Editing Moral rights

{{Short description|Copyrights related to attribution, anonymity, and integrity of the work}}
{{For|inalienable rights not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a particular society or polity|natural rights}}
{{Intellectual property}}

'''Moral rights''' are [[rights]] of creators of [[copyright|copyrighted]] works generally recognized in [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] jurisdictions and, to a lesser extent, in some [[common law]] jurisdictions.<ref name=":1" />

The moral rights include the right of [[attribution (copyright)|attribution]], the right to have a work published [[anonymity|anonymously]] or [[pseudonym]]ously, and the right to the integrity of the work.<ref>"moral, adj.". OED Online. September 2011. Oxford University Press. 25 October 2011.</ref> The preserving of the integrity of the work allows the author to object to alteration, distortion, or mutilation of the work that is "prejudicial to the author's honor or reputation".<ref name="wipo.int">[https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/text/283698#P123_20726], Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, September 9, 1886, art. 6bis, S. Treaty Doc. No. 27, 99th Cong., 2d Sess. 41 (1986).</ref> Anything else that may detract from the artist's relationship with the work even after it leaves the artist's possession or ownership may bring these moral rights into play. Moral rights are distinct from any economic rights tied to copyrights. Even if an artist has assigned their copyright rights to a work to a third party, they still maintain the moral rights to the work.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|author=Sundara Rajan, Mira T.|date=2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bkzKM4pvyB4C|title=Copyright and Creative Freedom: A Study of Post-Socialist Law Reform|pages= 41–42|series= Routledge Studies in International Law|publisher= Taylor & Francis| isbn= 978-0-20396-776-8}}</ref>

Moral rights were first recognized in [[France]] and [[Germany]],<ref>{{cite journal|author=Rigamonti, Cyrill P.|title= Deconstructing Moral Rights|journal=Harvard International Law Journal|volume= 47|issue= 2 |date=Summer 2006|pages= 353–412}}</ref> before they were included in the ''[[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works]]'' in 1928.<ref name=kwall>{{cite book |author-link=Roberta Rosenthal Kwall |last=Kwall |first=Roberta Rosenthal |date=2010 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smES_wO_NscC&dq=the+soul+of+creativity+kwall&pg=PA15 |title=The Soul of Creativity: Forging a Moral Rights Law for the United States |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-80475-643-3}}</ref>{{rp|37}} [[Canada]] recognizes moral rights ({{lang|fr|droits moraux}}) in its ''Copyright Act'' ({{lang|fr|Loi sur le droit d'auteur}}).<ref>[http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-14.html Copyright Act] (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42)</ref> The [[United States]] became a signatory to the convention in 1989,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/results.jsp?countries=US&cat_id=11|title=Countries}}</ref> and incorporated a version of moral rights under [[Copyright law of the United States|its copyright law]], codifed in [[Title 17 of the United States Code|Title 17 of the U.S. Code]]. The Berne convention is not a [[self-executing treaty]], and the [[Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988]] excludes the US from the moral rights section.{{Citation needed|reason= The text of the S.1301 - Berne Convention Implementation Act of 1988 makes no mention of moral rights at all. Lack of inclusion is not the same thing as exclusion. Maybe this works differently with international treaties, but given the red link to self-executing treaty  a citation seems necessary. |date=August 2022}}

Some jurisdictions allow for the [[waiver]] of moral rights.<ref name=kwall/>{{rp|44–45}} In the United States, the ''[[Visual Artists Rights Act]] of 1990 (VARA)'' recognizes moral rights, but applies only to a narrow subset of works of [[visual art]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Gassaway |first=Laura |date=December 2002 |title=Copyright and moral rights |journal=Information Outlook |volume=6 |number=12 |page=40}} (Copyright Corner)</ref> "For the purposes of VARA, visual art includes paintings, drawings, prints, sculptures, and photographs, existing in a single copy or a limited edition of 200 signed and numbered copies or fewer".<ref name=":0" /> A photograph must be taken only for exhibition purposes to be recognized under this subcategory.  Independent art is not a focus of this waiver, for VARA only works in protecting artwork that can be considered as having  "recognized stature"; Some of the items that are voided from VARA's protection include posters, maps, globes, motion pictures, electronic publications, and applied art. The VARA grants artists two specific rights: the right of attribution, and the right of integrity. The right of attribution allows an author to enforce the attribution of their work, prevent the misattribution of their work to another author, and permits the author to retain anonymous or pseudo-anonymous ownership of the work. The right of integrity does its best to prevent distortion or modification of their work, easing an artists' worries surrounding negative defamation directly applied to their work affecting their own personal, creative, or professional reputation through misrepresentation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://cyber.harvard.edu/property/library/moralprimer.html |title=Moral Rights Basics |website=cyber.harvard.edu |publisher=[[Harvard University]] |access-date=2020-04-13}}</ref>

In the United States, moral rights are not transferable, and end only with the life of the author. Authors may, however, waive their moral rights if this is done in writing.<ref name=":0" />

Some jurisdictions like Austria differentiate between narrow and wide moral rights. Whilst the former is about integrity of the work, the latter limits usages, which may harm the author's integrity. Some copyright timestamp services allow an author to publish allowed and disallowed usage intentions to prevent a violation of such wider moral rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fairkom.eu/en/fairregister|title=fairregister &#124; fairkom|website=www.fairkom.eu}}</ref>

==Berne Convention==
Through the Rome Revision of the Berne Convention in 1928, the Berne Convention accepted two forms of moral rights; paternity and integrity. These rights are included in Article 6bis of the ''Berne Convention'' as follows:
<blockquote>
Independent of the author's economic rights, and even after the transfer of the said rights, the author shall have the right to claim authorship of the work and to object to any distortion,  modification of, or other derogatory action in relation to the said work, which would be prejudicial to the author's honor or reputation.<ref name="wipo.int"/>
</blockquote>

==Worldwide situation==

===Europe===
In most of Europe, it is not possible for authors to assign or even broadly waive away their moral rights. This follows a tradition in European copyright itself, which is regarded as an item of property which cannot be sold, but only licensed. The author can agree to waive them to a limited extent (and such terms are very common in contracts in Europe). There may also be a requirement for the author to 'assert' these moral rights before they can be enforced. In many books, for example, this is done on a page near the beginning, in and amongst the British Library/Library of Congress data.<ref>{{Citation |last=Hoppe-Jänisch |first=Daniel |date=19 May 2015 |title=IP Assignment Clauses in International Employment Contracts |publisher=Lexology |location=London |page=9 |url=http://www.lexology.com/library/document.ashx?g=365c8b4a-efe5-45c7-872f-88ca68042d7a |access-date=3 August 2015 |quote=European copyright systems provide for a stronger connection between the copyright and the author of the protected work. This makes sense if one considers that even though the German {{lang|de|Urheberrecht}} or the French {{lang|fr|droit d'auteur}} are often translated as ''copyright'', the literal translation is ''author's right''. It comprises not only proprietary rights but also moral rights. In many European jurisdictions, only the proprietary rights are assignable; in others, copyrights, including the proprietary rights, cannot be assigned at all but authors may only grant others a license to exploit the protected work. Moral rights are usually not assignable and can be waived only to a limited extent.}}</ref>

===Canada===
{{main|Moral rights in Canadian copyright law}}
Section 14.1 of [[Copyright law of Canada|Canada's Copyright Act]] protects the moral rights of authors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-14.html|title=Consolidated federal laws of Canada, Copyright Act|first=Legislative Services|last=Branch|date=April 27, 2023|website=laws-lois.justice.gc.ca}}</ref> The moral rights cannot be assigned, but can be waived contractually. Many publishing contracts in Canada now contain a standard moral right waiver.

Moral rights in Canada were famously exercised in the case of ''[[Snow v. The Eaton Centre Ltd.]]''<ref>''Snow v. The Eaton Centre Ltd.'' (1982) 70 C.P.R. (2d) 105</ref>  In this case [[Toronto Eaton Centre]], a large shopping mall, had commissioned the artist Michael Snow for a sculpture of Canada Geese.  Snow successfully stopped Eaton's from decorating the geese with bows at Christmas.

===China===
Article 20 of the [[s:Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (1990)|Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (1990)]] provides unlimited term of protection of the rights of authorship, alteration, and integrity of an author. As Article 55 of the same Law provides retroactive protection of unexpired term on the date of entry into force of this Law, the Chinese perpetual moral rights are retroactive as well. The [[s:Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China (2001)|2001]] version retains this provision and the original Article 55 becomes Article 59.

===Ghana===
Art. 18, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/gh_copyright_2005_en.pdf?URL_ID=30226&filename=11416586343gh_copyright_2005_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=526153&name=gh_copyright_2005_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F Copyright Act, 2005] provides perpetual moral rights. The moral rights in Art. 6 are for proper attribution and against any distortion, mutilation or other modification of the work where that act would be or is prejudicial to the reputation of the author or where the work is discredited by the act.

===Hong Kong===
Moral Rights is specified under Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) Division IV, starting from section 89.<ref>[http://www.legislation.gov.hk/chi/home.htm Please visit Hongkong legislation website for specified ordinance sections]</ref> Author of computer program does not have Moral Rights (section 91). Moral Rights cannot be transferred unless on the death of moral rights holder (section 105 and 106).

===India===
Moral rights are recognised under section 57 of India copyright act. Section 57 refers to Author's Special rights. It states:

{{quote|{{ubli|style=font-size: initial<!--list inflates font size on mobile for some reason-->|(1) Independently of author's copyright, and even after the assignment either wholly or partially of the said copyright, the author of the work shall have the right to claim authorship of the work as well as the right to restrain, or claim damages in respect of{{ubli
|(a) any distortion, mutilation or other modification of the said work; or
|(b) any other action in relation to the said work which would be prejudicial to his honour or reputation.}}
|(2) The right conferred upon an author of a work by sub section (1), other than the right to claim authorship of the work, may be exercised by the legal representatives of the author.}}}}

The issue of moral rights was discussed in ''Amar Nath Sehgal v Union of India & Ors'' (CS/OS/No.2074/1992 decided on 21 February 2005. Court of Mr. Justice Pradeep Nandrajog). The case pertained to a mural that was commissioned in 1957 by the Government of India during construction of [[Vigyan Bhavan]] at New Delhi. The mural in question was made of bronze had span of 140 feet sweep of 40 feet. The mural remained on display and was much appreciated till pulled down in 1979 and then consigned to storerooms of Union of India. Delhi High Court specifically referred to the Berne Convention in delivering judgement. The Court also awarded damages of ₹500,000<!--5 lakh... but per [[MOS:LAKH]] don't use Indian numbers unnecessarily--> and also decreed in favor of the Amar Nath Sehgal that he would have an absolute right to recreate the mural at any place and right to sale the same.

The Court accepted the existence of moral rights despite the work being commissioned work and copyright had passed over to union of India and suit being brought 13 years after the said act (defense of limitations as pleaded by Government was rejected by the court).

===Macao===
Article 41 of the Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M<ref name="declei43_en"/> provides inalienable, unrenounceable and imprescriptible author's personal rights.

===Taiwan===
In [[Taiwan]], the Copyright Act has provided authors' perpetual moral rights with regard of attribution and protection against alteration in bad faith, even if the works are in the [[public domain]], as follows:
*Article 25 of the Copyright Act 1928 <ref>{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:01705140 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117617051400.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007010331/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117617051400.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Article 21 of the Copyright Act 1944 <ref>{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:033033100 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117633033100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007012134/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117633033100.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Article 21 of the Copyright Act 1948, unchanged from the 1944 Act <ref name="c436">{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:037123100 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117637123100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007015213/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117637123100.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref> (The effective jurisdiction of the Republic of China became limited to [[Taiwan Area]] in 1949.)
*Article 21 of the Copyright Act 1964, unchanged from the 1948 Act <ref name="j544">{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:053063000 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117653063000.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007015108/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117653063000.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Article 26 of the Copyright Act 1985 <ref name="q049">{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:074062800 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117674062800.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007020010/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117674062800.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
*Article 26 of the Copyright Act 1990, unchanged from the 1985 Act <ref name="g591">{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:079011100 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117679011100.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007010650/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117679011100.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref>
*Section 3, Articles 15-21 of the Copyright Act 1992, with the Article unchanged in the subsequent versions of the Copyright Act<ref name="e066">{{cite web | title=法編號:01176 版本:081052200 | website=lis.ly.gov.tw | date=19 April 2012 | url=http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117681052200.htm | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007071234/http://lis.ly.gov.tw/lghtml/lawstat/version2/01176/0117681052200.htm | archive-date=7 October 2014 | url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tipo.gov.tw/en/AllInOne_Show.aspx?path=1485&guid=26d93e21-7218-4b04-a4a8-44af93325c92&lang=en-us|title=經濟部智慧財產局|website=tipo.gov.tw}}{{Dead link|date=December 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

===Singapore===
In [[Singapore]], the Copyright Act 2021<ref name="sso"/> which came into effect in November 2021 provides for selected moral rights of authors and performers including the right to be acknowledged, right not to be falsely identified, amongst others.

===United States===

Moral rights traditionally have not been recognized in American law.<ref name="Nimmer">''Nimmer on Copyright'', vol. 3, §&nbsp;8D.02.</ref> Some elements of moral rights do exist in the United States, but are usually protected through specific contract provisions between parties, or else through individual states' laws or the derivative work rights in [[Copyright law in the United States|U.S. copyright law]].<ref name="Nimmer" /> U.S. copyright law emphasizes protection of financial reward over protection of creative attribution.<ref name=kwall/>{{rp|xiii}} The exclusive rights tradition in the United States is inconsistent with the notion of moral rights as it was constituted in the Civil Code tradition stemming from post-Revolutionary France. When the United States acceded to the [[Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works|Berne Convention]], it stipulated that the Convention's "moral rights" provisions were addressed sufficiently by other statutes, such as laws covering [[slander and libel]].<ref name=kwall/>{{rp|30}}

Some individual states have moral rights laws, particularly pertaining to visual art and artists (see e.g. [[California Art Preservation Act]], [[Artists Authorship Rights Act (New York)]]). However, it is unclear if these laws, or portions thereof, are preempted by federal laws, such as the Visual Artists Rights Act.<ref>For the Artists Ownership Rights Act (New York) it was decided in 2003 by the District Court for the Southern District of New York in ''Board of Managers of Soho Int'l Arts Condominium v. City of New York'' that the law has been preempted by the Visual Artists Rights Act. 
</ref>

In ''[[Gilliam v. American Broadcasting]]'', the [[Monty Python]] comedy troupe made a claim of "mutilation" (akin to a moral rights claim) in 1975 in [[lawsuit|legal proceedings]] against American TV network [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] for airing re-edited versions of ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]''.<ref>[http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/538/538.F2d.14.75-7693.76-7023.913.1058.html ''Monty Python v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.''], 538 F.2d 14 (2d Cir 1976) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514191609/http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/538/538.F2d.14.75-7693.76-7023.913.1058.html|date=2010-05-14}}</ref> However, the case was primarily decided on the basis of whether the BBC was licensed in such a way as to allow ABC to edit the videos (paragraph 20).

====Visual Artists Rights Act====
[[Visual Artists Rights Act|The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990]] grants authors of a "work of visual art" – e.g. photographs, paintings, sculptures, etc. – the non-transferable<ref>At {{USCSub|17|106A|e|1}}, "The rights conferred&nbsp;... may not be transferred"</ref> right to

*claim authorship
*prevent the use of one's name on any work the author did not create
*prevent use of one's name on any work that has been distorted, mutilated, or modified in a way that would be prejudicial to the author's honor or reputation
*prevent any intentional distortion, mutilation, or modification that would prejudice the author's honor or reputation
*prevent the destruction of a work of art if it is of "recognized stature"<ref>Gassaway, Laura (December 2002) "Copyright and moral rights", ''Information Outlook'', Vol. 6, No. 12, pp. 40–41 (Copyright Corner)</ref>

These rights are distinct from any rights of copyright and ownership of a copy of the work.<ref>At {{USCSub|17|106A|e|2}}, "Ownership of the rights&nbsp;... is distinct from ownership of any copy of that work, or of a copyright or any exclusive right under a copyright in that work."</ref>

====Adaptation right====
Copyright holders have the right to control adaptations, or the preparation of "[[derivative works]]". This right is given under [[copyright law in the United States|copyright law]]. See {{USC|17|106}}.

====Lanham Act====
Section 43 of the [[Lanham Act]] governs false and misleading advertising, and can apply in some instances to attribution of protected works. However, it cannot be used to create moral rights for works outside of the Act. See ''[[Dastar v. Twentieth Century Fox]]''.

By the start of the twentieth century, U.S. decisions on unfair competition found that representing as the author's work a version of the work that substantially departed from the original was a cause of action.<ref>{{cite book |last=Winn |first=Jane K. |title=Consumer Protection in the Age of the 'Information Economy' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EVe40UcXGkUC&pg=PA126 |access-date=2012-06-24 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]] |isbn=978-0-7546-4709-6 |pages=126–127}}</ref>
Section §43(a) of the [[Lanham Act]], which protects brands and trademarks, also provides similar protection to laws based on moral rights.
For any goods or services, it bans false designation of origin or a false description or representation.{{r|kwall|p=30}}
In ''[[Gilliam v. American Broadcasting]]'' the British comedy group [[Monty Python]] took action against the ABC network for broadcasting versions of their programs which had been correctly attributed to them but had been extensively edited, in part to remove content that their audience might consider offensive or obscene.
The judgement of the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] was in favor of ''Monty Python'', finding the cuts might be an "actionable mutilation" that violated the Lanham Act.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/metaschool/fisher/integrity/Links/Cases/gilliam.html |title=Terry Gilliam et al., Plaintiffs-Appellants-Appellees, v. American Broadcasting Companies, Inc., Defendant-Appellee-Appellant |publisher=United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit |date=June 30, 1976 |last=Lumbard |access-date=2012-06-21}}</ref>

====Courtesy of non-attribution====
Authors occasionally wish to distance themselves from work they have been involved with, some to the point of not wishing to be recognized as the work's author. One way they may do this is by signing the work under a pseudonym. [[Alan Smithee]] was a traditional, collective pseudonym used in [[Cinema of the United States|Hollywood]] between 1968 and 1999 by discontented [[film director]]s who no longer wanted to be credited. This courtesy was not always extended, however. The director of ''[[Highlander II: The Quickening|Highlander II]]'', [[Russell Mulcahy]], wanted his name removed after the completion bond company took over film production, but he was contractually obliged not to impugn the film and he was told that using a pseudonym would impugn it.{{Citation needed|date=April 2007}}

If the work was [[unfinished work|unfinished]], sometimes the original author will choose a pseudonym as permission for the copyright holder to do whatever they wish to finish and market the unwanted work, cutting ties from the product.

===Summary table===
{{Expand list|date=December 2008}}

Legend:
* ∞:  infinity (to identify perpetual moral rights, though countries and areas may have different wordings in their laws and regulations)
* = economic rights: equal to or same as economic rights

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Countries and areas
! Terms of moral rights
! References
|-
! Albania
| ∞ forever<br>= economic rights (works [[List of countries' copyright length based on publication and creation dates|copyrighted based on publication and creation dates]])
| Arts. 4, 17-21, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=124616 Law no. 7564 of 19 April 1992, as modified by Law no. 7923 of 19 May 1995]
|-
! Algeria
| ∞ inalienable, cannot be waived
| Art. 21, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=178342 Ordinance No. 03-05 on Copyright and Related Rights (19 Joumada El Oula 1424 corresponding to July 19, 2003)]
|-
! Andorra
| = economic rights
| Arts. 6, 18 [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=192960 Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 1999]
|-
! Angola
| ∞ inalienable
| Art. 18, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=179377 Law on Author's Rights (No. 4/90 of 10 March 1990)]
|-
! Antigua and Barbuda
| = economic rights
| s. 18, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160217203146/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf?URL_ID=30468&filename=11428561303ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=1272593&name=ag_copyright_2002_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F Copyright Act, 2002]
|-
! Armenia
| ∞ unlimited
| Art. 12, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=135195 Law on Copyright and Related Rights of June 15, 2006]
|-
! Austria
|Life + 70 years
|§§19-21 [http://www.jusline.at/Urheberrechtsgesetz_(UrhG).html UrhG]
|-
! Australia
| = economic rights<ref>s. 195AM(1) provides: "An author's right of integrity of authorship in respect of a cinematograph film continues in force until the author dies."</ref>
| s. 195AM, [http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca1968133/ Copyright Act 1968]
|-
! Azerbaijan
| ∞ unlimited
| Arts. 14, 27, [https://web.archive.org/web/20160108161936/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/admin/file_download.php/az_copyright_1996_en.pdf?URL_ID=30319&filename=11422428463az_copyright_1996_en.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=421208&name=az_copyright_1996_en.pdf&location=user-S%2F Law on Copyright and Related Rights of 5 June 1996]
|-
! Barbados
| = economic rights<br>Life + 20 calendar years (rights against false attribution)
| s. 18(1), 18(2), [https://archive.today/20120805224132/http://www.wipo.int/clea/en/details.jsp?id=319 Copyright, Act, 05/03/1998, No. 4]
|-
! Belarus
| ∞ unlimited
| Art. 15, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=10100]
|-
! Belgium
| ∞ inalienable
| Arts. 1(2), 7, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=125254 Law on Copyright and Neighboring Rights (of June 30, 1994, as amended by the Law of April 3, 1995)]
|-
! Brazil
| ∞ inalienable, can not be waived, assumed by heirs
| Arts. 24 and §1º, 27, [https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l9610.htm Copyright Law and Related Rights (Federal Law n. 9,610/98)].
|-
! Canada
| = economic rights, may be waived
| Arts. 14.1, 14.2, [http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-42/section-14.html Copyright Act (R.S.C., 1985, c. C-42)]
|-
! China
| ∞ perpetual and retroactive
| Arts. 10, 20, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=186569 Copyright Law of the People's Republic of China]
|-
! Denmark
| = Life of author + 70 calendar years (∞ unlimited if the use of the work [[Protection of Classics|infringes cultural interests]])
| Section 63(1), 75, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=191420 The Consolidated Act on Copyright 2010. Consolidation Act No. 202 of 2/27/2010]
|-
! Egypt
| ∞ permanent, [[Statute of limitations|imprescriptible]], and nonassignable
| Art. 143, [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=190159 Law No. 82 of 2002 Pertaining to the Protection of Intellectual Property Rights, Copyrights and Neighboring Rights]
|-
! Finland
| ∞ inalienable except to an extent that is limited and restricted in scope
| Section 3, [https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/1961/404 Copyright Law]
|-
! France
| ∞ perpetual, inalienable, and imprescriptible
| Art. L121-1, [https://web.archive.org/web/20071212103910/http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=36&r=2497 Intellectual Property Code]
|-
! Ghana
| ∞ perpetual
| Arts. 6, 18, Copyright Act, 2005, No. 690<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghana: Copyright Act, 2005 (Act 690) |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=148037 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105202802/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=148037 |archive-date=Nov 5, 2018 |website=WIPO Lex}}</ref>
|-
! Hong Kong
| = economic, cannot be waived, must be asserted
|s. 89-114, Copyright Ordinance, Chapter 528, Division IV<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hong Kong, China: Copyright Ordinance (Chapter 528) (consolidated version of June 1, 2011) |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=181889 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004804/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/text.jsp?file_id=181889 |archive-date=Nov 6, 2018 |website=WIPO Lex}}</ref>
|-
! India
|∞ perpetual
|s. 57, Copyright Act, 1957<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright Act, 1957 |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1367?sam_handle=123456789/1362 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031083118/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/1367?sam_handle=123456789/1362 |archive-date=Oct 31, 2023 |website=India Code}}</ref>
|-
! Indonesia
| ∞ eternally inherent to the Author
| Art.5 (1)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indonesia, Law of the Republic of Indonesia No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright |url=https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/15600 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022235808/https://wipolex.wipo.int/en/legislation/details/15600 |archive-date=Oct 22, 2022 |website=WIPO Lex}}</ref>
|-
! Italy
|  ∞ perpetual and inalienable
| Arts. 22-23, Legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633<ref>{{Cite web |title=Legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633. — protezione del diritto d'autore e di altri diritti connessi al suo esercizio. |url=http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/it/it/it175it.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231104003504/https://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/it/it/it175it.pdf |archive-date=Nov 4, 2023 |website=WIPO |publisher=Societa' Italiana Degli Autori Ed Editori Biblioteca Giuridica}}</ref><ref>[http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/fr/text.jsp?file_id=301483 Legge 22 aprile 1941, n. 633 sulla protezione del diritto d'autore e di altri diritti connessi al suo esercizio (aggiornata con le modifiche introdotte dal decreto-legge 30 aprile 2010, n. 64)].</ref>
|- 
! Macao
|∞ perpetual, inalienable, and imprescriptible
| Arts. 7(d), 41, Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M of August 16, 1999<ref name="declei43_en">{{Cite web |title=Decree-Law n.o 43/99/M |url=http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/33/declei43_en.asp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508025712/https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/99/33/declei43_en.asp |archive-date=May 8, 2023 |website=Printing Bureau (Macao SAR)}}</ref>
|-
! North Macedonia
| ∞ unlimited
| Arts. 61(2), 75, Author's right and related rights, Act, 31/08/2010, No. 115<ref>{{Cite web |title=Закон За Авторското Право И Сродните Права - Сл. Весник На Р. Македонија, Бр.115 Од 31.08.2010 Година |url=http://www.zamp.com.mk/Zakon_za_Avtorskoto_pravo_i_srodnite_prava_115_31082010.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110626054115/http://www.zamp.com.mk/Zakon_za_Avtorskoto_pravo_i_srodnite_prava_115_31082010.pdf |archive-date=Jun 26, 2011 |website=zamp.com.mk}}</ref>
|-
! Norway
| irrevocable
| Intellectual Property Act (Act on copyright to intellectual property etc.). (2018). § 5. (in Norwegian)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://lovdata.no/lov/2018-06-15-40/§5 | title=Lov om opphavsrett til åndsverk mv. (åndsverkloven) - Kapittel 1 Grunnleggende bestemmelser om opphavsrett til åndsverk - Lovdata }}</ref>
|-
! Poland
| ∞ perpetual, inalienable, and  non-assignable
| Art. 16<ref>{{cite web | url=https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/DocDetails.xsp?id=WDU19940240083 | title=Art. 16 ustawy o prawie autorskim i prawach pokrewnych}}</ref>
|-
! Moldova
| ∞ inalienable, assumed by heirs
| Art. 9<ref>{{Cite web |title=Republic of Moldova, Law No. 139 of July 2, 2010, on Copyright and Neighboring Rights |url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9795 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106004715/http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=9795 |archive-date=Nov 6, 2018 |website=WIPO Lex}}</ref>
|-
! Netherlands
| = economic rights
| Art. 25(2)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Regeling - Auteurswet - BWBR0001886 |url=http://wetten.overheid.nl/jci1.3:c:BWBR0001886&hoofdstuk=I&paragraaf=6&artikel=25&z=2015-07-01&g=2015-07-01 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111225350/https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0001886/2015-07-01/#HoofdstukI_Paragraaf6_Artikel25 |archive-date=Nov 11, 2023 |website=wetten.nl}}</ref>
|-
! Oman
| ∞ perpetual, inalienable, and nonassignable
| Art. 5 The Law For the Protection of Copyright and Neighbouring Rights, Royal Decree 65/2008<ref>{{Cite web |title=القوانين واللوائح > حق المؤلف والحقوق المجاورة |url=http://www.mocioman.gov.om/Main-Menu/Laws-and-Regulations/Laws/copy-right-law.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114021804/http://www.mocioman.gov.om/Main-Menu/Laws-and-Regulations/Laws/copy-right-law.aspx |archive-date=Jan 14, 2012 |website=mocioman.gov.om}}</ref>
|-
! Singapore 
|= economic, can be waived
|Part 7 Copyright Act 2021<ref name="sso">{{Cite web |title=Copyright Act 2021 |url=https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CA2021?WholeDoc=1#P17- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303055255/https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/CA2021?WholeDoc=1#P17- |archive-date=Mar 3, 2023 |website=Singapore Statutes Online}}</ref>
|-
! South Africa
| = economic, can be waived, non-assignable
| Art. 20 Copyright Act No.98 of 1978<ref>{{Cite web |title=Copyright Act No. 98 of 1978 |url=http://www.cipro.co.za/legislation%20forms/Copyright/Copyright%20Act.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202547/http://www.cipro.co.za/legislation%20forms/Copyright/Copyright%20Act.pdf |archive-date=Mar 3, 2016 |website=CIPRO}}</ref>
|-
! United Kingdom
| = economic, can be waived, must be asserted
| Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (c. 48), Chapter IV, ss.  77–89<ref>{{Cite legislation UK |type=act |act=Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 |year=1988 |chapter=48 |mode=cs1}}</ref>
|-
! United States
| Only applies to works of visual art  limited to the life of the author(s) to the end of the calendar year of death of the last author(s), can be waived
| <ref>{{cite web |title=17 U.S. Code § 106A - Rights of certain authors to attribution and integrity |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/106A |website=LII / Legal Information Institute |publisher=[[Cornell Law School]] |access-date=6 August 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Law}}
*[[Personality rights]]
*[[Protection of Classics]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

;General
* {{wikisource-inline|Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works/Articles 1 to 21#Article 6bis}}

==Further reading==
*Peter E. Berlowe, Laura J. Berlowe-Heinish, and Peter A. Koziol, [http://www.floridabar.org/DIVCOM/JN/JNJournal01.nsf/8c9f13012b96736985256aa900624829/7d40f5831fae1b0c85257363005460be?OpenDocument "In this Digital Age, Are We Protecting Tomorrow's 'Masterpieces'? Protection of the Moral Rights of the Digital Graphic Artist"], 81 Fla. Bar J. 30 (2007)
*Laura Gassaway, [https://web.archive.org/web/20040609202217/http://www.sla.org/content/Shop/Information/infoonline/2002/dec02830/copycorner.cfm "Copyright and moral rights" (Copyright Corner)] ''Information Outlook'', Vol. 6, No. 12 (December 2002), pp.&nbsp;40–41.
*Patrick Masiyakurima, [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-2230.2005.00544.x/abstract "The Trouble with Moral Rights"], ''The Modern Law Review'' (May 2005), 68 (3), pp.&nbsp;411–434
*Cyrill P. Rigamonti, [https://web.archive.org/web/20140202111135/http://www.iwr.unibe.ch/content/ueber_uns/prof_cyrill_p_rigamonti/english/publications_by_prof_dr_cyrill_p_rigamonti/e7137/e7141/e7413/e7422/Rigamonti_47HarvILJ353_ger.pdf "Deconstructing Moral Rights"], 47 ''Harv. Int'l L.J.'' 353 (2006) (PDF)
*Cyrill P. Rigamonti, [https://web.archive.org/web/20130128175058/http://www.iwr.unibe.ch/content/ueber_uns/prof_cyrill_p_rigamonti/english/publications_by_prof_dr_cyrill_p_rigamonti/e7137/e7141/e7413/e8015/CPR_55AmJCompL67_ger.pdf "The Conceptual Transformation of Moral Rights"], 55 ''American Journal of Comparative Law'' 67 (2007)
*Mira T. Sundara Rajan, [http://www.bileta.ac.uk/content/files/conference%20papers/2002/Moral%20Rights%20and%20Copyright%20Harmonisation%20-%20Prospects%20for%20an%20'International%20Moral%20Right'.pdf "Moral Rights and Copyright Harmonisation - Prospects for an 'International Moral Right{{'"}}], British and Irish Law Conference, 2002, Free University, Amsterdam

{{DEFAULTSORT:Moral Rights}}
[[Category:Intellectual property law]]
[[Category:Copyright law]]
[[Category:Art and culture law]]