Editing Monstrance

{{Short description|Vessel used to display religious object in the Christian tradition}}
[[Image:Monstrans.jpg|thumb|right|A traditional "solar" monstrance]]
{{Eucharistic adoration}}
{{Moresources|date=March 2024}}

A '''monstrance''', also known as an '''ostensorium''' (or an '''ostensory'''),<ref>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01357e.htm "Altar vessels"]. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2014-11-16.</ref> is a vessel used in [[Roman Catholic]], [[Old Catholic]], [[High Church Lutheran]] and [[Anglican]] churches for the display on an altar of some object of piety, such as the consecrated [[Eucharist]]ic [[Sacramental bread]] (host) during [[Eucharistic adoration]] or during the [[Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament]]. A monstrance may also serve as a [[reliquary]] for the public display of [[relic]]s of some saints.<ref name=catholic>[http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11344a.htm ""]. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved on 2014-11-16.</ref> The word ''monstrance'' comes from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word {{Lang|la|monstrare}},<ref>[http://www.bartleby.com/61/61/D0126100.html "Demonstrate"], ''The American Heritage Dictionary'', '''men''' in Appendix I, Indo-European Roots</ref> while the word ''ostensorium'' comes from the Latin word {{Lang|la|ostendere}}. Either term, each expressing the concept of "showing", can refer to a vessel intended for the exposition of the [[Blessed Sacrament]], but ''ostensorium'' has only this meaning.<ref name=catholic/>

== Liturgical context ==
In the [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] tradition, at the moment of [[consecration]] the elements (called "gifts" for liturgical purposes) are transformed (literally [[transubstantiation|transubstantiated]]) into the body and blood of Christ. Catholic doctrine holds that the elements are not only spiritually transformed, but are (substantially) transformed into the body and blood of Christ. Although the elements retain the appearance, or [[Accident (philosophy)|accidents]] of bread and wine, they become the body and blood of Christ. The presence of [[Jesus]] Christ God in the Eucharist is known as the doctrine of the [[Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist|Corporeal Presence]] within the [[Magisterium|Roman Catholic Magisterium]]. The Corporeal Presence is believed to be real (in {{Langx|la|realiter}}) and of the whole (''totaliter'') Christ, in [[Body of Christ|Body]], [[Anima Christi|Soul]] and [[Holy Spirit|Spirit]]. The name "Corporeal Presence" concerns the [[Corporal (liturgy)|Corporal]] reserved to the [[chalice (cup)|chalice]], [[paten]] and the [[ciborium (container)|ciborium]] during the [[Mass (liturgy)|Holy Mass]].

Other Christians (notably in the [[Anglican Church]], Old Catholic Church, and [[Lutheran Church]]) accept the doctrine of the [[Real Presence]], whilst rejecting transubstantiation as a philosophical concept (''cf''. [[sacramental union]]). Owing to these beliefs, the consecrated elements are given the same adoration and devotion that Christians of these traditions accord to Christ himself.

Within churches of these traditions the reserved sacrament serves as a focal point of religious devotion. In many of them, during Eucharistic adoration, the celebrant displays the sacrament in the monstrance, typically on the [[Altar#In Western Christian churches|altar]]. When not being displayed, the reserved sacrament is locked in a [[Church tabernacle|tabernacle]] (more common in Roman Catholicism) or [[aumbry]] (more common in the other traditions mentioned).

== Use and design ==
[[File:HoldingMonstrance.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The Blessed Sacrament in a monstrance carried in a procession by a priest wearing a [[humeral veil]]]]
[[Image:Two Monstrance.JPG|thumb|right|Two monstrances, showing the contrast between the modern simplified design on the right with its more ornate predecessor on the left]]
In the service of [[benediction]], (the priest blesses the people with the Eucharist displayed in the monstrance). This blessing differs from the priest's blessing, as it is seen to be the blessing by Christ rather than that of the individual priest. The exposition of the monstrance during Benediction is traditionally accompanied by chanting or singing of the hymn ''[[Tantum Ergo]]''.

Monstrances are usually elaborate in design; most are carried by the priest. Others may be much larger fixed constructions, typically for displaying the host in a special side chapel, often called the "Chapel of the Blessed Sacrament". For portable designs, the preferred form is a [[sunburst]]<ref>''Instructio Clement'', 5.</ref> on a stand, usually topped by a cross.

Before the [[Council of Trent]], the most common design was the tower.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Kilroy-Ewbank|first=Lauren|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1056201987|title=Holy organ or unholy idol? : the Sacred Heart in the art, religion, and politics of New Spain|date=2018|isbn=978-90-04-38496-5|location=Leiden|pages=208|oclc=1056201987}}</ref>  The sun design would come to dominate the shape of modern monstrances after it became clear that the ostensorium could be better adapted to the object of drawing all eyes to the Sacred Host itself by making the transparent portion of the vessel just of the size required, and surrounded, like the sun, with rays. Monstrances of this shape, dating from the fifteenth century, are also not uncommon, and for several hundred years past this has been by far the commonest form in practical use.

Medieval monstrances were more varied in form than contemporary ones. Those used for relics, and occasionally for the host, typically had a crystal cylinder in a golden stand, and those usually used for hosts had a crystal window in a flat-faced golden construction, which could stand on its base. The monstrance was most often made of [[silver-gilt]] or other precious metal, and highly decorated. In the center of the sunburst, the monstrance normally has a small round glass the size of a host, through which the [[Blessed Sacrament]] can be seen. Behind this glass is a holder made of gilded metal, called a [[Lunette (liturgy)|lunette]] or lunula, which holds the host securely in place. When not in the monstrance, the host in its lunula is placed in a special standing container, called a standing ''[[pyx]]'', in the Tabernacle. Before the current design, earlier "little shrines" or reliquaries of various shapes and sizes were used.

== Noted monstrances ==
*The monstrance of Corpus Christi at the Cathedral of Valencia (Spain) - Every year, during the Corpus Christi procession in Valencia, the largest Monstrance in the world, made of {{Convert|600|kg}} of silver, {{Convert|5|kg}} of gold, {{Convert|75|g}} of platinum, hundreds of precious stones and thousands of pearls, runs through the streets of Valencia under a shower of flower petals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.catedraldevalencia.es/arte/museo-catedralicio-diocesano|title = Museo Catedralicio Diocesano}}</ref>
*[[La Lechuga]] is a monstrance built between 1700 and 1707 that is currently owned by the [[Banco de la Republica]] of Colombia. It consists of {{Convert|9|kg}} of 18 karat gold, 1,485 emeralds which gave the name to the piece due to its color, and other gems from various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite web|title=La Lechuga|url=https://www.banrepcultural.org/la-lechuga/explore/|access-date=2020-06-27|website=banrepcultural.org}}</ref>
*The [[Cathedral of Toledo]], [[Spain]], boasts one of the most famous monstrances in European medieval history. Made of pure gold (the first gold brought over from the New World by Admiral Columbus)<ref>{{Cite web|last=catedralprimada.es|title=Catedral Primada Toledo|url=http://www.catedralprimada.es/es|access-date=2020-06-27|website=Catedral Primada Toledo|language=es}}</ref> and encrusted with several jewels, it has merited several papal processions, acclamations and uses. Most recently among these is [[Pope Benedict XVI]] in his [[World Youth Day]] Apostolic Visit in 2011. It has also been immortalized in several 18th-century and 19th-century devotional handbooks. This portable monstrance (or ostensory) is housed within a second, fixed monstrance made of partially gilded silver.
*The Vatican monstrance ({{Langx|la|Ostensorio Vaticana}})  of is one of the most exquisite monstrances used by recent popes, as it is an exact miniature of the [[Baldachin]] inside [[St. Peter's Basilica]]. It is complete in ornamentation including the angels adorning its rooftop. It was most recently used by Pope Benedict XVI.
*[[Raymond Nonnatus]] and [[Clare of Assisi]] are often portrayed with monstrances. Nonnatus used a Gothic box-style monstrance while Clare is often portrayed with a solar version.
*Founderess of the [[EWTN|Eternal World Television Network]], [[Mother Angelica]] of the Annunciation, was often portrayed with a golden solar monstrance pendant.
*The [[St. Stanislaus Kostka Church (Chicago, Illinois)|Church of St. Stanislaus Kostka]], one of [[Chicago]]'s famed [[Polish Cathedral]]s, is home to one of the largest monstrances in the world, a {{convert|9|ft|m|adj=mid|-wide}} Iconic Monstrance of [[Our Lady of the Sign]]. It is part of the planned [[Sanctuary]] of [[Chaplet of Divine Mercy|The Divine Mercy]], which is being constructed adjacent to the church. The Monstrance is to be installed in the sanctuary's adoration [[chapel]], to be the focus of 24-hour Eucharistic Adoration. The clergy will conduct no liturgies or vocal prayers in the chapel, either by individuals or groups, as the space is meant for private meditation and contemplation.
* In the treasury at the St. Loreta Church in Prague, there is on display a monstrance featuring 6,000 diamonds.
*On top of the main dome of the [[Mariavite Church|Mariavite]] [[Temple of Mercy and Charity]] in [[Płock, Poland]], is a large monstrance. The monstrance is adorned with four angels, each measuring almost {{Convert|4|ft}} in height. The following Polish phrase is inscribed below the monstrance: {{Lang|pl|Adorujmy Chrystusa Króla panującego nad narodami}} (in [[English language|English]], "Let us adore [[Christ the King]] reigning over all nations".)
*[[Perrot's Ostensorium]] was presented by 17th-century fur trader [[Nicolas Perrot]] to the priests at the [[St. Francis Xavier Mission]] in 1686, located at what is now modern [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]]. It was buried by the priests when the local Indians became hostile and burned the mission buildings. It was dug up by accident in 1802 and is currently in the [[Neville Public Museum of Brown County|Neville Public Museum]] in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It is the oldest surviving physical artifact of French settlement west of the Alleghenies.<ref>{{cite news |last=Butler |first=J.D. |date=February 1880 |title=Nicolas Perrot's ostensorium |url=http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Content.aspx?dsNav=N:4294963828-4294963788&dsRecordDetails=R:BA3702 |newspaper=Watchman |location=Green Bay |access-date=November 6, 2014 }}</ref>

== Gallery==
===For displaying the sacred host===
<gallery class="center">
File:Silver gilt monstrance given to the Monastery of Alcobaça by Dom João Dornelas in 1412.jpg|Monstrance given to the Monastery of Alcobaça by Dom João Dornelas in 1412, with some later additions during the baroque period, [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], [[Portugal]]
File:Patriarchal Cathedral of Lisbon - Patriarcal Monstrance, mid 18th century.jpg|The large Patriarchal Monstrance was a gift from king D. João V to the Patriarchal Cathedral of Lisbon, and is made of solid gold, diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds. It was commissioned in 1748, [[Lisbon Cathedral]] Museum, Portugal.
File:Imagem169 Gil Vicente, Custódia de Belém.jpg|[[Belém Monstrance]]; gold and enamel monstrance made in 1506 by Gil Vicente, and offered by king Dom [[Manuel I of Portugal]] to the [[Jerónimos Monastery]]. Nowadays in the [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], Portugal.
File:Prague Sun 01(js).jpg|The Diamond Monstrance, made between 1696–99 in the Viennese workshops of J. B. Khünischbauer and M. Stegner. The 6,222 diamonds decorating this treasure were from the bequest of Countess Ludmila Eva Frances Kolowrat [[Loreta (Prague)|Loreta]] ([[Prague]]).
File:Monstrancja Jagiełły.JPG|Ca. 1400. Gift of [[Władysław Jagiełło]] to the [[Corpus Christi (feast)|Corpus Christi]] Church in [[Poznań]], [[Poland]].
File:19th century Monstrance once belonging to Infanta Benedita of Portugal, Centro de Apoio Social de Runa, Portugal.jpg|Late 18th to early 19th century 1,30 metres monstrance, [[Asilo de Inválidos Militares de Runa]], Portugal
File:Figuraz monstrancją przy kościele św. Wawrzyńca p.jpg|Monument with a Monstrance in [[Rybnik]], Poland in front of the Church of St. Laurence
File:CustodiadaBemposta.jpg|[[Bemposta Monstrance]]; 18th-century silver gilt diamonds, emeralds, rubies, etc. [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], Portugal.
File:Toledo monstrance.jpg|Monstrance of [[silver-gilt]] Ca. 1517 [[Cathedral of Toledo]]. [[Spain]].
File:Museu Nacional Arte Antiga - Custódia, ca. 1750-75.jpg|18th century Portuguese silver gilt and gems, [[National Museum of Ancient Art]], Portugal
File:Oudkatholieke Kerk Oudewater Monstrans.JPG|Fixed monstrance in the [[Old Catholic]] church in [[Oudewater]], the [[Netherlands]]
File:Museum of Archdiocese in Gniezno - monstrancja 06.JPG|Polish [[Rococo]] monstrances
File:Melk28.jpg|Monstrance from the museum of the [[Melk Abbey]], [[Austria]]
File:Muzeum Pelplin 1.jpg|Monstrance from the museum in [[Pelplin]], Poland
File:Design for a Monstrance.jpg|a 16th-century design for a Monstrance by Daniel Hopfer
File:PL Wwa, Wielkanoc - groby, kosc Kazimierza, rynek Nowe Miasto, 2023.04.08, fot Ivonna Nowicka (4) corr.jpg|Monstrance as part of the [[Easter]] "Tomb of the Lord" scene in [[St. Kazimierz Church]], [[Warsaw]], Poland
File:PL Wwa, Wielkanoc - groby, kosc paulinow, Nowe Miasto, 2023.04.08, fot Ivonna Nowicka (3)corr.jpg|Monstrance as part of a [[Postmodernism|postmodern]] Easter "Tomb of the Lord" scene in a [[Church of the Holy Spirit in Warsaw|church]] in Warsaw, Poland
</gallery>

===As reliquaries===
<gallery class="center">
Koeln monstranz im Domschatz.jpg|[[Reliquary]] monstrance. Cathedral Treasury, [[Cologne, Germany]]
Relic of Saint Rita de Cascia at the Minalin Church, Pampanga.jpg|Monstrance with a relic of Saint [[Rita of Cascia]] at the [[Minalin Church]] in [[Pampanga]], [[Philippines]]
Relic of Saint Augustine at the Minalin Church, Pampanga.jpg|A relic of Saint [[Augustine]] at the [[Minalin Church]] in [[Pampanga]], Philippines
TalaveraChurchjf9795 07.JPG|Saint [[Isidore the Laborer]] relic at the St. Isidore Church in [[Talavera, Nueva Ecija]], Philippines
Église Saint-Jérôme de Toulouse - ostensoir reliquaire de la Vraie Croix.jpg|[[Reliquary]] monstrance, True Cross, [[Toulouse]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[Eucharist]]
* [[Eucharistic adoration]]
* [[Monstrance clock]]
* [[Showbread]]
* [[Transubstantiation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Monstrances}}

*{{Catholic Encyclopedia|wstitle=Ostensorium}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Monstrances| ]]
[[Category:Artworks in metal]]
[[Category:Eucharistic objects]]