Editing Moon type

{{short description|Writing system for the blind}}
{{For|the distinction between "sun"-type and "moon"-type letters in the [[Arabic alphabet]]|Sun and moon letters}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=January 2010}}
{{Infobox Writing system
|name= Moon
|type= [[Alphabet]]
|time= 1845 to present
|fam1=[[Latin alphabet]]
|languages= [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[Danish language|Danish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Greek language|Greek]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Chinese language| Chinese]]
|creator= [[William Moon]]
|iso15924=Moon
|direction = Mixed
}}
The '''Moon System of Embossed Reading''' (commonly known as the '''Moon writing''', '''Moon alphabet''', '''Moon script''', '''Moon type''', or '''Moon code''') is a [[writing system]] for the [[blindness|blind]], using embossed symbols mostly derived from the [[Latin script]] (but simplified). It is claimed by its supporters to be easier to understand than [[braille]], though it is mainly used by people who have lost their sight as adults, and thus already have knowledge of the shapes of letters.

==History==
[[Image:Moon-type-chart.jpg|right|thumbnail|upright|Dr Moon's Alphabet for the Blind, from his ''Light for the Blind'', published in 1877]]

Moon type was developed by [[William Moon]] (1818—1894), a blind Englishman living in [[Brighton]], [[East Sussex]]. After a bout of [[scarlet fever]], Moon lost his sight at age 21 and became a teacher of blind children.  He discovered that his pupils had great difficulty learning to read the existing styles of [[Paper embossing|embossed]] reading codes, and devised his own system that would be "open and clear to the touch."<ref name=Farrell102>Farrell, p. 102.</ref>

Moon first formulated his ideas in 1843 and published the scheme in 1845. Moon is not as well known as [[braille]], but it is a valuable alternative{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} touch reading scheme for the blind or partially sighted people of any age.

Rather than the dots of braille type, Moon type is made up of raised curves, angles, and lines. As the characters are quite large and over half the letters bear a strong resemblance to the print equivalent, Moon has been found particularly suitable for those who lose their sight later in life or for people who may have a less keen sense of touch. It has also proved successful as a mode of literacy for children with additional physical and/or learning difficulties.

Schools can borrow very simple children's books with added Moon type from the Clearvision Project in London.

===Foreign languages===
[[Image:Moon-prayer.jpg|left|thumbnail|upright|Specimens of Dr Moon's Type for the Blind, “Our father which art in heaven” applied to several languages, from his ''Light for the Blind'', published in 1877]]
English Christian missionaries in [[Ningbo]] (Ningpo), China, during the [[Qing dynasty]] used Moon type to teach blind locals how to read [[Ningbo dialect|Ningbo]]. Missionaries who spoke the Ningbo dialect ran the "Home for Indigent Old People" where most of the inmates were blind. In 1874, an English missionary taught a young blind man to read [[Romanization|romanised]] Ningbo written in Moon type. The [[Gospel of Luke]] was then transcribed into two large volumes of Moon type. A Swiss missionary placed notices on placards throughout Ningbo stating that he would give food and money to the blind people who visited. The [[Gospel of Mark]] was transcribed into Moon type using romanized [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]], however, without the tone marks. Missionary [[Hudson Taylor]], who had been involved with the transcription of the gospels, did not find tone marks necessary, as the romanised Ningbo vernacular has never used tone marks. However, [[aspirated consonant]]s were distinguished.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HiE-AQAAIAAJ&q=mosque+ningpo&pg=PA213|title=The Chinese Times|volume=III|author=J. Crossett|publisher=Tientsin Printing Co.|location=Tientsin|page=213|date=April 6, 1889|quote=Wayside Notes.<br /> This is written in the court of the Home for Indigent Old People while my companions, who speak the Ningpo colloquial, are talking to the inmates. Many are blind or have eyes little better than blind. The diligence with which a large proportion of them recite prayers is quite noticeable. The same men in charge of this Home have also the trust of a fund to loan out without interest to poor men who can give good security. Many can thus do business who otherwise could not.<br /><br />I found an English missionary who in 1874 taught a young blind man in a short time to read the colloquial of Ningpo written with the letters of Moon's system for the blind. At that time Ningpo had the Gospel of Luke in two large volumes of the Moon's system embossed. This blind man was boarded in the family of a teacher in the missionary's compound, but for some reason he went off and the labour appeared to be lost. This missionary returns to England in a little while, when I hope he will gather information and interest others about the blind in China. A Swiss missionary here used to give out notices by placards over the city that at such a time he would give a feast and money to the blind people who came. He thus tried to gather statistics about them and do them a favour. He was here too short a time to accomplish so much in teaching them as he hoped to do. He used a point system. The Moon's system employed was like the recently brought out Mark in Moon's raised letter Romanized mandarin without tone marks. Mr. Hudson Taylor, who had to do with getting the embossed Luke in Ningpo fifteen years ago, and the embossed Mark in Mandarin does not think that tone marks are necessary. The well known and long used Ningpo Romanized vernacular has not now nor never has had any tone marks. Aspirates, however, are distinguished. When people sing hymns it is not likely that they pay attention to tones in their enunciation. They read the Romanized books, however, correctly, because of the well understood connection of sense. We did not use tone marks in the tangible point system used at Hankow.<br /><br />At a mosque to-day the interesting information was given me of the "[[Kaifeng Jews|Sect who pluck out the sinew]]" at Cliang-sha Fu in [[Hunan]] province. We must find out what it means. My informant professed to be the Ah-hung of the Ningpo mosque, whose home originally was Chi-nan Fu but who for twenty years had been here and at [[Hangchow]]. He had forgotten that to-day was juh ma, i.e., Friday, the Moslem's worship-day. This little colony and mosque are spoken of in "The Middle Kingdom." The Ah-hung brought out an Arabic New Testament in his possession. He says that at Hangchow are some families of the Kwan Ch'uan-kiao, i.e., the patriarchal sect. A missionary here as long ago as 1852 found men in Ningpo from the West of China, who were worshippers of one only God, but denied being Moslems or Christians.<br /><br />J. Crossett.|access-date=17 July 2011}}</ref>

==Characters==
===Letters===
[[Image:Moonalphabet.svg|upright=1.5|Moon alphabet]]
{{clear}}
[[File:Typewriter (30109883013).jpg|thumb|upright|The Moon alphabet, including some contractions]]
As [[Braille Grade 2|with braille]], there is a Grade 1 using one Moon character per one Latin character and a Grade 2 using [[contraction (grammar)|contraction]]s and [[shorthand]] that make texts more compact and faster to read, though requiring more study.<ref name="RNIB">{{cite web| url= http://www.rnib.org.uk/livingwithsightloss/reading/how/braille/tactilecodes/moon/learningmoon/Pages/learning_moon.aspx| url-status= dead| archive-url= https://archive.today/20121224091047/http://www.rnib.org.uk/livingwithsightloss/reading/how/braille/tactilecodes/moon/learningmoon/Pages/learning_moon.aspx |title= Learning Moon| archive-date= 24 December 2012| publisher= [[Royal National Institute for the Blind]]| website= rnib.org.uk}}</ref>

===Numbers===
Similarly to Braille, the initial version of Moon type used the first ten letters with a "number start" symbol as digits.
{| class="wikitable"
! Start || 1 || 2 || 3 || 4 || 5 || 6 || 7 || 8 || 9 || 0
|-
| [[Image:Moon alphabet Numeral sign.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter A.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter B.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter C.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter D.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter E.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter F.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter G.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter H.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter I.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
| [[Image:Moon Letter J.svg|frameless|center|upright=0.1]]
|}
A later version used different symbols for each digit (''StaffsMaths''). These symbols are more complex to print.<ref name="StaffMaths">{{cite web| url= http://www.moonliteracy.org.uk/moonmaths.htm | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090615010109/http://www.moonliteracy.org.uk/moonmaths.htm |title= Moon Maths| website= MoonLiteracy.org.uk | url-status= dead | archive-date= June 15, 2009| access-date= August 14, 2020}}</ref>

===Punctuation===
The type also includes punctuation.

===Dotty Moon===
Besides the original type formed by lines, there is the possibility of using certain [[Braille embosser]]s to produce dot patterns ('''Dotty Moon''' or '''Dotted Moon''') in the shape of Moon characters.<ref name="Writing RNIB">{{cite web| url= https://www.rnib.org.uk/braille-and-moon-%E2%80%93-tactile-codes-moon/writing-and-producing-moon |title= Writing and producing Moon| website= rnib.org.uk| publisher= [[Royal National Institute for the Blind]]}}</ref> The patterns are disposed as a 5x5 grid.

==Direction==
Initially the [[boustrophedon|text changed direction]] (but not character orientation) at the end of the lines. Special embossed lines connected the end of a line and the beginning of the next.<ref name="Ramseyer">''[http://www.d.umn.edu/lib/bible/displays/rare/moon.htm Moon Type for the Blind]'', [[Ramseyer Bible Collection]], [[Kathryn A. Martin Library]], [[University of Minnesota Duluth]].</ref> However, around 1990, it changed to a [[left-to-right]] orientation.

==Reception==
The [[Royal National Institute for the Blind]] for wider universality prefers braille.<ref name="RNIB1">[https://www.rnib.org.uk/practical-help/reading/braille-and-moon-tactile-codes/moon Moon] at the RNIB site.</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*{{PD-old-text|title=The Chinese Times|year=1889|author=}}
* {{Cite book |title=The Story of Blindness |last=Farrell |first=Gabriel |year=1956 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge |oclc=263655 }}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Moon alphabet}}
* [http://www.deafblind.com/moon.html "Moon Alphabet"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060926190331/http://www.scip.org.uk/moon/homepage.htm "William Moon"]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20031101195012/http://www.bsblind.co.uk/full/moon/moontype.htm The Moon System of Embossed Reading]
* [http://www.cs.ubc.ca/projects/knoll/moon.html Online Moon Type Generator]
* [http://www.clearvisionproject.org/Books/index.html ClearVision Project books page]
* [https://www.rnib.org.uk/practical-help/reading/braille-and-moon-tactile-codes/moon Moon] page at the [[RNIB]].
* [https://archive.today/20121224091047/http://www.rnib.org.uk/livingwithsightloss/reading/how/braille/tactilecodes/moon/learningmoon/Pages/learning_moon.aspx Learning Moon]
* "[http://unicode.org/L2/L2011/11280-n4128-moon.pdf Preliminary proposal for encoding the Moon script in the SMP of the UCS]" at Unicode.org

==See also==
* [[Graffiti (Palm OS)|Graffiti]] / [[Graffiti 2]] writing systems used on Palm OS devices

{{list of writing systems}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tactile alphabets]]
[[Category:Latin-script representations]]
[[Category:1845 introductions]]