Editing Montgomery Clift

{{short description|American actor (1920–1966)}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{use American English|date=January 2025}}

{{Infobox person
| name               = Montgomery Clift
| image              = MontgomeryClift.jpg
| image_size         = 
| caption            = Studio publicity photograph, {{c.|1948}}
| birth_name         = Edward Montgomery Clift
| birth_date         = {{Birth date|1920|10|17}}
| birth_place        = [[Omaha, Nebraska]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{Death date and age|1966|7|23|1920|10|17}}
| death_place        = [[New York City]], U.S.
| other_names        = Monty Clift
| occupation         = Actor
| years active       = 1934–1966
| website            = 
}}
'''Edward Montgomery Clift''' (October 17, 1920 – July 23, 1966) was an American actor. A four-time [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nominee, he was known for his portrayal of "moody, sensitive young men", according to ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>Obituary ''[[Variety Obituaries|Variety]]'', July 27, 1966.</ref><ref>{{cite news|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1966/07/24/archives/montgomery-clift-dead-at-45-nominated-3-times-for-oscar-completed.html|title= Montgomery Clift Dead at 45; Nominated 3 Times for Oscar; Completed Last Movie, 'The Defector,' in June Actor Began Career at Age 13|date= July 24, 1966|page= 61 }}</ref>

He is best remembered for his roles in [[Howard Hawks]]'s ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]'' (1948), [[George Stevens]]'s ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951), [[Fred Zinnemann]]'s ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'' (1953), [[Stanley Kramer]]'s ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' (1961), and [[John Huston]]'s ''[[The Misfits (1961 film)|The Misfits]]'' (1961).

Along with [[Marlon Brando]] and [[James Dean]], Clift was considered one of the original [[method acting|method]] actors in Hollywood (though Clift distanced himself from the term); he was one of the first actors to be invited to study in the [[Actors Studio]] with [[Lee Strasberg]] and [[Elia Kazan]].<ref>Capua, p. 49</ref> He also executed a rare move by not signing a contract after arriving in Hollywood, only doing so after his first two films were a success. This was described as "a power differential that would go on to structure the star–studio relationship for the next 40 years".<ref>{{cite magazine|last1=Petersen|first1=Anne Helen|title=Scandals of Classic Hollywood: The Long Suicide of Montgomery Clift|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/vf-hollywood/2014/09/scandals-of-classic-hollywood-montgomery-clift|magazine=Vanity Fair|date= September 23, 2014}}</ref> A documentary titled ''[[Making Montgomery Clift]]'' was made by his nephew, Robert Anderson Clift, in 2018, to clarify myths that were created about the actor.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/making-montgomery-clift-truth-behind-gay-self-loathing-myth-1.3967440 |title=Making Montgomery Clift: truth behind gay self-loathing myth|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|first=Tara|last=Bridy|date=July 29, 2019|access-date=September 15, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200915234415/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/making-montgomery-clift-truth-behind-gay-self-loathing-myth-1.3967440|archive-date=September 15, 2020 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Early life==
[[File:Clift-Hall-Dame-Nature-1938.jpg|thumb|Clift and [[Lois Hall]] in the Broadway production of [[Patricia Collinge]]'s ''Dame Nature'' (1938)]]

Edward Montgomery Clift was born on October 17, 1920, in [[Omaha, Nebraska]] into a wealthy family. His father, William Brooks "Bill" Clift (1886–1964), was the vice-president of Omaha National Trust Company.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 6</ref> His mother was Ethel Fogg "Sunny" Clift (''[[Given name|née]]'' Anderson; 1888–1988). His parents were [[Quakers]] and met as students at [[Cornell University]], marrying in 1914.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 5</ref><ref>Casillo, p. 5</ref> Clift had a twin sister, Roberta (who later went by "Ethel"), who survived him by 48 years, and an older brother, William Brooks Clift, Jr. (1919–1986), known as "Brooks," who had a son with actress [[Kim Stanley]] and was later married to political reporter [[Eleanor Clift]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Krampner |first=Jon |title=Female Brando: The Legend of Kim Stanley |publisher=Back Stage Books |location=New York |year=2006 |page=78 |isbn=9780823088478 }}</ref> Clift had English and Scottish ancestry on his father's side, wealthy relatives who hailed from [[Chattanooga, Tennessee]]. His mother, Sunny, was adopted; she maintained that Clift’s true maternal great-grandfathers were the US postmaster-general [[Montgomery Blair]] and [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] commander [[Robert Anderson (Union officer)|Robert Anderson]], a part of her lineage that was clarified to her (when she came of age) by Dr. Edward Montgomery, the family doctor who delivered her.<ref>Capua, p. 4</ref><ref>Casillo, pp. 4–6</ref> She spent the rest of her life trying to gain the recognition of her alleged relations.

Part of Clift's mother's effort was her determination that her children should be brought up in the style of aristocrats. Thus, as long as Clift's father was able to pay for it, he and his siblings were privately tutored, travelled extensively in America and Europe, became fluent in German and French, and led a protected life, sheltered from the destitution and communicable diseases that became legion following the First World War.<ref>Bosworth, chapters 1–4</ref> At age 7, while aboard a European ship, a boy forced Clift’s head underwater in the swimming pool for so long that a gland in his neck burst from his struggle to breathe; he had a long scar from the resulting infection and operation.<ref>Capua, pp. 6–7</ref><ref>LaGuardia, p. 11</ref> The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the [[Great Depression]] of the 1930s ruined Clift's father financially; Bill was forced to downsize and move to Chicago to take a new job while Sunny continued traveling with the children. In a 1957 issue of ''[[McCall’s]]'' magazine, Clift quipped, "My childhood was [[hobgoblin]], my parents traveled a lot…That’s all I can remember."<ref>Capua, p. 9</ref>

===Early theater career: 1934–1946===
Clift had shown an interest in acting and theatrics as a child living in Switzerland and France but did not take the initiative to go out for a part in a local production until age 13, when his family was forced to downsize and relocate from Chicago to [[Sarasota, Florida]]. He had a small non-paying role.<ref>LaGuardia, pp. 11–12</ref> 

Close to a year later the family moved again, settling in New York City. Clift debuted on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] at age 14 as Harmer Masters in the comedy ''Fly Away Home,'' which ran from January to July 1935 at the [[48th Street Theatre]]. The ''[[New York World-Telegram]]'' noticed Clift’s "amazing poise and dexterity" while producer Theo Bamberger commended him for what he called a "natural histrionic instinct."<ref>Capua, p. 11</ref> 

Clift spent a short time at the [[Dalton School]] in Manhattan but struggled with traditional schooling.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 18</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |last= Roman|first= Robert|date= |title= Montgomery Clift pp. 541–554|magazine= Films in Review Vol. XVII No. 9 November 1966 |location= New York, NY |editor= Henry Hart |publisher= [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, Inc.]]}}</ref> He continued to flourish onstage and appeared in works by [[Moss Hart]] and [[Cole Porter]], [[Robert E. Sherwood|Robert Sherwood]], [[Lillian Hellman]], [[Tennessee Williams]], and [[Thornton Wilder]], creating the part of Henry in the original production of ''[[The Skin of Our Teeth]]''.<ref>Lawrence, Amy (2010). ''The Passion of Montgomery Clift'', p. 13</ref> 

Clift proved to be a successful young stage actor working with, among others, [[Dame May Whitty]], [[Alla Nazimova]], [[Mary Boland]], [[Cornelia Otis Skinner]], [[Fredric March]], [[Tallulah Bankhead]], [[Alfred Lunt]], and [[Lynn Fontanne]]. In 1939, as a member of the cast of the 1939 Broadway production of [[Noël Coward]]'s ''[[Hay Fever (play)|Hay Fever]]'', Clift participated in one of the first [[television]] broadcasts in the United States. The ''Hay Fever'' performance was broadcast by NBC's New York television station W2XBS (the forerunner of [[WNBC]]) and was aired during the [[1939 New York World's Fair]].<ref>Lawrence 2010, p. 261</ref> At age 20, he appeared in the Broadway production of ''[[There Shall Be No Night]]'', a work that won the 1941 [[Pulitzer Prize for Drama]].

Clift also participated in [[Old-time radio|radio]] broadcasts early in his career, though, according to one critic, he hated the medium.<ref name="Kass">{{cite book|last1=Kass|first1=Judith M.|title=The Films of Montgomery Clift|date=1975|publisher=Citadel Press|isbn=0806507179|page=34|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1250102.The_Films_of_Montgomery_Clift|access-date= July 20, 2016}}</ref> On May 24, 1944, he was part of the cast of [[Eugene O'Neill]]'s ''[[Ah, Wilderness!]]'' for ''The [[Theatre Guild]] on the Air''.<ref>[http://www.eoneill.com/artifacts/flash/awr0.5/awr0.5.htm Edoneill.com]</ref> 

In 1949, as part of the promotional campaign for the film ''[[The Heiress]]'', he played Heathcliff in the one-hour version of ''[[Wuthering Heights]]'' for ''[[Ford Theatre]]''.<ref>[https://archive.org/download/FordTheater/FT_49-04-01_ep65-Wuthering_Heights.mp3 Archive.org]</ref> In January 1951, he participated in the episode "The Metal in the Moon" for the series ''[[Cavalcade of America]]'', sponsored by the chemical company [[DuPont Company]]. Also in 1951, Clift was cast for the first time as Tom in the radio world premiere of Tennessee Williams' ''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'', with [[Helen Hayes]] (Amanda) and [[Karl Malden]] (the Gentleman Caller), for ''The Theatre Guild on the Air''.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/TheaterGuildontheAir Archive.org]</ref>

Clift did not serve during [[World War II]], having been given [[Selective Service System classification|4-F status]] after suffering [[dysentery]] in 1942. Immediately following the end of the war in September 1945 (in what would be Clift's penultimate Broadway performance,) he starred in the stage adaptation of [[D.H. Lawrence]]'s short story ''You Touched Me.'' He and actor [[Kevin McCarthy (actor)|Kevin McCarthy]] later wrote a screenplay for a film adaptation that was never made.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 92</ref> 

By this time, Clift had developed what would come to be regarded as his signature acting style and biggest impact on the future of modern film acting, as told by biographer Robert LaGuardia:

{{blockquote|He managed to convince the audience that he was unmitigated male sexuality without making a vulgar display of himself, as most other actors of his age and type would have. How? He used ''inner'' silence, unusual pauses in his speeches, awkward body movements. He spoke so quietly that at times he was practically inaudible. He shifted his moods erratically, from a brooding pose to a bursting smile. These were extremely unorthodox, risky procedures, and had the effect of involving the audience with ''him'', an exceedingly selfish aim if one thinks only in terms of the play, but a daring and stupendously courageous maneuver when one thinks of the ground he was breaking.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 54</ref>}}

==Career==
===Rise to film stardom: 1946–1956===
[[File:A Place in the sun premiere.JPG|thumb|200px|Clift at the premiere of ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951)]]
At age 25, Clift's first [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] film role was opposite [[John Wayne]] in the [[Western (genre)|Western]] film ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]];'' director [[Howard Hawks]] was impressed by his recent stage performance and was willing to sign him with no strings attached, which greatly appealed to Clift's sense of independence.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 58</ref> Although filmed in 1946, the film was delayed release until August 1948. A critical and commercial success, the film was nominated for two [[Academy Awards]].<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0040724/awards?ref_=tt_awd Red River (1948) - Awards]</ref>

Clift's second film role (though it premiered first that same year) was ''[[The Search]],'' which earned him his first nomination for an [[Academy Award for Best Actor]]. Clift's naturalistic performance led to director [[Fred Zinnemann]]'s being asked, "Where did you find a soldier who can act so well?" Clift was unhappy with the quality of the script, and reworked it himself.<ref>Clift, 00:24:52</ref> The film was awarded a screenwriting Academy Award for the credited writers.<ref>[http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1425955884390 Awards Database – Montgomery Clift] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402164342/http://awardsdatabase.oscars.org/ampas_awards/DisplayMain.jsp?curTime=1425955884390 |date=April 2, 2015 }} January 2, 2016</ref> [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer|MGM]] distributed the film nationwide as magazines generated massive attention for Clift.

[[Paramount Pictures]] ended up offering him the best of any incoming studio offer (which he accepted): a three-film deal (down from the typical seven-year contract) that came with the freedom to turn down any script and any director, as well as the right for either himself or the studio to terminate the agreement at any time.

Every major Hollywood studio wanted to make a deal with Clift and was collectively shocked that a young actor could command such leverage after the release of a single film: "the [[death knell]] of the producers and the moguls, and the birth of Actor Power."<ref>LaGuardia, p. 74</ref> Clift was on the cover of ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'' magazine by December 1948. ''[[Look (American magazine)|Look]]'' magazine gave him its Achievement Award and called him "the most promising star on the Hollywood horizon.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Roman|first= Robert|date= |title= Montgomery Clift|magazine= Films in Review Vol. XVII No. 9 November 1966 |location= New York, NY |editor= Henry Hart |publisher= [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, Inc.]]}}</ref>

Clift's first film for Paramount was ''[[The Heiress]]'' (1949). While director [[William Wyler]] notably had difficulty with his poor posture, co-star [[Olivia de Havilland]] expressed difficulty with his seriousness, saying that "Monty was painstaking and I liked that about him, but I had a sense that Monty was thinking almost entirely of himself and leaving me out of the scene."<ref>LaGuardia, p. 77</ref>

He tended to funnel most of his energy into intense rehearsals with acting coach [[Mira Rostova]] who accompanied him on set. Overall he ended up unhappy with his performance and left early during the film's premiere. The following summer in 1949, Clift shot ''[[The Big Lift]]'' in Berlin. It was intended to be more of a semi-documentary, pro-America wartime film and less an acting vehicle,<ref>LaGuardia, p. 84</ref> but was still a welcome opportunity for Clift to portray a U.S. soldier.

Clift's next role as the drifter George Eastman in ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]'' (1951) is regarded as one of his signature [[method acting]] performances. He worked extensively on his character, and was again nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor. For his character's scenes in jail, Clift spent a night in a real state prison.

His main acting rival (and fellow Omaha native), [[Marlon Brando]], was so moved by Clift's performance that he voted for Clift to win the Academy Award for Best Actor, sure that he would win, while Clift voted for Brando in ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]].''<ref>{{Cite book |last=McCann |first=Graham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hnRZAAAAMAAJ&q=editions:ISBN0813519535 |title=Rebel Males: Clift, Brando and Dean |date=1991 |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=978-0-241-12884-8 |pages=102 |language=en |quote=Clift said, 'One year, Marlon and I were both nominated for Oscars - he for Streetcar and I for A Place in the Sun. I voted for him, I thought him that good.'}}</ref><ref>Bosworth, p. 312</ref>

''A Place in the Sun'' was critically acclaimed; [[Charlie Chaplin]] called it "the greatest movie made about America". The film received added media attention due to the rumors that Clift and co-star [[Elizabeth Taylor]] were dating in real life.

After a break, Clift committed himself to three more films, all of which premiered during 1953: ''[[I Confess (film)|I Confess]]'' to be directed by [[Alfred Hitchcock]], Vittorio De Sica's ''[[Terminal Station (film)|Terminal Station]],'' and Fred Zinnemann's ''[[From Here to Eternity]]'', which earned Clift his third Academy Award nomination (the second of two nominations for films directed by Zinnemann). For the latter, Clift committed to building strength and endurance by jogging laps around [[Hollywood High School]], learning boxing from [[Mushy Callahan]] and author [[James Jones (author)|James Jones]], and how to imitate playing the bugle and reading sheet music from trumpeter [[Mannie Klein]] for the role of middleweight boxer and bugle-playing soldier Private Robert E. Lee Prewitt.<ref>LaGuardia, pp. 106–7</ref> During the casting of ''From Here to Eternity'', [[Harry Cohn]] opposed Clift for the part of Prewitt,<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2013 |title=Montgomery Clift: better than Brando, more tragic than Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9841724/Montgomery-Clift-better-than-Brando-more-tragic-than-Dean.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240703203513/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9841724/Montgomery-Clift-better-than-Brando-more-tragic-than-Dean.html |archive-date=July 3, 2024 |access-date=May 13, 2023 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> opting for [[John Derek]] or [[Aldo Ray]] instead.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 105</ref> However, Jones and Zinnemann preferred Clift and personally campaigned for him for the role.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Garrett |first=George |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg8oAQAAMAAJ |title=James Jones |date=1984 |publisher=Harcourt Brace Jovanovich |isbn=978-0-15-645955-6 |pages=106 |language=en |quote=Even though Harry Cohn of Columbia wanted John Derek for the part of Prewitt, and Jones had originally wanted [[Zachary Scott]], Jones decided that Clift was a better choice than either and promised to do what he could.}}</ref><ref>Bosworth, p. 248</ref> Clift visited Jones several times at his homes in [[Arizona]] and [[Illinois]] and modeled the character after Jones himself.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 106</ref> After seeing the film, Jones commended Clift for his portrayal of Prewitt.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=James |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HdAeAAAAMAAJ |title=To Reach Eternity: The Letters of James Jones |date=1989 |publisher=Random House |isbn=978-0-394-57538-4 |pages=193 |language=en}}</ref> Clift supported and mentored [[Frank Sinatra]] in his role as Private Angelo Maggio.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parker |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7F8qPwAACAAJ |title=Five for Hollywood |date=1991 |publisher=Carol Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-8184-0539-6 |pages=65 |language=en |quote=[[William LeMassena]] explained, 'Monty loved Sinatra. We used to play his records over and over again. He was Sinatra’s number one fan, and now Sinatra was out of favour and on rock bottom. Monty told me that he spoke to Cohn when all this blew up and got him the part.' There were suggestions in some quarters, however, that Sinatra got it only because of his own and Harry Cohn’s mutual friendships within the Mafia. When the BBC ran the story in London, Sinatra sued and got an apology.}}</ref><ref>LaGuardia, p. 112</ref><ref>Bosworth, p. 253</ref> Sinatra later said, "I learned more about acting from him than I ever knew before".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kelley |first=Kitty |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8YJtVCybe6QC |title=His Way: The Unauthorized Biography of Frank Sinatra |date=1987 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn=978-0-553-26515-6 |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref>

===Car crash===

On the evening of May 12, 1956, while filming ''[[Raintree County (film)|Raintree County]]'', Clift was involved in a serious car crash after leaving a dinner party in Beverly Hills, California, hosted by Elizabeth Taylor and her husband, [[Michael Wilding (actor)|Michael Wilding]].<ref>LaGuardia, p. 150</ref> Clift had veered off one of the twisting hairpin turns and smashed into a telephone pole and the surrounding cliffside. Alerted by friend Kevin McCarthy, who witnessed the collision, Taylor found Clift under the shattered dashboard, conscious but with his face bleeding and swelling rapidly.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 152</ref> She pulled out a hanging tooth that was cutting into his tongue before accompanying him into the ambulance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Taylor |first=Elizabeth |date=1967 |title=Elizabeth Taylor: An Informal Memoir |location=New York, N.Y. |publisher=Avon Books |page=72 }}</ref>

He suffered a concussion, broken jaw, broken nose, fractured sinuses, fractured cheekbones, and several facial lacerations that required [[plastic surgery]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cmgww.com/stars/clift/about/biography2.htm |title=Montgomery Clift Official Site |publisher=Cmgww.com |date=July 23, 1966 |access-date=May 2, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528012814/http://www.cmgww.com/stars/clift/about/biography2.htm |archive-date=May 28, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>LaGuardia, pp. 153–6</ref> In a filmed interview years later in 1963, Clift described his injuries in detail, including how his broken nose could be snapped back into place.

After a two-month recovery period, Clift returned to the set to finish the film. Despite the studio's concerns over profits, Clift correctly predicted the film would do well, if only because moviegoers would flock to see the difference in his facial appearance before and after the crash.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 165</ref>

Although the results of Clift's plastic surgeries were remarkable for the time in leaving no visible scars, the differences in his facial appearance were noticeable, particularly the left side of his face, which was nearly immobile.

Continued pain from his injuries led him to rely on alcohol and pills for relief, as he had done after an earlier bout with dysentery left him with chronic intestinal problems. As a result, Clift's health and physical appearance deteriorated.

===Later film career: 1957–1966===
[[File:Montgomery clift from young lions trailer.JPG|thumb|Clift in the trailer for ''[[The Young Lions (film)|The Young Lions]]'' (1958)]]

For the next nine years, Clift made nearly as many films after his traumatic car accident as he had previously. Still, the last half of his 20-year career has been referred to as the "longest [[suicide]] in Hollywood history" by acting teacher [[Robert Lewis (director)|Robert Lewis]] because of Clift's subsequent abuse of painkillers and alcohol.<ref>Clarke, Gerald. "Books: Sunny Boy". ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' February 20, 1978.</ref> He began to behave erratically in public, which embarrassed his friends. His next four films were ''[[The Young Lions (film)|The Young Lions]]'' (1958), which is the only film featuring both Clift and Marlon Brando, ''[[Lonelyhearts]]'' (1958), ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer (film)|Suddenly, Last Summer]]'' (1959), and [[Elia Kazan]]'s ''[[Wild River (film)|Wild River]]'', released in 1960.

With his next two films, ''[[The Misfits (1961 film)|The Misfits]]'' (1961) and ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' (1961), Clift pivoted to somewhat smaller supporting or cameo roles that required less overall screen time, while still delivering demanding performances. Playing the faded rodeo rider Perce Howland in ''The Misfits'', his first, introductory scene, performed inside a phone booth, only took two hours of the scheduled two shooting days, which impressed cast and crew.<ref>Casillo, p. 268</ref> [[Marilyn Monroe]] (in what was to be her last filmed role) was also having emotional and substance-abuse problems at the time; she described Clift in a 1961 interview as "the only person I know who is in even worse shape than I am".

In his 12-minute cameo scene in ''Judgment at Nuremberg'' (1961), Clift played a developmentally disabled German baker who had been a victim of the [[Nazi eugenics|Nazi sterilisation programme]] testifying at the [[Nuremberg trials]]. Clift was willing to waive his fee entirely, accepting the supporting part with minimum compensation.<ref>Casillo, p. 271</ref><ref>LaGuardia, p. 224</ref> His anguished performance (which earned him his fourth [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] nomination) was often thought to be due to his own nervous breakdown.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morris |first=Brogan |date=October 17, 2020 |title=Montgomery Clift: 10 essential films |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/montgomery-clift-10-essential-films |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523092211/https://www.bfi.org.uk/lists/montgomery-clift-10-essential-films |archive-date=May 23, 2024 |access-date=March 6, 2022 |work=[[British Film Institute]]}}</ref> Director [[Stanley Kramer]] later wrote in his memoirs that Clift "wasn't always close to the script, but whatever he said fitted in perfectly" and that he suggested Clift turn to [[Spencer Tracy]] to "ad lib something" when he struggled to remember his lines for his one scene.<ref>Kramer, et al., p. 193.</ref> In nephew Robert Anderson Clift's [[Making Montgomery Clift|2018 documentary]], superimposed pages of Clift's own heavily annotated original script show that the actor was actually deliberately and consciously performing with his own rewritten dialogue as opposed to confused improvisation.<ref>{{cite AV media | people=Clift, Robert and Demmon, Hillary (directors) | title=Making Montgomery Clift | type=film | time=01:15:34 |year=2018 | publisher=1091 Pictures}}</ref><ref>Casillo, p. 272</ref> On a taped phone call, Clift said that he played the character in a way that "holds onto himself, in spite of himself" with dignity.<ref>Clift, 01:14:41</ref>

[[File:Judgment at Nuremberg-Montgomery Clift.JPG|thumb|Clift in ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]'' (1961)]]

After completing John Huston's ''[[Freud: The Secret Passion]]'' (1962), [[Universal Pictures|Universal Studios]] sued him for his frequent absences that caused the film to go over budget. Clift countersued with the assertion that he struggled to keep up with an overwhelming volume of last-minute script revisions and that an accidental blow to both eyes on set gave him cataracts.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= Roman|first= Robert|date= |title= Montgomery Clift pp. 541–554|magazine= Films in Review Vol. XVII No. 9 November 1966 |location= New York, NY |editor= Henry Hart |publisher= [[National Board of Review|National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, Inc.]]}}</ref><ref>LaGuardia, pp. 244–262</ref><ref>Casillo, pp. 283–5</ref> The case was later settled out of court with evidence in Clift's favor, but the damage to Clift's reputation as unreliable and troublesome endured. As a consequence, he was unable to find film work for four years. The film's success at the box office brought numerous awards for [[screenwriting]] and directing, but none for Clift himself.

On January 13, 1963, a few weeks after the initial release of ''Freud'', Clift appeared on the live television discussion program ''The [[Hy Gardner]] Show'', where he spoke at length about the release of his current film, his film career, and his treatment by the press. He also talked publicly for the first time about his 1956 car accident, the injuries he received, and its after-effects on his appearance. During the interview, Gardner jokingly mentioned that it is "the first and last appearance on a television interview program for Montgomery Clift".

Barred from feature films, Clift turned to voice work. In 1964, he recorded for Caedmon Records ''The Glass Menagerie'', with [[Jessica Tandy]], [[Julie Harris]], and [[David Wayne]]. In 1965, he gave voice to [[William Faulkner]]'s writings in the television documentary ''William Faulkner's Mississippi'', which aired in April 1965.<ref>Lawrence 2010, p. 261</ref>

During this time, [[Peter Bogdanovich]] was working at a cinema in New York City when Clift came to see a revival screening of one of his early films – [[I Confess (film)|''I Confess'' (1953)]] – and decided to show him the guestbook where a cinema patron had written down a film request for "Anything with Montgomery Clift!"<ref>Casillo, pp. 296–7</ref>

Elizabeth Taylor put her salary on the line as insurance  to have Clift cast as her co-star in ''[[Reflections in a Golden Eye (film)|Reflections in a Golden Eye]]'', to be directed by John Huston.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 276</ref> In preparation for the shooting of this film, Clift accepted the role of James Bower in the French [[Cold War]] thriller ''[[The Defector (film)|The Defector]]'', which was filmed in [[West Germany]] from February to April 1966. He insisted on performing his stunts himself, including swimming in the River [[Elbe]] in March. The schedule for ''Reflections in a Golden Eye'' was then set for August 1966, but Clift died in July 1966. Marlon Brando was cast as his replacement.

==Personal life==
Clift is said to have valued privacy and ambiguity in his personal life, though he was known to be friendly and affectionate, blurring the emotions of [[platonic love]] and sexual attraction, particularly with close friend Elizabeth Taylor. Paramount Pictures arranged for her to attend the Los Angeles premiere of ''The Heiress'' as Clift's date to generate publicity.<ref>Casillo, pp. 62–3</ref> Paramount executive [[Luigi Luraschi]] remembered that Taylor, like many American teenagers, seemed "unmistakably in love" with Clift around the time of filming ''A Place in the Sun'',<ref>Casillo, pp. 66–7</ref> which commenced soon after that premiere outing.

Throughout the 1950s, Clift and Taylor starred together as romantic leads in three films: ''A Place in the Sun'', ''[[Raintree County (film)|Raintree County]]'', and ''Suddenly, Last Summer.'' Their romantic scenes in ''A Place in the Sun'' received considerable acclaim for their naturalness and authentic appearance. Taylor remained a loyal friend to Clift until his death.

In 2000, at the [[GLAAD Media Awards]], where Taylor was honored for her work for the [[LGBT]] community, she made the first public declaration by anyone that Clift was [[gay]] and called him her closest friend and confidant.<ref name="Kane">{{cite web|last1=Kane|first1=Matt |url=http://www.glaad.org/2011/03/25/video-elizabeth-taylor-at-the-11th-annual-glaad-media-awards|title= Elizabeth Taylor at the 11th Annual GLAAD Media Awards|publisher =[[GLAAD]]|date=March 25, 2011|access-date=February 1, 2017}}</ref> Clift's brother claimed he was [[bisexual]].<ref name="Petersen">{{cite web |last1=Petersen |first1=Anne Helen |date=September 23, 2014 |title=Scandals of Classic Hollywood: The Long Suicide of Montgomery Clift |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/09/scandals-of-classic-hollywood-montgomery-clift |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240124145015/https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2014/09/scandals-of-classic-hollywood-montgomery-clift |archive-date=January 24, 2024 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |work=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]}}</ref> When Clift began therapy in late 1950, he told his psychiatrist, "he thought he was [[homosexual]] and he wanted to know how to deal with it."<ref>Bosworth, p. 204</ref> After his death, in a taped telephone conversation with his brother, Clift's mother stated that she had known early on that Clift was homosexual.<ref>Capua, p. 22</ref>

Many of Clift's biographers cite his relationships with men and a few women based on friends' accounts and interviews. He was linked to actresses [[Libby Holman]]<ref>Casillo, pp. 29, 87–8</ref><ref>LaGuardia, p. 57</ref> and [[Phyllis Thaxter]].<ref>Capua, p. 25</ref><ref>Casillo, pp. 23–4</ref><ref>LaGuardia, pp. 35–6</ref> However, Clift's longest relationships were with men. He was involved with the ''[[Adventures of Superman (TV series)|Adventures of Superman]]'' actor [[Jack Larson]] and theater actor [[William LeMassena]],<ref>Casillo, pp. 22, 105–6</ref><ref>Capua, p. 24</ref> with whom he had a three-year relationship. LeMassena remained a close friend to Clift until his death. He described their relationship with fondness and kept taped film reels of Clift and the company of ''There Shall Be No Night'' enjoying leisure time together.<ref>LaGuardia, pp. 36–7</ref>

Clift was deeply and intensely involved with Broadway choreographer [[Jerome Robbins]];<ref>Lawrence, Greg (2001)''. Dance with Demons: The Life of Jerome Robbins'', pp. 120–23</ref> "few associates were aware of how intimate and emotionally charged the relationship between Clift and Robbins was."<ref>Jowitt, Deborah (2004). ''Jerome Robbins: His Life, His Theater, His Dance,''  p. 135</ref> They camouflaged their relationship by dating women.<ref>Lawrence 2001, p. 127</ref><ref>Jowitt, pp. 108, 135</ref><ref>"Jerome Robbins: Something to Dance About" ''American Masters'', Season 23, Episode 1</ref> In 1948, when Clift left Robbins to pursue a movie career in Hollywood, the announcement devastated Robbins.<ref>Vaill, Amanda (2006). ''Somewhere The Life of Jerome Robbins'', p. 240</ref><ref>Jowitt, pp. 146–7</ref> He told Clift, "I could make you love me," at the end of their two-year affair.<ref>Vaill, p. 240</ref>
 
Robbins is said to have conceived the basic plot of ''[[West Side Story]]'' after Clift shared the idea with him, according to actor [[Russ Tamblyn]]. In 2021, Tamblyn recalled that Robbins "told us on the set one day that the idea really came from Montgomery Clift, who was Jerry's boyfriend at the time... He said that he was with Monty at a party on Fire Island … [and Clift said] 'I've got an idea for a musical. Why not have a musical about [[Romeo and Juliet]], but make it with gangs in New York?' And Jerry said that he just couldn't get it out of his head."<ref>{{cite web |last=Ring |first=Trudy |date=May 6, 2021 |title=TCM Fest: West Side Story's Queer Origins and Other LGBTQ+ Highlights |url=https://www.advocate.com/film/2021/5/06/tcm-fest-west-side-storys-queer-origins-and-other-lgbtq-highlights |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524160416/https://www.advocate.com/film/2021/5/06/tcm-fest-west-side-storys-queer-origins-and-other-lgbtq-highlights |archive-date=May 24, 2024 |access-date=March 5, 2022 |work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]}}</ref> Robbins called Clift a "theatrical genius" early on in their affair.<ref>Bosworth, p. 156</ref>

In the early 1950s, [[Barney Balaban]] (president of Paramount Pictures) invited Clift on one of the Balaban family vacations to [[Nassau, Bahamas]]. [[Judy Balaban]], his daughter, claimed that she had an immediate connection with Clift and the two were "joined at the hip", dating for many months following.<ref name="ReferenceC">Clift, Event occurs at 00:31:57</ref> She attended the New York premiere of ''A Place in the Sun'' in August 1951 as his date.

Prior to his involvement with Balaban, Clift had received a barrage of [[blackmail]] phone calls at his residence, threatening to [[Outing|out]] him as homosexual, which resulted in Clift having to repeatedly change his number.<ref>Bosworth, p. 207</ref>

While the press assumed that Balaban and Clift were an item, Clift secretly dated British actor [[Roddy McDowall]]. According to Balaban, she was naïve about Clift's homosexuality and his romantic involvement with McDowall, who would occasionally accompany them on public outings.<ref>Bosworth, p. 211</ref><ref>Hoskyns, Barney (1992). ''Montgomery Clift: Beautiful Loser'', p. 96</ref> McDowall was introduced to Clift by his ''[[Lassie Come Home]]'' co-star Elizabeth Taylor.<ref>Langella, Frank (2012). ''Dropped Names: Famous Men and Women As I Knew Them'', p. 336</ref> During the two and a half years that Clift stayed away from films, McDowall's career was nonexistent.<ref>LaGuardia, pp.138–39</ref><ref>Bosworth, p. 281</ref> He devoted himself entirely to Clift and moved from Los Angeles to New York City to be closer to his idol.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 17, 2021 |title=#BornThisDay: Actor, Roddy McDowall |url=https://worldofwonder.net/bornthisday-actor-roddy-mcdowall-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927184710/https://worldofwonder.net/bornthisday-actor-roddy-mcdowall-4/ |archive-date=September 27, 2022}}</ref> Reportedly, McDowall attempted suicide after their breakup.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-17 |title=#BornThisDay: Actor, Montgomery Clift - The WOW Report |url=https://worldofwonder.net/bornthisday-actor-montgomery-clift-4/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208035534/https://worldofwonder.net/bornthisday-actor-montgomery-clift-4/ |archive-date=February 8, 2023 |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=worldofwonder.net |language=en-US}}</ref> Nevertheless, he showed no bitterness and also remained one of Clift's loyal friends.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Douglas |first=Illeana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8nGcCgAAQBAJ&dq=tap+dancer+from+old+movies++dennis&pg=PA56 |title=I Blame Dennis Hopper: And Other Stories from a Life Lived In and Out of the Movies |date=2015-11-03 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=978-1-250-05291-9 |pages=179 |language=en |quote=Roddy was a private man who kept his private life separate, but I could tell by the way he spoke about him [Clift] that Roddy felt a deep love for the man he could not save.}}</ref> McDowall starred with Clift in his final picture, ''The Defector''. Clift later stated that he could never have finished the film without McDowall's moral support.<ref>{{cite web |date=October 4, 1998 |title=Obituary: Roddy McDowall |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-roddy-mcdowall-1176240.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409025313/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-roddy-mcdowall-1176240.html |archive-date=April 9, 2023 |website=[[Independent.co.uk]]}}</ref>

While filming for Vittorio De Sica in Italy, Clift had a romance with [[Truman Capote]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Capote |first=Truman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZtVQmML8xkC&q=clift |title=Too Brief a Treat: The Letters of Truman Capote |date= May 15, 2012 |publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-345-80309-2 |page=199 |language=en}}</ref><ref>Clarke, Gerald (1989). ''Capote: A Biography'', p. 235</ref> Author James Jones and Clift became very close during the filming of ''From Here to Eternity.'' Jones publicly stated, "I would have had an affair with him, but he never asked me."<ref>Bosworth, p. 255</ref> One of Clift's first intimate relationships was with composer [[Lehman Engel]].<ref>Hoskyns, p. 34</ref><ref>Bosworth, pp. 70–73</ref> He was also involved with [[Donald Windham]] and his partner [[Sandy Campbell (actor)|Sandy Campbell]].<ref>Windham, Donald (1987). ''Lost Friendships: A Memoir of Truman Capote, Tennessee Williams, and Others'', p. 64</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 16, 2010 |title=Donald Windham |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/7895371/Donald-Windham.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815153339/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/culture-obituaries/books-obituaries/7895371/Donald-Windham.html |archive-date=August 15, 2023 |access-date=September 16, 2022 |website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> In his memoir, [[Arthur Laurents]] suggests that Clift had a fling with [[Farley Granger]].<ref>Laurents, Arthur (2000). ''Original Story By: A Memoir of Broadway and Hollywood'', pp. 5, 114</ref>

Clift was also friends with Marlon Brando, who dropped by his home offering to accompany him to [[Alcoholics Anonymous]] meetings.<ref>Casillo, pp. 169–70</ref>

Clift supported [[Adlai Stevenson II|Adlai Stevenson]] in the [[1952 United States presidential election]].<ref>Bosworth, p. 242</ref>

==Death==
{{stack|[[File:I Montgomery Clift House, NYC, NY, USA.jpg|thumb|upright|Montgomery Clift's former townhouse with green painted front door, where he died, located at 217 East 61st Street, Manhattan, New York City.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://observer.com/2016/09/montgomery-clifts-pedigreed-upper-east-side-townhouse-could-be-yours/|title=Montgomery Clift's Pedigreed Upper East Side Townhouse Could Be Yours|website=Observer|date=September 9, 2016|access-date= March 29, 2017}}</ref>]]}}
On July 22, 1966, Clift spent most of the day in his New York City townhouse, located at 217 East 61st Street. His private nurse and companion, Lorenzo James, and he had not spoken much all day. Between midnight and 1:00&nbsp;am, James asked Clift, who was in his bed and reading a book, whether he would be interested in viewing a rebroadcast of ''The Misfits'' that was airing as a late-night movie. "Absolutely not!" exclaimed Clift, and James went to his own bedroom to sleep, without saying another word to Clift.<ref>Bosworth, p. 406</ref> 

At 6:30&nbsp;am, James woke up and went to wake Clift, but found the bedroom door closed and locked. Concerned and unable to break the door down, James ran down to the back garden and climbed up a ladder to enter through the second-floor bedroom window. Inside, he found Clift dead; he was undressed, lying in his bed still wearing his eyeglasses and with both fists clenched by his side. James used the bedroom telephone to call some of Clift's personal physicians and the medical examiner's office before an ambulance arrived.<ref>LaGuardia, p. 285</ref>

Clift's body was taken to the city [[morgue]] and autopsied. The [[autopsy]] report cited the cause of death as a [[heart attack]] brought on by "[[Coronary occlusion|occlusive coronary artery disease]]". No evidence was found that suggested foul play or suicide.<ref>Bosworth, p. 407</ref>

Drug addiction is commonly believed to have been responsible for Clift's many health problems and his death. In addition to lingering effects of [[dysentery]] and chronic [[colitis]], an underactive [[thyroid]] was later revealed during the autopsy. The condition (among other things) lowers blood pressure; it could have caused Clift to appear drunk or drugged when he was sober.<ref>McCann, p. 68</ref> 

Following a 15-minute funeral at [[St. James' Episcopal Church (Manhattan)|St. James' Church]] on [[Madison Avenue]] in [[Manhattan]], which was attended by 150 guests, including [[Lauren Bacall]], Frank Sinatra, and [[Nancy Walker]], Clift was buried in the Friends [[Quaker]] Cemetery, [[Prospect Park (Brooklyn)|Prospect Park]], [[Brooklyn]].<ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 8764–8765). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition.</ref> Elizabeth Taylor, who was in Rome, sent flowers, as did Roddy McDowall, [[Judy Garland]], [[Myrna Loy]], and [[Lew Wasserman]].<ref>LaGuardia, p. 288</ref>

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Director
! Notes
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1948
| ''[[The Search]]''
| Ralph "Steve" Stevenson
| [[Fred Zinnemann]]
|
|-
| ''[[Red River (1948 film)|Red River]]''
| Matthew "Matt" Garth
| [[Howard Hawks]]
|
|-
| 1949
| ''[[The Heiress]]''
| Morris Townsend
| [[William Wyler]]
|
|-
| 1950
| ''[[The Big Lift]]''
| Danny MacCullough
| [[George Seaton]]
|
|-
| 1951
| ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]''
| George Eastman
| [[George Stevens]]
|
|-
|rowspan="3" | 1953
| ''[[I Confess (film)|I Confess]]''
| Fr. Michael William Logan
| [[Alfred Hitchcock]]
|
|-
| ''[[Terminal Station (film)|Terminal Station]]'' 
| Giovanni Doria
| [[Vittorio De Sica]]
| (re-edited and rereleased in the United States as ''Indiscretion of an American Wife'')
|-
| ''[[From Here to Eternity]]''
| Robert E. Lee "Prew" Prewitt
| [[Fred Zinnemann]]
|
|-
|1957
| ''[[Raintree County (film)|Raintree County]]''
| John Wickliff Shawnessy
| [[Edward Dmytryk]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1958
| ''[[The Young Lions (film)|The Young Lions]]''
| Noah Ackerman
| [[Edward Dmytryk]]
|
|-
| ''[[Lonelyhearts]]''
| Adam White
| [[Vincent J. Donehue]]
|
|-
| 1959
| ''[[Suddenly, Last Summer (film)|Suddenly, Last Summer]]''
| Dr. John Cukrowicz
| [[Joseph L. Mankiewicz]]
|
|-
| 1960
| ''[[Wild River (film)|Wild River]]''
| Chuck Glover
| [[Elia Kazan]]
|
|-
|rowspan="2" | 1961
| ''[[The Misfits (1961 film)|The Misfits]]''
| Perce Howland
| [[John Huston]]
|
|-
|''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''
| Rudolph Petersen
| [[Stanley Kramer]]
|
|-
|1962
| ''[[Freud: The Secret Passion]]''
| [[Sigmund Freud]]
| [[John Huston]]
|
|-
| 1966
| ''[[The Defector (film)|The Defector]]''
| Prof. James Bower
| [[Raoul Lévy]]
| Posthumous release
|}

===Film roles declined===
Clift received and declined offers for roles in the following films:
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
*''[[The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938 film)|The Adventures of Tom Sawyer]]'' (1938)<ref>Clift, 00:17:16</ref> – [[Tommy Kelly (actor)|Tommy Kelly]] was later cast
*''[[Mrs. Miniver]]'' (1942)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 47</ref><ref>Clift, 00:18:56</ref> – [[Richard Ney]] was later cast
*''[[Rope (film)|Rope]]'' (1948)<ref>Casillo, p. 48</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2014/03/haysd-decoding-the-classics-rope-214547 |title=Hays'd: Decoding the Classics - 'Rope' | work=[[IndieWire]]|first=Les|last=Fabian Braithwaite|date=March 13, 2014|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[John Dall]] was later cast
*''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]'' (1950) – exited contract before filming; was replaced by [[William Holden]]<ref>LaGuardia, p. 79</ref><ref>Clift, 00:19:57</ref><ref>Casillo, p. 49</ref>
*''[[High Noon]]'' (1952)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Gary Cooper]] was later cast
*''[[Act of Love (1953 film)|Act of Love]]'' (1953)<ref>{{cite magazine | last= Roman|first= Robert|date= | title= Montgomery Clift|magazine= Films in Review Vol. XVII No. 9 November 1966 | page= 546 | location= New York, NY | editor= Henry Hart | publisher= [[National Board of Review | National Board of Review of Motion Pictures, Inc.]]}}</ref> – [[Kirk Douglas]] was later cast
*''[[Shane (film)|Shane]]'' (1953)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reverseshot.org/symposiums/entry/2010/shane | title=Don't Fence Me In | work=Reverse Shot | first=Adam | last=Nayman | date=February 26, 2015 | access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Alan Ladd]] was later cast
*''[[Désirée (film)|Désirée]]'' (1954)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref> – [[Marlon Brando]] was later cast
*''[[On the Waterfront]]'' (1954)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref><ref>Clift, 00:19:27</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Marlon Brando]] was later cast
*''[[Suddenly (1954 film)|Suddenly]]'' (1954)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0047542/trivia/ | title= Suddenly (1954) Trivia | work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref>
*''[[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1954)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.vulture.com/2016/08/lady-gaga-might-be-perfect-for-a-star-is-born.html | title=A Star Is Born Is the Ultimate Hollywood Horror Story, and Lady Gaga Might Be Perfect Casting | work=Vulture | first=Mark | last=Harris | date=August 25, 2015 | access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[James Mason]] was later cast
*''[[East of Eden (film)|East of Eden]]'' (1955)<ref>Clift, 00:19:27</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Richard Davalos]] was later cast
*''[[Not as a Stranger]]'' (1955)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref> – [[Robert Mitchum]] was later cast
*''[[Prince of Players]]'' (1955)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Richard Burton]] was later cast
*''[[War and Peace (1956 film)|War and Peace]]'' (1956)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref> – [[Henry Fonda]] was later cast
*''[[Friendly Persuasion (1956 film)|Friendly Persuasion]]'' (1956)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Anthony Perkins]] was later cast
*''[[The Bridge on the River Kwai]]'' (1957)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0050212/trivia/ | title= Trivia | work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref><ref>Clift, 00:19:26</ref> – [[Geoffrey Horne]] was later cast
*''[[Cat on a Hot Tin Roof (1958 film)|Cat on a Hot Tin Roof]]'' (1958)<ref>LaGuardia, p. 117</ref> – [[Paul Newman]] was later cast
*''[[Rio Bravo (film)|Rio Bravo]]'' (1959)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Dean Martin]] was later cast
*''[[Sons and Lovers (film)|Sons and Lovers]]'' (1960) – exited contract before filming; [[Dean Stockwell]] was later cast<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nytimes.com/1955/04/18/archives/clift-takes-role-in-columbia-film-will-portray-paul-morel-in.html | title=Clift Takes Role in Columbia Film: Will Portray Paul Morel in Adaptation of Lawrence's Novel, 'Sons and Lovers' | work= [[The New York Times]] | first=Thomas | last=Pryor | date=April 18, 1955|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref><ref>LaGuardia, p. 140</ref>
*''[[Fahrenheit 451 (1966 film)|Fahrenheit 451]]'' (1966)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift |title=Philip French's screen legends|work=[[The Guardian]]|first=Philip|last=French|date=January 16, 2010|access-date=April 1, 2022}}</ref> – [[Oskar Werner]] was later cast
{{Col-end}}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
|1939 || ''Hay Fever'' || Performer || Television Movie
|-
|1963 || ''[[What's My Line?]]'' || Mystery Guest || Episode: Montgomery Clift
|-
|1963 || ''[[The Merv Griffin Show]]'' || Self || Season 1 - Episode: 86
|-
|1965 || ''William Faulkner's Mississippi'' || Narrator || Television Documentary
|}

=== Theatre ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable" | Venue
|-
|1933 || ''As Husbands Go'' || Performer || Sarasota, Florida
|-
|1935 || ''Fly Away Home'' || Harmer Masters || [[48th Street Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1935 || ''[[Jubilee (musical)|Jubilee]]'' || Prince Peter || [[Imperial Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1938 || ''Yr. Obedient Husband'' || Lord Finch || [[Broadhurst Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1938 || ''Eye On the Sparrow'' || Philip Thomas || [[Vanderbilt Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1938 || ''The Wind and the Rain'' || Charles Tritton || Millbrook Theatre, New York
|-
|1938 || ''Dame Nature'' || Andre Brisac || [[Booth Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1939 || ''[[The Mother (Brecht play)|The Mother]]'' || Tony || [[Lyceum Theatre (Broadway)|Lyceum Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1940 || ''[[There Shall Be No Night]]'' || Erik Valkonen || [[Alvin Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1941 || ''Out of the Frying Pan'' || Performer || Country Theater, Suffern
|-
|1942 || ''Mexican Mural'' || Lalo Brito || Chain Auditorium, New York
|-
|1942 || ''[[The Skin of Our Teeth]]'' || Henry || [[Gerald Schoenfeld Theatre|Plymouth Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1944 || ''[[Our Town]]'' || George Gibbs || [[City Center]], Broadway
|-
|1944 || ''The Searching Wind'' || Samuel Hazen || [[Fulton Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1945 || ''Foxhole in the Parlor'' || Dennis Patterson || [[Ethel Barrymore Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1945 || ''You Touched Me'' || Hadrian || [[Booth Theatre]], Broadway
|-
|1954 || ''[[The Seagull]]'' || Constantin Treplev || [[Phoenix Theatre (New York City)|Phoenix Theatre]], Off-Broadway
|}

===Radio===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Programme !! Episode !! Ref.
|-
| 1951|| ''[[Theatre Guild on the Air]]'' || ''[[The Glass Menagerie]]'' ||<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kirby|first1=Walter|title=Better Radio Programs for the Week|newspaper=The Decatur Daily Review |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/2470060/the_decatur_daily_review/|agency=The Decatur Daily Review|date=March 16, 1952|page=44|via = [[Newspapers.com]]|access-date = May 23, 2015}} {{Open access}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Awards
! Category
! Project
! Award
! Ref.
|-
| [[21st Academy Awards|1948]]
| rowspan="4"| [[Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Academy Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| ''[[The Search]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref name="Oscars1949">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1949 |title=The 21st Academy Awards (1949) Nominees and Winners |access-date= August 18, 2011 |publisher=Oscars.org ([[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706093808/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/21st-winners.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[24th Academy Awards|1951]]
| ''[[A Place in the Sun (1951 film)|A Place in the Sun]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref name="Oscars1952">{{cite web |url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1952 |title=The 24th Academy Awards (1952) Nominees and Winners |publisher=Oscars.org ([[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]) |access-date= August 19, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706093825/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/24th-winners.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[26th Academy Awards|1953]]
| ''[[From Here to Eternity]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref name="Oscars1954">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1954 |title=The 26th Academy Awards (1954) Nominees and Winners |access-date=May 31, 2015 |publisher=Oscars.org ([[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]]) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706093858/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/legacy/ceremony/26th-winners.html |archive-date=July 6, 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[34th Academy Awards|1961]]
| [[Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| rowspan="3"| ''[[Judgment at Nuremberg]]''
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref name="Oscars1962">{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1962 |title=The 34th Academy Awards (1962) Nominees and Winners |date=October 5, 2014 |access-date=February 19, 2015 |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215223044/http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1962 |archive-date=February 15, 2015 }}</ref>}}
|-
| [[15th British Academy Film Awards|1961]]
| [[British Academy Film Awards]]
| [[BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role|Best Foreign Actor]]
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/1962/film |title=BAFTA Awards: Film in 1962 |website=[[BAFTA]] |year=1962 |access-date=June 29, 2021 |ref={{harvid|BAFTA|1962}}}}</ref>}}
|-
| [[19th Golden Globe Awards|1961]]
| [[Golden Globe Awards]]
| [[Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture|Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture]]
| {{nom}}
| {{center|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/person/montgomery-clift |title=Montgomery Clift – Golden Globe Awards |website=[[HFPA]] |access-date=June 29, 2021 |ref={{harvid|HFPA|1962}}}}</ref>}}
|}

In 1960, Clift was honored with a star on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]] at 6104 [[Hollywood Boulevard]].

== In popular culture ==

The song "The Right Profile" by the English punk rock band [[the Clash]], from their album ''[[London Calling]]'', is about the later life of Clift. The song alludes to his car crash and drug abuse, as well as the movies ''A Place in the Sun'', ''Red River'', ''From Here to Eternity'', and ''The Misfits'', before closing with what ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' magazine describes as "a grudging admiration that becomes unexpectedly and astonishingly moving."<ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/london-calling-2-252761/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230919110416/https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/london-calling-2-252761/ |archive-date=September 19, 2023 |title=London Calling|magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]|first=Tom|last=Carson|date=April 3, 1980|access-date=March 5, 2022}}</ref> "[[Monty Got a Raw Deal]]" by rock band [[R.E.M.]] is also about him.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fletcher |first1=Tony |title=Remarks Remade: The Story Of REM |date=2009 |publisher=Omnibus Press}}</ref> The song "Montgomery Clift" by British band [[Random Hold]] concerns the legend that Clift enjoyed hanging from the window ledges of tall buildings.

In the 2007 novel ''[[Zeroville]]'' and its 2019 [[Zeroville (film)|film adaptation]], the main character, Vikar, is fascinated by Clift. He has a tattoo of Clift and Elizabeth Taylor on his shaved head. Clift, portrayed by [[Dave Franco]], appears briefly in the movie.

Clift (portrayed by Gavin Adams) was a major supporting character in the 2020 feature film ''As Long As I’m Famous'', which explored his intimate relationship with a young [[Sidney Lumet]] during the summer of 1948.<ref>{{Cite web |last=frankie |title=As Long As I'm Famous: Broadwood Media's Bruce Reisman Discusses LGBTQ Inclusivity in Hollywood |url=https://baltimoreoutloud.com/wp/as-long-as-im-famous-broadwood-medias-bruce-reisman-discusses-lgbtq-inclusivity-in-hollywood/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221129141345/http://baltimoreoutloud.com/wp/as-long-as-im-famous-broadwood-medias-bruce-reisman-discusses-lgbtq-inclusivity-in-hollywood/ |archive-date=29 November 2022 |access-date=2023-05-24 |website=Baltimore OUTloud |language=en-US}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of actors with Academy Award nominations]]
* [[List of actors with two or more Academy Award nominations in acting categories]]
* [[List of LGBT Academy Award winners and nominees]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==References==
* Bosworth, Patricia (1978). ''Montgomery Clift: A Biography''. Hal Leonard Corporation, 2007. ''N.B''.: Also published in mass-market pbk. ed. (New York: Bantam Books, 1978); originally published by Harcourt, 1978. {{ISBN|0-87910-135-0}} (H. Leonard), {{ISBN|0-553-12455-2}} (Bantam)
* Capua, Michelangelo (2002). ''Montgomery Clift: A Biography''. McFarland. {{ISBN|978-0-7864-1432-1}}
* Casillo, Charles (2021), ''Elizabeth and Monty: The Untold Story of Their Intimate Friendship''. New York, Kensington Publishing Corp. {{ISBN|978-1-4967-2479-3}} (hardcover edition)
* Clift, Robert Anderson and Hillary Demmon (2018). ''Making Montgomery Clift''. 1091 Pictures.
* Girelli, Elisabetta (2013) "Montgomery Clift Queer Star", Wayne University Press. {{ISBN|9780814335147}}
* Kramer, Stanley and Thomas M. Coffey (1997). ''A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World: A Life in Hollywood''. {{ISBN|0-15-154958-3}}
* LaGuardia, Robert (1977). ''Monty: A Biography of Montgomery Clift''. New York, Avon Books. {{ISBN|0-380-01887-X}} (paperback edition)
* Lawrence, Amy (2010) "The Passion of Montgomery Clift", Berkeley and Los Angeles, University of California Press. {{ISBN|9780520260474}}
* McCann, Graham (1991). ''Rebel Males: Clift, Brando and Dean''. H. Hamilton. {{ISBN|978-0-241-12884-8}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}

* {{AFI person | 114490-Montgomery-Clift }}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{IBDB name}}
* {{IOBDB name}}
* {{TCMDb name}}
* [http://nypl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/12357456052_montgomery_clift_papers Montgomery Clift papers, 1933–1966], Billy Rose Theatre Division, [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]]
* [http://nypl.bibliocommons.com/item/show/19665736052_montgomery_clift_papers_additions Montgomery Clift papers, Additions, 1929–1969], Billy Rose Theatre Division, [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]]
* [https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jan/17/screen-legend-montgomery-clift Screen Legends: Montgomery Clift], ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/9841724/Montgomery-Clift-better-than-Brando-more-tragic-than-Dean.html Montgomery Clift: better than Brando, more tragic than Dean]
* {{Find a Grave}}

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