied Artists Pictures Corporation'''. Monogram was among the smaller studios in the [[Classical Hollywood cinema|golden age of Hollywood]], generally referred to collectively as [[Poverty Row]]. Lacking the financial resources to deliver the lavish sets, production values, and star power of the larger studios, Monogram sought to attract its audiences with the promise of action and adventure.

The company's trademark is now owned by [[Allied Artists International]].<ref name="Registered Trademark Ownership">{{cite web |url=https://tsdr.uspto.gov/#caseNumber=77839826&caseType=SERIAL_NO&searchType=statusSearch |title=Registered Trademark Ownership |publisher=[[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]|access-date=19 November 2013}}</ref> The original sprawling brick complex which functioned as home to both Monogram and Allied Artists remains at 4376 Sunset Drive, utilized as part of the [[Church of Scientology]] Media Center (formerly [[KCET]]'s television facilities).<ref>''Variety,'' August 10, 1945.</ref>

==History==
Monogram was created in the early 1930s from two earlier companies:  [[W. Ray Johnston]]'s [[Rayart Productions]] (renamed Raytone when sound pictures came in) and [[Trem Carr]]'s [[Sono Art-World Wide Pictures]]. Both specialized in low-budget features, a policy which continued at Monogram Pictures, with Carr in charge of production. Another independent producer, [[Paul Malvern]], released 16 Lone Star western productions (starring [[John Wayne]]) through Monogram.{{sfn|Okuda|1999}}

The backbone of the studio's early days was a father-son partnership: writer/director [[Robert N. Bradbury]] and cowboy actor [[Bob Steele (actor)|Bob Steele]] (born Robert A. Bradbury). Bradbury wrote almost all of the early Monogram and Lone Star westerns and directed many of them himself. Monogram offered a selection of film genres, including action melodramas, classics, and mysteries.{{sfn|Miller|1987}} In its early years, Monogram could seldom afford big-name movie stars and would employ either former silent-film actors who were idle ([[Herbert Rawlinson]], [[William Collier Sr.]]) or young featured players ([[Ray Walker (actor)|Ray Walker]], [[Wallace Ford]], [[William Cagney]], [[Charles Starrett]]).

In 1935, Johnston and Carr were wooed by [[Herbert Yates]] of [[Consolidated Film Industries]].  Yates planned to merge Monogram with several other smaller independent companies to form [[Republic Pictures]]. After a brief period under this new venture, Johnston and Carr clashed with Yates and left. Carr moved to [[Universal Pictures]], while Johnston reactivated Monogram in 1937.{{sfn|Miller|1987}}

[[File:WifeWantedPoster.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Poster for the movie ''[[Wife Wanted (1946 film)|Wife Wanted]]'' (1946), featuring star [[Kay Francis]] and other cast members]]
{{multiple image
  | direction = vertical
  | width     = 218
  | footer    = [[Bela Lugosi]] appeared in a string of Monogram productions throughout the 1940s.
  | image1    = CorpseVanishesLugosi001A.jpg
  | image2    = VoodooManLobbyCard1944A.jpg
  | image3    = Spooksrunwildlobbycard3Cropped.jpg
}}

==Film series==
In 1938, Monogram began a long and profitable policy of making [[film series|series]] and hiring familiar players to star in them. [[Frankie Darro]], Hollywood's foremost tough-kid actor of the 1930s, joined Monogram and stayed with the company until 1950. Comedian [[Mantan Moreland]] co-starred in many of the Darro films and continued to be a valuable asset to Monogram through 1949. Juvenile actors [[Marcia Mae Jones]] and [[Jackie Moran]] co-starred in series of homespun romances, and then joined the Frankie Darro series.

[[Boris Karloff]] contributed to the Monogram release schedule with his ''[[Mr. Wong (fictional detective)|Mr. Wong]]'' mysteries. This prompted producer [[Sam Katzman]] to engage [[Bela Lugosi]] for a follow-up series of Monogram thrillers. 

Katzman's street-gang series [[The East Side Kids]] was an imitation of the then-popular [[Dead End Kids]] features. The first film cast six juveniles who had no connection with the Dead End series, but Katzman signed Dead End Kids [[Bobby Jordan]] and [[Leo Gorcey]], and soon added [[Huntz Hall]] and [[Gabriel Dell]] from the original gang. The ''East Side Kids'' series ran from 1940 to 1945. East Side star Gorcey then took the reins himself and transformed the series into [[The Bowery Boys]], which became the longest-running feature-film comedy series in movie history (48 titles over 12 years). During this run, Gorcey became the highest-paid actor in Hollywood on an annual basis.{{cn|date=December 2022}}

Monogram continued to experiment with film series with mixed results. Definite box-office hits were [[Charlie Chan]], [[The Cisco Kid]], and [[Joe Palooka]], all proven movie properties abandoned by other studios and revived by Monogram. Less successful were the comic-strip exploits of [[Snuffy Smith]] and Sam Katzman's comedy series teaming [[Billy Gilbert]], [[Shemp Howard]], and [[Maxie Rosenbloom]]. 

Many of Monogram's series were westerns. The studio released sagebrush sagas with [[Bill Cody (actor)|Bill Cody]], [[Bob Steele (actor)|Bob Steele]], [[John Wayne]], [[Tom Keene (actor)|Tom Keene]], [[Tim McCoy]], [[Tex Ritter]], and [[Addison Randall|Jack Randall]] before hitting on the "trio" format teaming veteran saddle pals. [[Buck Jones]], [[Tim McCoy]], and [[Raymond Hatton]] became The Rough Riders; [[Ray (Crash) Corrigan]], [[John "Dusty" King]], and [[Max Terhune]] were [[The Range Busters]], and [[Ken Maynard]], [[Hoot Gibson]], and [[Bob Steele (actor)|Bob Steele]] teamed as The Trail Blazers. When [[Universal Pictures]] allowed [[Johnny Mack Brown]]'s contract to lapse, Monogram grabbed him and kept him busy through 1952.

Monogram was also a useful outlet for ambitious movie stars who wanted to produce their own films. [[Lou Costello]], [[Sidney Toler]], [[Kay Francis]], Leo Gorcey, and [[Arthur Lake (actor)|Arthur Lake]] all pursued independent production, releasing through Monogram.<ref>{{cite book|first=Scott |last=MacGillivray |author-link=Scott MacGillivray |title=''Laurel & Hardy'': From the Forties Forward |edition=2nd |publisher=iUniverse |year=2009 |page=194 |isbn=978-1-4401-7239-7}}</ref>

==Monogram's stars==
The studio was a launching pad for new stars ([[Preston Foster]] in ''[[Sensation Hunters (1933 film)|Sensation Hunters]]'', [[Randolph Scott]] in ''[[Broken Dreams (1933 film)|Broken Dreams]]'', [[Ginger Rogers]] in ''[[The Thirteenth Guest]]'', [[Lionel Atwill]] in ''[[The Sphinx (1933 film)|The Sphinx]]'', [[Alan Ladd]] in ''[[Her First Romance (1940 film)|Her First Romance]]'', [[Robert Mitchum]] in ''[[When Strangers Marry]]''. The studio was also a haven for established stars whose careers had stalled: [[Edmund Lowe]] in ''[[Klondike Fury]]'', [[John Boles (actor)|John Boles]] in ''[[Road to Happiness]]'', [[Ricardo Cortez]] in ''[[I Killed That Man]]'', [[Simone Simon]] in ''[[Johnny Doesn't Live Here Anymore]]'', [[Kay Francis]] and [[Bruce Cabot]] in ''[[Divorce (1945 film)|Divorce]]''.

Monogram did create and nurture its own stars. [[Gale Storm]] began her career at [[RKO Radio Pictures]] in 1940 but found a home at Monogram. Storm had been promoted from Monogram's Frankie Darro series and was showcased in crime dramas (like ''[[The Crime Smasher]]'' (1943) opposite [[Richard Cromwell (actor)|Richard Cromwell]] and radio's [[Frank Graham (voice actor)|Frank Graham]] in the title role) and a string of musicals to capitalize on her singing talents (like ''[[Campus Rhythm]]'' and ''[[Nearly Eighteen]]'' (both 1943), as well as ''[[Swing Parade of 1946]]'' featuring [[The Three Stooges]]). Another of Monogram's finds during this time was British skating star [[Belita]], who conversely starred in musical revues first and then graduated to dramatic roles, including ''[[Suspense (1946 film)|Suspense]]'' (1946), an A-budget [[King Brothers Productions]] picture released under the Monogram name. Monogram's final leading-lady discovery was [[Jane Nigh]], who starred in several wholesome outdoor stories between 1950 and 1952; she returned to the studio in 1957 for a Bowery Boys comedy.

==Improved productions==
[[File:Eduardo Ciannelli in Dillinger (1945) trailer.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Eduardo Ciannelli in ''[[Dillinger (1945 film)|Dillinger]]'']]
In the mid-1940s Monogram very nearly hit the big time with ''[[Dillinger (1945 film)|Dillinger]]'', a sensationalized crime drama that was a runaway success in 1945. Filmed by [[King Brothers Productions]], it received an [[Academy Award]] nomination for [[Academy Award for Writing Original Screenplay|Best Original Screenplay]]. Monogram tried to follow ''Dillinger'' with several "exploitation" melodramas cashing in on topical themes, like ''[[Black Market Babies]]'' (1946, about illegal traffic in adoptions) and ''[[Allotment Wives]]'' (1946, about women marrying servicemen for their federal allotment checks). The studio did achieve some success -- its slogan in 1946 was "Make Way for Monogram"<ref>[[Terry Ramsaye]] (ed.), ''The International Motion Picture Almanac'', Quigley Publications, 1946, p. 249.</ref> -- but Monogram never became a respectable "major" studio like former poverty-row denizen [[Columbia Pictures]].

Monogram's fortunes continued to improve after World War II. With Hollywood's larger studios curtailing B-picture production in favor of more prestigious and more expensive pictures, there was now a greater need for low-priced pictures that theater owners could afford. Major first-run theater chains that had never played Monogram's budget movies -- as well as small, independent theaters that depended on bargain-rate films to turn a profit -- began using Monogram features regularly. The casting in Monogram features improved tremendously after the war, because scores of actors found themselves unemployed or underemployed when their home studios now made fewer movies. Major-studio talent began accepting work at Monogram, which gave the studio's films more prestige and boxoffice value.

Monogram continued to launch new series. In 1946 The East Side Kids became The Bowery Boys under a new producer, Jan Grippo. The former producer, Sam Katzman, began a new musical-comedy series called "The Teen Agers" (1946-48) as a vehicle for singer [[Freddie Stewart (actor)|Freddie Stewart]]. Other series included the Cisco Kid westerns (1945-47); the exploits of masked crimefighter [[The Shadow]] with [[Kane Richmond]] (1946); the ''[[Bringing Up Father]]'' comedies (1946-50) based on the [[George McManus]] comic strip, featuring [[Joe Yule]] and [[Renie Riano]] as "Jiggs and Maggie; the "Joe Palooka" prizefight comedies (1946-51); the [[Roddy McDowall]] series (1948-52), with the juvenile lead forsaking child roles for dramatic and action vehicles; the "Henry" series of small-town comedies (1949-51) co-starring [[Raymond Walburn]] and [[Walter Catlett]]; and the "[[Bomba, the Jungle Boy]]" adventures (1949-55) starring [[Johnny Sheffield]] (formerly "Boy" of the [[Tarzan]] films).

The studio's biggest drawing cards were The Bowery Boys, Charlie Chan, and the Monogram westerns (now featuring Johnny Mack Brown, [[Jimmy Wakely]], and [[Whip Wilson]]). Monogram filmed some of its later features in [[Cinecolor]], mostly outdoor subjects like ''[[County Fair (1950 film)|County Fair]]'', ''[[Blue Grass of Kentucky]]'', and ''[[The Rose Bowl Story]]'', as well as the science-fiction film, ''[[Flight to Mars (film)|Flight to Mars]]'' (1952).

The only Monogram release to win an Academy Award was ''[[Climbing the Matterhorn]]'', a two-reel adventure that won the "Best Short Subject" Oscar in 1947. Other Monogram films to receive Oscar nominations were ''[[King of the Zombies]]'' for [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] for Best Music (Music Score of a Dramatic Picture) in 1941 and ''[[Flat Top (film)|Flat Top]]'' for Best Film Editing in 1952.

===Creation of Allied Artists Productions===
Producer [[Walter Mirisch]] began at Monogram after World War II as assistant to studio head [[Steve Broidy]]. He convinced Broidy that the days of low-budget films were ending, and in 1946 Monogram created a new unit, Allied Artists Productions, to make costlier films. The new name was meant to mirror the name of United Artists by evoking images of "creative personnel uniting to produce and distribute quality films".<ref>{{cite book|first=Tino |last=Balio |title=United Artists, Volume 2, 1951–1978: The Company that Changed the Film Industry |publisher=Univ. of Wisconsin Press |year=2009 |page=164 |isbn=978-0-299-23014-2}}</ref>

At a time when the average Hollywood picture cost about $800,000 (and the average Monogram picture cost about $90,000), Allied Artists' first release, the Christmas-themed comedy ''[[It Happened on 5th Avenue]]'' (1947), cost more than $1,200,000.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|title=Out Hollywood Way |date=September 8, 1946 |page=X1}}</ref> It was rewarded with an estimated $1.8 million boxoffice return.<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://footeandfriendsonfilm.com/2020/12/22/revisiting-the-christmas-classic-it-happened-on-5th-avenue-1947/ |title=Revisiting a Christmas Classic: It Happened on Fifth Avenue (1947) |date=2020-12-22 |website=Foote & Friends on Film |access-date=2023-10-12}}</ref> Subsequent Allied Artists releases were more economical. Some were filmed in black-and-white, but others were filmed in [[Cinecolor]] and [[Technicolor]].

Monogram continued to be the parent company; the "Allied Artists Productions" all bore Monogram copyright notices, and were released through Monogram's network of film exchanges. The studio's new deluxe division permitted what Mirisch called "B-plus" pictures, which were released along with Monogram's established line of B fare. 

Mirisch's prediction about the end of the low-budget film had come true thanks to television, and in September 1952 Monogram announced that henceforth it would only produce films bearing the Allied Artists name. The Monogram brand name was retired in 1953, and the company was now known as Allied Artists Pictures Corporation.{{sfn|Okuda|1999}}

Allied Artists retained a few vestiges of its Monogram identity, continuing its popular [[Stanley Clements]] action series (through 1953), its B-westerns (through 1954), its [[Bomba, the Jungle Boy]] adventures (through 1955), and especially its breadwinning comedy series with [[The Bowery Boys]] (through 1957, with Clements replacing Leo Gorcey in 1956). For the most part, Allied Artists was heading in new, ambitious directions under Mirisch.

==Monogram enters the field of TV==
Monogram was the first substantial theatrical distributor to offer its recent films to network television, in April 1948.<ref>{{cite news|work=Film Daily |title=Mono. 3-Year-Old Pix for Video |date=April 22, 1948 |page=1}}</ref> Steve Broidy's asking price was $1,000,000 for a package of 200 features, or $5,000 per title. The [[Columbia Broadcasting System|CBS]] network declined the offer, and the films went instead to Motion Pictures for Television, a pioneer TV syndicator established in 1951 by film executive Matty Fox.<ref>{{cite news|work=Variety |title=Success Stories in Early Buyers |url= https://archive.org/details/variety183-1951-08-29/page/n4/mode/1up |date=August 29, 1951 |page=5 |access-date=2023-10-12}}</ref>

Monogram cautiously entered the field of syndicating its own product in November 1951. Fearing adverse reaction from its movie-theater customers, a major studio avoided putting its own name on its television subsidiary. Monogram followed suit, christening its TV arm as Interstate Television Corporation. Ralph Branton, a former exhibitor who became a Monogram executive, was named president.<ref>{{cite news|work=Ross Reports |title=Monogram Forms Interstate Television Corporation |date=November 11, 1951 |page=3}}</ref> Interstate's biggest success was ''[[Our Gang|The Little Rascals]]'' series (formerly [[Hal Roach]]'s ''Our Gang'' theatrical comedy shorts, which had been reissued for theaters by Monogram). Interstate further pursued juvenile audiences by distributing Monogram's feature-length westerns with [[Wild Bill Elliott]], and outdoor adventures with [[Kirby Grant]] and "Chinook, the Wonder Dog." Interstate used the stock title design it created for the ''Little Rascals'' shorts when it filmed new TV titles for the Elliott and Grant features. 

In July 1961 Interstate TV became Allied Artists Television Corporation, under the leadership of studio executive Edward Morey.<ref>''The Hollywood Reporter'', July 19, 1961, p. 1.</ref> ''Variety'' commented on the updated company's getting quick results: "Allied Artists Television Corp. took over a fading Interstate TV company and injected some new razzmatazz patterns into syndication, with a resultant setup that now gives AAT the status of a major distribery with techniques that are paying off in handsome dividends. Most of it was accomplished through the marketing of five going packages of feature films, with particular success in bundling the pix as a series"<ref>''Variety'', "AAT: A Formula for Success", Shot. 26, 1962, p. 27.</ref> [48 Bowery Boys, 22 science-fiction, 13 Bomba, and two packages comprising 72 miscellaneous features]. 

Allied Artists' television library was sold to Lorimar's TV production and distribution arms in 1979. Lorimar was acquired by [[Warner Bros. Television]], which now controls the library.

==Allied Artists' major productions==
For a time in the mid-1950s, the Mirisch family held great influence at Allied Artists, with Walter as executive producer, his brother Harold as head of sales, and brother Marvin as assistant treasurer.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Crashing film gravy train|url=https://archive.org/details/variety197-1955-03/page/n309/mode/1up?|date=30 March 1955|magazine=Variety|page=20}}</ref> 

The Mirisches pushed the studio into big-budget filmmaking, signing contracts with [[William Wyler]], [[John Huston]], [[Billy Wilder]], and [[Gary Cooper]]. Their first big-name productions were Wyler's [[Friendly Persuasion (1956 film)|''Friendly Persuasion'']] (1956) – nominated for six [[Academy Awards]], including [[Academy Award for Best Picture|Best Picture]] – and Wilder's [[Love in the Afternoon (1957 film)|''Love in the Afternoon'']] (1957). Despite their prestige, both films were box-office failures. As a result, studio head Broidy reverted Allied Artists to the kinds of pictures Monogram had previously been known for: low-budget action pictures and thrillers such as [[Don Siegel]]'s science-fiction film ''[[Invasion of the Body Snatchers]]'' (1956). 

Allied Artists and [[The Mirisch Company]] released some, but not all, of their late-1950s films through [[United Artists]], and made their studio space and facilities available to independent producers. Billy Wilder's ''[[Some Like It Hot]]'', handled by United Artists, was filmed using many of Allied Artists' resident technicians. [[Roger Corman]] also made several successful films for Allied Artists.<ref name="eight">{{cite magazine|magazine=Filmink|title=Top Ten Corman – Part Eight, Corman’s Studios|first=Stephen|last= Vagg|date=21 May 2024|url=https://www.filmink.com.au/top-ten-corman-part-eight-cormans-studios/}}</ref>

The studio had renewed success with the release of ''[[Al Capone (1959 film)|Al Capone]]'' (filmed on the still-standing ''Some Like It Hot'' sets) in 1959.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|title='Hot,' 'Imitation' and 'Capone' Zingy With 'Shaggy' Standout Though May Its Typical So-So Self|last=Wear|first=Mike|date=June 3, 1959|page=4|accessdate=August 30, 2019|url=https://www.archive.org/stream/variety215-1959%E2%80%9306#page/n3/mode/1up|via=[[Archive.org]]}}</ref> This prompted Allied to invest in a series of bigger budgeted films once more including ''[[El Cid (film)|El Cid]]'' (1961),  ''[[The George Raft Story]]'' (1961), ''[[Billy Budd (film)|Billy Budd]]'' (1962), and ''[[Hitler (1962 film)|Hitler]]'' (1962). There were still cutbacks in overall production – the studio had released 35 films in 1958, but this dropped to 12 in 1960, mainly because the studio stopped making westerns.<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=Variety|url=https://archive.org/details/variety-1961-06/page/n6/mode/1up?q=%22racked+up%22|title=Allied Artists New Beef Up|date=7 June 1961|page=7}}</ref>

==Post-Broidy==
Studio chief Steve Broidy retired in 1965. Allied Artists ceased production in 1966 and became a distributor of foreign films, but restarted production with the release of ''[[Cabaret (1972 film)|Cabaret]]'' (1972) and followed it with ''[[Papillon (1973 film)|Papillon]]'' (1973). Both were critical and commercial successes, but high production and financing costs meant they were not big moneymakers for the company. Allied raised financing for their adaptation of ''[[The Man Who Would Be King (film)|The Man Who Would Be King]]'' (1975) by selling the European distribution rights to [[Columbia Pictures]] and the rest of the backing came from Canadian tax shelters.<ref name="aa" /> ''King'' was released in 1975, but received disappointing returns. That same year, the company distributed the French import [[Story of O (film)|''Story of O'']], but spent much of its earnings defending itself from obscenity charges.<ref name="aa">{{cite book|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|title=Lost Illusions: American Cinema in the Shadow of Watergate and Vietnam, 1970-1979 (History of the American Cinema) |volume=9|first=David A.|last=Cook|pages=325–328 |year=2002 |isbn= 978-0520232655}}</ref>

In 1976, Allied Artists attempted to diversify when it merged with consumer producers Kalvex and PSP, Inc. The new '''Allied Artists Industries, Inc.''' manufactured pharmaceuticals, mobile homes, and activewear in addition to films.<ref name="aa" />

===Demise===
Monogram/Allied Artists continued until 1979, when runaway inflation and high production costs pushed it into bankruptcy. 

===Film library fate===
The post-August 1946 Monogram/Allied Artists library was bought by television production company [[Lorimar Television|Lorimar]] in 1980 for $4.75 million;<ref>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=October 7, 1981|page=7|last=Barton|first=David|title=Lorimar Looks To Its Software Future}}</ref> today a majority of this library belongs to [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] (via their acquisition of Lorimar in 1989). The pre-August 1946 Monogram library was sold in 1954 to [[Associated Artists Productions]], which itself was sold to [[United Artists]] in 1958 (it merged with [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] in 1981). The pre-1946 Monogram library was not part of the deal with [[Ted Turner]]. (The rights to many of the later films are now owned by MGM via United Artists; others, such as ''[[The Big Combo]]'', lapsed into the public domain.) A selection of post-1938 Monogram films acquired by M&A Alexander Productions and Astor Pictures were later incorporated into [[Republic Pictures|Melange Pictures]]' library, today a part of [[Paramount Global]]-owned [[Paramount Pictures]]. Most Monogram Pictures films released before 1942 are in the public domain.

[[Jean-Luc Godard]] dedicated his film ''[[Breathless (1960 film)|Breathless]]'' (1960) to Monogram.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Powers|first=John|title=Breathless|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/875-breathless|date=1992-07-08|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The Criterion Collection|language=en}}</ref>

==Studios==
===Sunset Boulevard===
Allied Artists had its studio at 4401 W. Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood, on a 4.5-acre lot. The longtime home (since 1971) of former [[PBS]] television station [[KCET]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ktla.com/news/landing/ktla-kcet-to-sell-studio,0,534947.story|title=KCET Sells Famous Studio to Church of Scientology|website=[[KTLA]]|date=April 27, 2011|access-date=April 6, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120401171943/https://ktla.com/news/landing/ktla-kcet-to-sell-studio%2C0%2C534947.story |archive-date=April 1, 2012}}</ref> the station sold the studios to the [[Church of Scientology]] in April 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/church_of_scientology/hollywood_studio_kcet/prweb8342956.htm |title=Church of Scientology Acquires Hollywood Studio Facility |website=PRWeb |date=April 25, 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111009212115/http://www.prweb.com/releases/church_of_scientology/hollywood_studio_kcet/prweb8342956.htm |archive-date=2011-10-09}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2011/04/25/kcet-sells-production-studios-to-church-of-scientology/ |work=CBS Los Angeles |title=KCET Sells Production Studios To Church Of Scientology |date=April 25, 2011}}</ref>

===Monogram Ranch===
Monogram Pictures operated the [[Movie ranch#Monogram Ranch.2FMelody Ranch|Monogram Ranch]], its [[movie ranch]] in [[Placerita Canyon State Park|Placerita Canyon]] near [[Newhall, California]], in the northern [[San Gabriel Mountains]] foothills. [[Tom Mix]] had used the Placeritos Ranch for [[location shooting]] for his silent western films. Ernie Hickson became the owner in 1936 and reconstructed all the "frontier [[Western (genre)|western]] town" [[Set construction|sets]], moved from the nearby [[Republic Pictures]] Movie Ranch (present day Disney [[Golden Oak Ranch]]), onto his {{convert|110|acre|km2|adj=on}} ranch. A year later Monogram Pictures signed a long-term lease with Hickson for Placeritos Ranch, with terms that stipulated that the ranch be renamed Monogram Ranch. Actor/cowboy singer/producer [[Gene Autry]] purchased the Monogram Ranch property from the Hickson heirs in 1953, renaming it after his film ''[[Melody Ranch]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.oxy.edu/jerry/melody.htm |title=Placeritos Ranch – Monogram Ranch |work=Melody Ranch History |publisher=employees.oxy.edu |access-date=8 September 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608223159/http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry//melody.htm |archive-date=8 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | first=Leon |last=Worden |url=https://scvhistory.com/scvhistory/sg032903.htm | title=Melody Ranch: Movie Magic in Placerita Canyon | website= Santa Clarita Valley Historical Society |date=2003-03-29| access-date=2003-03-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://melodyranchstudio.com/thetown.html |title=The Town |website=melodyranchstudio.com |access-date=May 15, 2010}}</ref> As of 2010, it was operated as the Melody Ranch Motion Picture Studio and Melody Ranch Studios.<ref name=ranch>{{cite web |url=http://melodyranchstudio.com/ |title=Melody Ranch Motion Picture Studio |website=melodyranchstudio.com |access-date=May 15, 2010}}</ref>

After fire damage, the sets were replaced; as of 2012, the studio had 74 buildings (including offices) and two sound stages.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Verrier |first1=Richard |title=Santa Clarita movie ranches corral Tarantino and other filmmakers |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/blogs/company-town-blog/story/2012-01-24/santa-clarita-movie-ranches-corral-tarantino-and-other-filmmakers |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 24, 2012}}</ref> The owners in 2019 were Renaud and Andre Veluzat. The owners indicate that other recent movies were also partly filmed here, including ''[[Once Upon a Time in Hollywood]]''. The site includes a movie memorabilia museum that is open to visitors.<ref name=ranch/>

==Filmography==
* [[List of Monogram Pictures and Allied Artists Pictures films]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Further reading===
* {{cite book|first=Ted |last=Okuda |title=The Monogram Checklist: The Films of Monogram Pictures Corporation, 1931–1952 |publisher=McFarland |year=1999 |isbn=978-0786407507}}
* {{cite book|first=Don |last=Miller |title=B Movies |publisher=Ballantine Books |year=1987 |isbn=978-0345347107}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Monogram Pictures}}
* [https://dukefilmography.com/monogram_pictures_library.html Copyright status of Monogram's entire output] At DukeFilmography

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