Editing Moravia

{{Short description|Historical region in the Czech Republic}}
{{About|the Czech region}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Moravia
| native_name        = {{lang|cs|Morava}}
| image_skyline      = {{Photomontage
| color = #ffffff
| photo1a = Overview of Mikulov from Svatý Kopeček 2020 02.jpg{{!}}View of Mikulov from Svatý kopeček
| photo1b = Brno Parnas Fountain-02.jpg{{!}}Zelný trh and Parnas fountain, Brno
| photo2a = Zámek - Lednice 2.jpg{{!}}Lednice Castle
| photo2b = Olomouc, Horní náměstí (2017).jpg{{!}}Horní náměstí with Holy Trinity Column, Olomouc
| spacing = 2
| border = 0
| size = 260
}}
| image_caption      = {{hlist|From top, left to right: [[Mikulov]]|[[Brno]]|[[Lednice Castle]]|[[Olomouc]]}}
| image_flag         = Banner of arms of Moravia.svg
| image_shield       = Moravia (red-silver).svg
| image_map          = CZ-cleneni-Morava-wl.png
| map_caption        = Moravia (green) overlapped with the current [[regions of the Czech Republic]]
| image_map1         = EU-Moravia.png
| map_caption1       = Location of Moravia in the [[European Union]]
| coordinates        = {{Coord|49.5|N|17|E|scale:3000000|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = [[Czech Republic]]
| subdivision_type1  = [[Regions of the Czech Republic|Regions]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Moravian-Silesian Region|Moravian-Silesian]], [[Olomouc Region|Olomouc]], [[South Moravian Region|South Moravian]], [[Vysočina Region|Vysočina]], [[Zlín Region|Zlín]], [[South Bohemian Region|South Bohemian]], [[Pardubice Region|Pardubice]]
| established_title  = First mentioned
| established_date   = 822<ref>''Royal Frankish Annals'' (year 822), pp. 111–112.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nasamorava.eu/fakta-o-morave.html|title=Fakta o Moravě – Naša Morava|first=Iniciativa Naša|last=Morava}}</ref>
| established_title1 = [[Great Moravia|Consolidated]]
| established_date1  = 833<ref>{{cite journal | last = Bowlus | first = Charles R. | title = Nitra: when did it become a part of the Moravian realm? Evidence in the Frankish sources| journal = Early Medieval Europe | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 311–328 | year = 2009 | doi=10.1111/j.1468-0254.2009.00279.x| s2cid = 161655879 }}</ref>
| seat_type          = Former capital
| seat               = [[Brno]] (1641–1948)<ref name="enb">{{cite web | url=http://encyklopedie.brna.cz/home-mmb/?acc=profil_udalosti&load=550 | title=Encyklopedie dějin města Brna| year=2004}}</ref><br />Brno, [[Olomouc]] (until 1641), [[Velehrad]] (9th century)
| parts_type         = Major cities
| parts              = [[Brno]], [[Ostrava]], [[Olomouc]], [[Zlín]], [[Jihlava]]
| area_total_km2     = 22348.87
| population_total   = 3000000
| population_footnotes = <ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Population of Municipalities – 1 January 2024|url=https://csu.gov.cz/produkty/population-of-municipalities-qexb0dqr2d|publisher=[[Czech Statistical Office]]|date=2024-05-17}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = [[Moravians|Moravian]]
| type               = [[Czech lands|Historical land]]
| timezone           = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST     = +2
| blank_name_sec2    = [[List of airports in the Czech Republic|Primary airport]]
| blank_info_sec2    = [[Brno-Tuřany Airport]]
| blank1_name_sec2   = [[Highways in the Czech Republic|Highways]]
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D1.svg|32px|link=D1 motorway (Czech Republic)]] [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D2.svg|32px|link=D2 motorway (Czech Republic)]] [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D35.svg|32px|link=D35 motorway (Czech Republic)]] [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D46.svg|32px|link=D46 motorway (Czech Republic)]] [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D48.svg|32px|link=D48 motorway (Czech Republic)]] [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D52.svg|32px|link=D52 motorway (Czech Republic)]] [[File:CZ traffic sign IS16a - D55.svg|32px|link=D55 motorway (Czech Republic)]]
}}

'''Moravia'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|v|i|ə}} {{respell|mə|RAY|vee|ə}},<ref>{{Cite dictionary |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Moravia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182035/https://www.lexico.com/definition/moravia |url-status=dead |archive-date=2020-03-22 |title=Moravia |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}; {{Cite Merriam-Webster|Moravia|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|UKalso|m|ɒ|ˈ|-}} {{respell|morr|AY|-}},<ref name="Collins">{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/moravia|title=Moravia|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref> {{IPAc-en|USalso|m|ɔː|ˈ|-|,_|m|oʊ|ˈ|-}} {{respell|mor|AY|-,_|moh|RAY|-}}.<ref name="Collins"/><ref>{{Cite American Heritage Dictionary|Moravia|access-date=22 August 2019}}</ref>}} ({{langx|cs|Morava}} {{IPA|cs|ˈmorava||cs-Morava.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Mähren}} {{IPA|de|ˈmɛːʁən||De-Mähren2.ogg}}) is a [[historical region]] in the east of the [[Czech Republic]] and one of three historical [[Czech lands]], with [[Bohemia]] and [[Czech Silesia]].

The medieval and early modern [[Margraviate of Moravia]] was a [[crown land]] of the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]] from 1348 to 1918, an [[imperial state]] of the [[Holy Roman Empire]] from 1004 to 1806, a crown land of the [[Austrian Empire]] from 1804 to 1867, and a part of [[Austria-Hungary]] from 1867 to 1918. Moravia was one of the five lands of [[First Czechoslovak Republic|Czechoslovakia]] founded in 1918. In 1928 it was merged with [[Czech Silesia]], and then dissolved in 1948 during the abolition of the land system following the [[1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état|communist coup d'état]].

Its area of 22,623.41&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>{{efn|Including [[Moravian enclaves in Silesia]].<ref>{{Cite book|title = Statistický lexikon obcí v republice Československé. Morava a Slezsko|location= Prague|publisher = Státní úřad statistický|year = 1924|chapter-url = http://kramerius.mzk.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:70ad4530-1e65-11e2-bec6-005056827e51#monograph-page_uuid:c8e2b8eb0aaa787c122b8ce363db55e1|chapter = Dodatek I. Přehled Moravy a Slezska podle žup|page = 133|language = cs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title = Statistický lexikon obcí v republice Československé. Morava a Slezsko|location= Prague|publisher = Státní úřad statistický|year = 1924|chapter-url = http://kramerius.mzk.cz/search/i.jsp?pid=uuid:70ad4530-1e65-11e2-bec6-005056827e51#monograph-page_uuid:c8e2b8eb0aaa787c122b8ce363db55e1|chapter = Dodatek IV. Moravské enklávy ve Slezsku|page = 138|language = cs}}</ref>}} is home to about 3.0 million of the Czech Republic's 10.9 million inhabitants.<ref name=":0" /> The people are historically named [[Moravians]], a subgroup of [[Czechs]], the other group being called [[Bohemia]]ns.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archiv.ihned.cz/c1-784432-jsem-moravan|title=Jsem Moravan?|first=Economia|last=a.s.|date=18 February 2000}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://tn.nova.cz/clanek/zpravy/domaci/rikate-ceske-republice-cechy-pro-moravaky-jste-ignorant.html|title=Říkáte celé ČR Čechy? Pro Moraváky jste ignorant|date=8 February 2010}}</ref> The land takes its name from the [[Morava (river)|Morava]] river, which runs from its north to south, being its principal watercourse. Moravia's largest city and historical capital is [[Brno]]. Before being sacked by the [[Swedish Empire|Swedish army]] during the [[Thirty Years' War]], [[Olomouc]] served as the Moravian capital, and it is still the seat of the [[Archdiocese of Olomouc]].<ref name="enb" /> Until the [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expulsions after 1945]], significant parts of Moravia were [[Moravian German dialects|German speaking]].

== Toponymy ==
The region and former margraviate of Moravia, ''Morava'' in Czech, is named after its [[List of rivers of the Czech Republic#Rivers flowing to the Black Sea (Danube basin)|principal]] river [[Morava (river)|Morava]]. It is theorized that the river's name is derived from [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] ''*mori'': "waters", or indeed any word denoting ''water'' or a ''marsh''.<ref>ŠRÁMEK, Rudolf, MAJTÁN, Milan, Lutterer, Ivan: Zeměpisná jména Československa, Mladá fronta (1982), Praha, p. 202.</ref>

The German name for Moravia is ''Mähren'', from the river's German name ''March''. This could have a different etymology, as ''[[March (territory)|march]]'' is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or a frontier (cf. English ''[[:wikt:march#Etymology 2|march]]''). In Latin, the name Moravia was used.

==Geography==
Moravia occupies most of the eastern part of the [[Czech Republic]]. Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the [[Morava (river)|Morava]] [[Drainage basin|river basin]], with strong effect of mountains in the west (''de facto''  main [[Water divide|European continental divide]]) and partly in the east, where all the [[Spring (hydrology)|rivers rise]].

Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All the [[highland]]s in the west and east of this part of Europe run west–east, and therefore form a kind of filter, making north–south or south–north movement more difficult. Only Moravia with the depression of the westernmost [[Outer Subcarpathia]], {{convert|14-40|km|mi|0|sp=us}} wide, between the [[Bohemian Massif]] and the [[Outer Western Carpathians]] (gripping the [[Meridian (geography)|meridian]] at a constant angle of 30°){{clarify|date=April 2025}}, provides a comfortable connection between the [[Pannonian Basin|Danubian]] and [[Silesian Lowlands|Polish regions]], and this area is thus of great importance in terms of the possible migration routes of large mammals<ref name="anton">{{cite journal |last1=Antón |first1=Mauricio |last2=Galobart |first2=Angel |last3=Turner |first3=Alan |date=May 2005 |title=Co-existence of scimitar-toothed cats, lions and hominins in the European Pleistocene. Implications of the post-cranial anatomy of Homotherium latidens (Owen) for comparative palaeoecology |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=24 |issue=10–11 |pages=1287–1301 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.09.008 |bibcode=2005QSRv...24.1287A }}</ref> – both as regards periodically recurring seasonal migrations triggered by climatic oscillations in the [[prehistory]], when permanent [[Human settlement|settlement]] started.

[[File:Kralicky-Sneznik-03.jpg|thumb|Rolling hills of the [[Králický Sněžník]] massif, [[Dolní Morava|Horní Morava]], near the border with [[Bohemia]]]]
[[File:Smrk a rameno Šance 1.jpg|thumb|[[Šance Reservoir]] on the [[Ostravice (river)|Ostravice]] River in the [[Moravian-Silesian Beskids]]; the river forms the border with [[Czech Silesia|Silesia]].]]
[[File:Step v říjnu.jpg|thumb|[[:cs:Mohelenská hadcová step|Steppe landscape]] near [[Mohelno]]]]

Moravia borders [[Bohemia]] in the west, [[Lower Austria]] in the southwest, [[Slovakia]] in the southeast, [[Poland]] for a short distance in the north, and [[Czech Silesia]] in the northeast. Its natural boundary is formed by the [[Sudetes]] mountains in the north, the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathians]] in the east and the [[Bohemian-Moravian Highlands]] in the west (the border runs from [[Králický Sněžník]] in the north, over [[Suchý vrch]], across the [[Upper Svratka Highlands]] and [[Javořice Highlands (Moravia)|Javořice Highlands]] to a [[tripoint]] near [[Slavonice]] in the south). The [[Thaya]] river meanders along the border with [[Austria]], and the tripoint of Moravia, Austria and [[Slovakia]] is at the [[confluence]] of the Thaya and Morava rivers. The northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the [[Moravice (river)|Moravice]], [[Oder]] and [[Ostravice]] rivers. Between 1782 and 1850, Moravia (also thus known as ''Moravia-Silesia'') also included a small portion of the former province of [[Silesia]] – the [[Austrian Silesia]]. (When Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to [[Prussia]], Silesia's southernmost part remained with the [[Habsburg]]s.)

Today Moravia includes the [[South Moravian Region|South Moravian]] and [[Zlín Region|Zlín]] regions, the vast majority of the [[Olomouc Region]], the southeastern half of the [[Vysočina Region]] and parts of the [[Moravian-Silesian Region|Moravian-Silesian]], [[Pardubice Region|Pardubice]] and [[South Bohemian Region|South Bohemian]] regions.

Geologically, Moravia covers an area between the [[Bohemian Massif]] and the Carpathians (from northwest to southeast), and between the [[Danube]] basin and the [[North European Plain]] (from south to northeast). Its core geomorphological features are three wide valleys, namely the [[Dyje-Svratka Valley]] (''Dyjsko-svratecký úval''), the [[Upper Morava Valley]] (''Hornomoravský úval'') and the [[Lower Morava Valley]] (''Dolnomoravský úval''). The first two form the westernmost part of the [[Outer Subcarpathia]]; the last is the northernmost part of the [[Vienna Basin]]. The valleys surround the low range of [[Central Moravian Carpathians]]. The highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in [[Hrubý Jeseník]]; the highest peak is [[Praděd]] (1491&nbsp;m). Second highest is the [[massif]] of Králický Sněžník (1424&nbsp;m) the third are the [[Moravian-Silesian Beskids]] at the extreme east, with [[Smrk (Moravian-Silesian Beskids)|Smrk]] (1278&nbsp;m), and then south from here [[Javorníky]] (1072). The [[White Carpathians]] along the southeastern border rise up to 970&nbsp;m at [[Velká Javořina]]. The [[Bohemian-Moravian Highlands]] on the west reach 837&nbsp;m at [[Javořice]].

The river system of Moravia is very cohesive{{clarify|date=April 2025}}, as the region's border closely follows the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost the entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Easily the Morava's biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from the right (or west) and [[Bečva]] (east). The Morava and the Thaya meet at the southernmost and lowest (148&nbsp;m) point of Moravia. Small peripheral parts of Moravia belong to the catchment areas of [[Elbe]], [[Váh]] and especially [[Oder]] (the northeast). The watershed line running along Moravia's border from west to north and east is part of the [[European Watershed]]. For centuries, there have been plans to build a waterway across Moravia to [[Danube–Oder Canal|join the Danube and Oder]] river systems, using the natural route through the [[Moravian Gate]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.d-o-l.cz/index.php/en/about-d-o-e-project|title=About the multipurpose water corridor Danube-Oder-Elbe|last=Administrator|access-date=26 June 2016|archive-date=17 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517151544/http://www.d-o-l.cz/index.php/en/about-d-o-e-project|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Klimo |first1=Emil |last2=Hager |first2=Herbert |date=2000 |title=The Floodplain Forests in Europe: Current Situation and Perspectives (European Forest Institute research reports) |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |page=48 |isbn=9789004119581}}</ref>

==History==
=== Pre-history ===
[[File:Vestonicka venuse edit.jpg|thumb|upright=0.5|[[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]], the oldest surviving ceramic figurine in the world]]
[[File:Vestonicka nadrz.jpg|thumb|[[Pálava Protected Landscape Area|Pálava mountains]] with [[Věstonice Reservoir]], area of [[Palaeolithic art|palaeolithic]] settlement]]

Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, ''[[Homo]]'', dates back more than 600,000 years in the [[paleontological]] area of [[Stránská skála]].<ref name="anton" />

Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans had settled in the region by the [[Paleolithic]] period. The [[Předmostí u Přerova (archaeological site)|Předmostí archeological]] ([[Cro-Magnon#Předmostí|Cro-Magnon]]) site in Moravia is dated to between 27,000 and 24,000 years old.<ref name="Velemínskáa08"/><ref name="preddog"/> Caves in [[Moravian Karst]] were used by [[Gravettian|mammoth hunters]]. [[Venus of Dolní Věstonice]], the oldest ceramic figure in the world,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/science/2013/jan/24/ice-age-art-british-museum?INTCMP=SRCH Jonathan Jones: Carl Andre on notoriety and a 26,000-year-old portrait – the week in art. ''The Guardian'' 25 January 2013]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.donsmaps.com/dolnivi.html|title=Dolni Vestonice and Pavlov sites}}</ref> was found in the excavation of [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|Dolní Věstonice]] by [[Karel Absolon]].<ref>[https://www.thetimes.com/article/oldest-homes-were-made-of-mammoth-bone-xtc95gcg6vx Oldest homes were made of mammoth bone. ''The Times''  29.8.2005]</ref> In November 2024 a new discovery was made on the outskirts of Brno, where bones of at least three mammoths were found along with other animals and human stone tools dating back 15,000 years.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-11 |title=Skeletal remains of three mammoths discovered in Brno city centre |url=https://english.radio.cz/skeletal-remains-three-mammoths-discovered-brno-city-centre-8834259 |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bronze Age ===
During the Bronze Age, people of various cultures have settled in Moravia. Notably the [[Nitra]] culture which emerged from the tradition of the [[Neolithic]] [[Corded Ware culture]] and was spread in western Slovakia (hence the name, derived from Slovak [[Nitra (river)|river Nitra]]), eastern Moravia and southern Poland.  The largest burial site (400 graves) of Nitra culture in Moravia was discovered in [[Holešov]] in 1960's.<ref name="JAS-29">{{cite journal |last1=Kaňáková |first1=Ludmila |last2=Bátora |first2=Jozef |last3=Nosek |first3=Vojtěch |title=Use-wear and ballistic analysis of arrowheads from the burial ground of Nitra culture in Holešov–Zdražilovska, Moravia |journal=Journal of Archaeological Science |date=February 2020 |volume=29 |doi=10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102126 |bibcode=2020JArSR..29j2126K |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2019.102126 |access-date=9 November 2024|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
The most recent discovery unearthed 2 settlements and two burial grounds (with total 130 graves) near [[Olomouc]], one of them of the Nitra culture dating between the years 2100-1800 BC and was published in October 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-21 |title=Archaeologists discover unique Early Bronze Age burial site near Olomouc |url=https://english.radio.cz/archaeologists-discover-unique-early-bronze-age-burial-site-near-olomouc-8832356 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref> This discovery adds up to other Bronze Age discoveries such as a sword found near the city of Přerov, the sword was called ‘the Excalibur of the Late Bronze Age’.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Moravia's Excalibur: Bronze-Age sword unearthed near Přerov |url=https://english.radio.cz/moravias-excalibur-bronze-age-sword-unearthed-near-prerov-8832735 |access-date=2024-10-30 |website=Radio Prague International |language=en}}</ref>

===Roman era===
Around 60 BC, the [[Celt]]ic [[Volcae]] people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] [[Quadi]]. Some of the events of the [[Marcomannic Wars]] took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After the war exposed the weakness of [[Limes Romanus|Rome's northern frontier]], half of the [[Roman legion]]s (16 out of 33) were stationed along the [[Danube]]. In response to increasing numbers of [[Germanic peoples|Germanic]] settlers in frontier regions like [[Pannonia (Roman province)|Pannonia]], [[Dacia]], Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, [[Marcomannia]] and [[Sarmatians|Sarmatia]], including today's Moravia and western [[Romans in Slovakia|Slovakia]].

In the 2nd century AD, a [[Roman fortress in Moravia (Mušov)|Roman fortress]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcomannia.cz/PAGES/Musov_Burgstall.html|title=Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice – Hradisko u Mušova}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcomannia.cz/PAGES/Burg_fortification.html|title=Opevnění – Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice, AÚ AV ČR Brno, v. v. i.}}</ref> stood on the vineyards hill known as {{langx|de|link=no|Burgstall}} and {{langx|cs|Hradisko}} ("[[hillfort]]"), situated above the former village [[Mušov]] and above today's beach resort at [[Pasohlávky]]. During the reign of the Emperor [[Marcus Aurelius]], the [[Legio X Gemina|10th Legion]] was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSnRD5X16zYC&q=Suchohrad+roman+fort&pg=PA893|title=Limes XX: Estudios sobre la frontera romana (Roman frontier studies)|first1=Norbert|last1=Hanel|first2=Ángel Morillo|last2=Cerdán|first3=Esperanza Martín|last3=Hernández|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Editorial CSIC – CSIC Press|via=Google Books|isbn=9788400088545}}</ref> In 1927, the archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]], began research on the site, located 80&nbsp;km from [[Vindobona]] and 22&nbsp;km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a ''[[praetorium]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.marcomannia.cz/PAGES/Burg_mansio.html|title=Lázeňská a obytná budova – Detašované pracoviště Dolní Dunajovice, AÚ AV ČR Brno, v. v. i.}}</ref> and a ''[[Roman Baths (Bath)|balneum]]'' ("bath"), including a ''[[hypocaustum]]''. The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the [[Legio X Gemina]] and coins from the period of the emperors [[Antoninus Pius]], [[Marcus Aurelius]] and [[Commodus]] facilitated dating of the locality.

===Ancient Moravia===
{{see also|Great Moravia}}
<!--[[File:West slavs 9th-10th c..png|thumb|West Slavic tribes (9th–10th century)]]-->
[[File:Great Moravia-eng.png|thumb|Territory of [[Great Moravia]] in the 9th century: area ruled by Rastislav (846–870) map marks the greatest territorial extent during the reign of [[Svatopluk I of Moravia|Svatopluk I]] (871–894), violet core is origin of Moravia.]]
[[File:Dóm Svatého Václava, Olomouc.jpg|thumb|[[Saint Wenceslas Cathedral]] in Olomouc, seat of [[List of bishops and archbishops of Olomouc|bishops of Olomouc]] since the 10th century and the current seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Olomouc|Archbishopric of Olomouc]], the Metropolitan archdiocese of Moravia]]

A variety of Germanic and major [[Slavs|Slavic]] tribes crossed through Moravia during the [[Migration Period]] before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, [[Záhorie]] in south-western Slovakia and parts of [[Lower Austria]]. In 833 AD, this became the state of [[Great Moravia]]<ref>[https://www.academia.edu/227715/The_history_and_archaeology_of_Great_Moravia_an_introduction Florin Kurta. ''The history and archaeology of Great Moravia: an introduction''. in: "Early Medieval Europe", 2009 volume 17 (3)]</ref> with the conquest of the [[Principality of Nitra]] (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was [[Mojmír I]] (ruled 830–846). [[Louis the German]] invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew [[Rastislav of Moravia|Rastiz]] who became St. Rastislav.<ref>Reuter, Timothy. (1991). ''Germany in the Early Middle Ages'', London: Longman, page 82</ref>  St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the [[Carolingian Empire|Carolingian influence]], so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to [[Constantinople]] to the [[Michael III|Byzantine emperor Michael]]. The result was the mission of [[Saints Cyril and Methodius]] who translated [[liturgical book]]s into [[Old Church Slavonic|Slavonic]], which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in the 890s under [[Svatopluk I]]. At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], the western part of present [[Hungary]] ([[Pannonia]]), as well as [[Lusatia]] in present-day Germany and [[Silesia]] and the upper [[Vistula]] basin in southern [[Poland]]. After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler [[Arnulf of Carinthia]], and the Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by [[Hungarian invasions of Europe|invading Magyars]] in 907.<ref>{{cite book |last=Štefan |first=Ivo |editor1-last= Macháček |editor1-first= Jiří |editor2-last=Ungerman |editor2-first=Šimon | title=Frühgeschichtliche Zentralorte in Mitteleuropa |publisher=Verlag Dr. Rudolf Habelt | location = Bonn |year=2011 |pages=333–354 |chapter=Great Moravia, Statehood and Archaeology: The "Decline and Fall" of One Early Medieval Polity |isbn=978-3-7749-3730-7 | chapter-url = https://www.academia.edu/1016725 | access-date = 27 August 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Spiesz |first1=Anton |last2=Caplovic |first2=Dusan |year=2006 |title=Illustrated Slovak History: A Struggle for Sovereignty in Central Europe |publisher= Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers |isbn=978-0-86516-426-0 }}</ref>

===Union with Bohemia===
{{main|Margraviate of Moravia|Duchy of Bohemia|Kingdom of Bohemia}}

Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor [[Otto I, Holy Roman Emperor|Otto I]] at the [[Battle of Lechfeld]] in 955, Otto's ally [[Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia|Boleslaus I]], the [[Přemyslid]] ruler of [[Bohemia]], took control over Moravia. [[Bolesław I Chrobry]] of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019,<ref>The exact dating of the conquest of Moravia by Bohemian dukes is uncertain. Czech and some Slovak historiographers suggest the year 1019, while Polish, German and other Slovak historians suggest 1029, during the rule of Boleslaus' son, [[Mieszko II Lambert]].</ref> when the Přemyslid prince [[Bretislaus I of Bohemia|Bretislaus]] recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became the ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by [[primogeniture]], although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son.

Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from [[Olomouc]], [[Brno]] or [[Znojmo]], with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as the "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor|Frederick I]] elevated [[Conrad II, Duke of Bohemia|Conrad II Otto of Znojmo]] to the status of a [[margrave]],<ref>There are no primary testimonies about creating a margraviate (march) as distinct political unit</ref> immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of [[Duke of Bohemia|Bohemian duke]] [[Frederick, Duke of Bohemia|Frederick]]. Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless, the margrave title was restored in 1197 when [[Vladislaus III of Bohemia]] resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother [[Ottokar I of Bohemia|Ottokar]] by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e., Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as [[Margraviate]], slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the [[Battle of Legnica]], the [[Mongol Empire|Mongols]] carried their raids into Moravia.

The main line of the [[Přemyslid]] dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 [[John of Luxembourg]] became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son [[Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles]] the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother [[John Henry, Margrave of Moravia|John Henry]] who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son [[Jobst of Moravia]] who was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the [[Church of St. Thomas (Brno)|Church of St. Thomas in Brno]] – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the [[Luxembourg dynasty]] of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the [[Hussite wars]]), until inherited by [[Albert II of Habsburg]] in 1437.

After his death followed the [[interregnum]] until 1453; land (as the rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the [[landfriedens]] (''landfrýdy''). The rule of young [[Ladislaus the Posthumous]] subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite [[George of Poděbrady]] was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, [[Pope Paul II]] excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian [[Crusades|crusade]] followed and in 1469 [[Matthias Corvinus]] conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling [[Bohemian nobility]]) as the king of Bohemia.

The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when [[Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary|Vladislaus Jagiellon]], king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son [[Louis II of Bohemia|Louis]] died in battle and the Habsburg [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] was elected as his successor.

<gallery widths="200px" heights="160px">
Bohemia 1138–1254.jpg|Bohemia and Moravia in the 12th century
Brno - Kostel sv. Tomáše, místodžitelský palác a alegorická postava spravedlnosti.jpg|[[Church of St. Thomas (Brno)|Church of St. Thomas in Brno]], mausoleum of Moravian branch [[House of Luxembourg]], rulers of Moravia; and the old governor's palace, a former Augustinian abbey
Trebic podklasteri bazilika velka apsida.jpg|12th century Romanesque [[St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč]]
Moravská orlice.jpg|The [[Coat of arms of Moravia|Moravian banner of arms]], which first appeared in the medieval era<ref>{{cite conference|first1 = Zbyšek|last1 = Svoboda|first2 = Pavel|last2 = Fojtík|first3 = Petr|last3 = Exner|first4 = Jaroslav|last4 = Martykán|title = Odborné vexilologické stanovisko k moravské vlajce|book-title = Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169|pages = 3319, 3320|publisher = Česká vexilologická společnost|date = 2013|location = Brno|url = https://www.vexilologie.cz/cvs/vexilologie/vexie169.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite conference|first = František|last = Pícha|title = Znaky a prapory v kronice Ottokara Štýrského|book-title = Vexilologie. Zpravodaj České vexilologické společnosti, o.s. č. 169|pages = 3320–3324|publisher = Česká vexilologická společnost|date = 2013|location = Brno|url = https://www.vexilologie.cz/cvs/vexilologie/vexie169.pdf}}</ref>
</gallery>

=== Habsburg rule (1526–1918) ===
<!--'Habsburg Moravia' redirects here-->
{{anchor|Habsburg Rule (1526-1918)}}
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After the death of King [[Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia]] in 1526, [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|Ferdinand I]] of [[Habsburg monarchy|Austria]] was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the [[Crown of Bohemia]] (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia,<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/travel/in-the-czech-republic-moravia-and-its-castles.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0 Evan Rail (23 September 2011). The Castles of Moravia. ''NYT'' 23.9.2011]</ref> like Bohemia, was a Habsburg possession until the end of [[World War I]]. In 1573 the [[Jesuit order|Jesuit]] [[University of Olomouc]] was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from [[Scandinavia]].

Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As the only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own [[Moravian Diet|Diet, or parliament]], ''zemský sněm'' (''Landtag'' in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe, the [[Reduta Theatre]], was established in 17th-century Moravia. 

From 1599 to 1711, Moravia was frequently [[Ottoman raids on Moravia|subjected to raids]] by the [[Ottoman Empire]] and its vassals (especially the [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars]] and [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Transylvania]]). Overall, hundreds of thousands were enslaved whilst tens of thousands were killed.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Petra |last=Košťálová|editor-first1=Mateusz|editor-last1=Chmurski|editor-first2=Irina|editor-last2=Dmytrychyn|year=2022 |title=Contested Landscape: Moravian Wallachia and Moravian Slovakia. An Imagology Study on the Ottoman Border Narrative|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/27185958 |journal=[[Revue des études slaves]] |volume=93 |issue=1 |doi=10.4000/res.5138|issn=2117-718X|publisher=OpenEdition|page=110|jstor=27185958 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>[http://www.ilcik.cz/dubnany/dejiny/od_1656.html Lánové rejstříky (1656–1711)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312041124/http://ilcik.cz/dubnany/dejiny/od_1656.html |date=12 March 2012 }} {{in lang|cs}}</ref> 

In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under [[Frederick the Great]], and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later, the Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was [[Siege of Olomouc|besieged by Prussians]] again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the [[Battle of Domstadtl]]. In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10561a.htm|title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Moravia}}</ref> In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with [[Austrian Silesia]] into ''Moravia-Silesia'', with Brno as its capital. Moravia became a separate crown land of Austria again in 1849,<ref>{{Cite book |title=Czechoslovakia: A Country Study |publisher=US Army |year=1898 |pages=27}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moravia {{!}} historical region, Europe {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Moravia |access-date=26 April 2022 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> and then became part of [[Cisleithania]]n Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2,622,000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%.<ref>Hans Chmelar: ''Höhepunkte der österreichischen Auswanderung. Die Auswanderung aus den im Reichsrat vertretenen Königreichen und Ländern in den Jahren 1905–1914.'' (= ''Studien zur Geschichte der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie.'' Band 14) Kommission für die Geschichte der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Vienna 1974, {{ISBN|3-7001-0075-2}}, p.&nbsp;109.</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Growth of Habsburg territories.jpg|[[Habsburg Monarchy|Habsburg Empire]] [[Crown land]]s: growth of the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] territories and [[Habsburg Moravia|Moravia's status]]
Verwaltungsgliederung der Markgrafschaft Mähren 1893.svg|Administrative division of Moravia as crown land of Austria in 1893
</gallery>

===20th century===
[[File:MapMorav1906-0523.jpg|alt=Administrative map of Moravia and Silesia, 1906|thumb|Administrative map of Moravia and Silesia, 1906]]
Following the break-up of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]] in 1918, Moravia became part of [[Czechoslovakia]]. As one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with [[Czech Silesia]] into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the [[Munich Agreement]] (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by [[Nazi Germany]], and during the German [[occupation of Czechoslovakia]] (1939–1945), the remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]]. 

During [[World War II]], the Germans operated multiple [[Forced labour under German rule during World War II|forced labour]] camps in the region, including several subcamps of the [[Stalag VIII-B|Stalag VIII-B/344]] [[German prisoner-of-war camps in World War II|prisoner-of-war camp]] for [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] POWs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|title=Working Parties|website=Lamsdorf.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029103834/https://www.lamsdorf.com/working-parties.html|access-date=5 November 2023|archive-date=29 October 2020}}</ref> a [[List of subcamps of Auschwitz|subcamp]] of the [[Auschwitz concentration camp]] in [[Brno]] for mostly [[Polish people|Polish]] prisoners,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.auschwitz.org/en/history/auschwitz-sub-camps/brnn/|title=Brünn|website=Memorial and Museum Auschwitz-Birkenau|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> and a subcamp of the [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp]] in [[Červená Voda (Ústí nad Orlicí District)|Bílá Voda]] for Jewish women.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://en.gross-rosen.eu/historia-kl-gross-rosen/filie-obozu-gross-rosen/|title=Subcamps of KL Gross-Rosen|website=Gross-Rosen Museum in Rogoźnica|access-date=5 November 2023}}</ref> The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, [[Oflag VIII-F]] and Oflag VIII-H, for [[French prisoners of war in World War II|French]], British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in the region.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Megargee|first1=Geoffrey P.|last2=Overmans|first2=Rüdiger|last3=Vogt|first3=Wolfgang|year=2022|title=The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos 1933–1945. Volume IV|publisher=Indiana University Press, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum|pages=207, 257, 259|isbn=978-0-253-06089-1}}</ref>

In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia after World War II|expelled]] to Germany and [[Austria]] in accordance with the [[Potsdam Agreement]]. The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, [[Slovaks]] and reemigrants.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bičík |first1=Ivan |last2=Štěpánek |first2=Vít |title=Post-war changes of the land-use structure in Bohemia and Moravia: Case study Sudetenland |journal=GeoJournal |date=1994 |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=253–259 |doi=10.1007/BF01122117 |bibcode=1994GeoJo..32..253B |s2cid=189878438 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF01122117|url-access=subscription }}</ref> In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by "''kraje''" (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions (''Severomoravský'' and ''Jihomoravský kraj''), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia.

After the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] and the whole [[Eastern Bloc]], the Czechoslovak [[Federal Assembly (Czechoslovakia)|Federal Assembly]] condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the [[Dissolution of Czechoslovakia|breakup]] of Czechoslovakia into [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]] in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to the Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the [[federalism|federalist]] or [[separatism|separatist]] movement in Moravia is completely marginal.

The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the [[List of the Roman Catholic dioceses of the Czech Republic|Czech Roman Catholic Administration]], as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with the former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use).

<gallery widths="200px" heights="155px">
JanCerny.jpg|[[Jan Černý]], president of Moravia in 1922–1926, later also Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia
Map of Moravia.jpg|A general map of Moravia in the 1920s
First Czechoslovak Republic.SVG|In 1928, Moravia was merged into Moravia-Silesia, one of four lands of Czechoslovakia, together with Bohemia, [[Slovakia#Czechoslovakia (1918–1939)|Slovakia]] and [[Carpathian Ruthenia#Subcarpathian Rus' (1928–1938)|Subcarpathian Rus]].
</gallery>

== Economy ==
An area in [[South Moravia]], around [[Hodonín]] and [[Břeclav]], is part of the [[Viennese Basin]]. Petroleum and [[lignite]] are found there in abundance. The main economic centres of Moravia are [[Brno]], [[Olomouc]], [[Zlín]], and [[Ostrava]] lying directly on the Moravian–Silesian border. As well as agriculture in general, Moravia is noted for its [[viticulture]]; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's [[vineyard]]s and is at the centre of the [[Czech wine|country's wine industry]]. [[Moravian Wallachia|Wallachia]] has at least a 400-year-old tradition of [[slivovitz]] making.<ref>{{cite web |title=Jelínek's 400-Year Tradition of Making Slivovitz Bears Fruit in the U.S. |url=https://oukosher.org/blog/consumer-news/rudolf-jelineks-400-year-tradition-of-making-slivovitz-bears-fruit-in-the-u-s/ |website=OU Kosher Certification |language=en |date=5 October 2010}}</ref>

The Czech automotive industry also played a significant role in Moravia's economy in the 20th century; the factories of [[Wikov]] in [[Prostějov]] and [[Tatra (company)|Tatra]] in [[Kopřivnice]] produced many automobiles.

Moravia is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g. [[CZUB]], [[Zbrojovka Brno]], [[Czech Small Arms]], [[Czech Weapons]], [[ZVI]], [[Great Gun]]) are found in Moravia. Almost all the well-known Czech sporting, self-defence, military, and hunting firearms are made in Moravia. [[Meopta]] rifle scopes are of Moravian origin. The [[Bren gun|original Bren gun]] was conceived here, as were the assault rifles the [[CZ-805 BREN]] and [[Vz 58|Sa vz. 58]], and the handguns [[CZ 75]] and [[ZVI Kevin]] (also known as the "Micro [[Desert Eagle]]").

The [[Zlín Region]] hosts several aircraft manufacturers, namely [[Let Kunovice]] (also known as Aircraft Industries, a.s.), [[Moravan|ZLIN AIRCRAFT a.s. Otrokovice]] (formerly known under the name [[Moravan]] Otrokovice), [[Evektor-Aerotechnik]], and [[Czech Sport Aircraft]]. Sport aircraft are also manufactured in [[Jihlava]] by [[Jihlavan Airplanes]]/[[Skyleader]].

Aircraft production in the region started in the 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there have been signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards.<ref>{{cite web| work = Hospodářské noviny IHNED |issn=1213-7693| year = 2012| title = Leteckou výrobu v Česku čeká v roce 2013 růst. Pomůže modernizace L-410 (Czech aircraft production expected to grow in 2013)|url=http://byznys.ihned.cz/podnikani-a-dane/c1-58983620-cesko-l410-letecka-vyroba-modernizace}}</ref>

Companies with operations in Brno include [[Gen Digital]], which maintains one of its headquarters there and continues to use the brand [[AVG Technologies]],<ref>{{cite web |title=AVG Antivirus and Security Software – Contact us |url=http://www.avg.com/cz-en/contacts#tba2 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> as well as [[Kyndryl]] (Client Innovation Centre),<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kyndryl Client Center, s.r.o. |url=https://www.fit.vut.cz/cooperation/partner-detail/395/.en |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Faculty of Information Technology, Brno University of Technology |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IBM Governmental Programs – Delivery Centre Central Eastern Europe in Brno |url=http://www.ibm.com/ibm/governmentalprograms/brno.html |access-date=4 October 2011 |website=[[IBM]]}}</ref> [[AT&T]], and [[Honeywell]] (Global Design Center).<ref>{{cite web |title=Honeywell Global Design Center Brno |website=Honeywell Czech Republic |url=http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=honeywell_cz_en&page=Letectvi3&theme=T6&catID=CFE96D86B-9D29-5B06-3E34-25E40083589E&id=H1E4AC4AC-589D-59CF-0BE0-8348952FD725&sel=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913074000/http://www.honeywell.com/sites/portal?smap=honeywell_cz_en&page=Letectvi3&theme=T6&catID=CFE96D86B-9D29-5B06-3E34-25E40083589E&id=H1E4AC4AC-589D-59CF-0BE0-8348952FD725&sel=2 |archive-date=13 September 2011 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> Other significant companies include [[Siemens]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Brno |website=Siemens |url=https://www.cee.siemens.com/web/cz/cz/corporate/portal/home/microsites/Pages/Brno.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425044855/https://www.cee.siemens.com/web/cz/cz/corporate/portal/home/microsites/Pages/Brno.aspx |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=4 October 2011 |language=cs}}</ref> [[Red Hat]] (Czech headquarters),<ref>{{cite web |title=Red Hat Europe |url=http://www.europe.redhat.com/about/contact/#Czech |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> and an office of [[Zebra Technologies]].<ref>{{cite web |title=MOTOROLA – Technology Park Brno |url=http://www.technologypark.cz/en/seznam-klientu/motorola.whtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529005034/http://www.technologypark.cz/en/seznam-klientu/motorola.whtml |archive-date=29 May 2012 |access-date=4 October 2011}}</ref> 

In recent years, Brno's economy has seen growth in the quaternary sector, focusing on science, research, and education. Notable projects include AdMaS (Advanced Materials, Structures, and Technologies) and CETOCOEN (Center for Research on Toxic Substances in the Environment).<ref>{{Cite web |last=univerzita |first=Masarykova |title=O projektu |url=https://www.recetox.muni.cz/teaming/o-projektu |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=MUNI {{!}} RECETOX |language=cs}}</ref>

<gallery widths="200px" heights="200px">
Tatra 77.jpg|The [[Tatra 77]] (1934)
Sportovní vůz Supersport.gif|WIKOV Supersport (1931)
Michael Thonet 14.jpg|Thonet [[No. 14 chair]]
M 290.002 Slovenská strela, Žleby zastávka – Žleby 02.jpg|The speed train Tatra [[ČSD Class M 290.0|M 290.0 Slovenská strela]] 1936
Zlin XIII OK-TBZ (8190833921).jpg|[[Zlín XIII]] aircraft on display at the [[National Technical Museum (Prague)|National Technical Museum]] in Prague
Zetor 25A.jpg|Zetor 25A tractor
Electron microscope Mamut at the Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Science in Brno (4).jpg|Electron microscope Brno
File:LET L-410NG OK-NGA ILA Berlin 2016 09.jpg|Aeroplane L 410 NG by [[Let Kunovice]]
File:Rifle scope.jpg|Precise rifle scope by MeOpta
File:CZ BREN 2.jpg|The (modern) BREN gun M 2 11
File:Czech Raildays 2012, Evo2 (01).jpg|The modern EVO 2 tram
File:Czech Raildays 2012, ČD Bfhpvee295, 80-30 020-9 (03).jpg|Diesel railway coach class Bfhpvee295
</gallery>
=== Machinery industry ===
The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in [[South Moravia]], for many decades. The main centres of machinery production are Brno ([[Zbrojovka Brno]], [[Zetor]], [[První brněnská strojírna]], [[Siemens]]), [[Blansko]] ([[ČKD Blansko]], Metra), [[Kuřim]] ([[TOS Kuřim]]), [[Boskovice]] (Minerva, [[Novibra]]) and [[Břeclav]] ([[Otis Elevator Company]]). A number of other, smaller machinery and machine parts factories, companies, and workshops are spread over Moravia.

=== Electrical industry ===
The beginnings of the electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno ([[VUES]], [[ZPA Brno]], [[EM Brno]]), [[Drásov (Brno-Country District)|Drásov]], [[Frenštát pod Radhoštěm]], and [[Mohelnice]] (currently Siemens).

==Cities and towns==
===Cities===
*[[Brno]] (401,000 inhabitants) former land capital and nowadays capital of [[South Moravian Region]]; industrial, judicial, educational and research centre; railway and motorway junction
*[[Ostrava]] (285,000; central part, [[Moravská Ostrava]], lies historically in Moravia, most of the outskirts are in [[Czech Silesia]]), capital of [[Moravian-Silesian Region]], centre of heavy industry
*[[Olomouc]] (102,000), capital of [[Olomouc Region]], medieval land capital, seat of Roman Catholic archbishop, cultural centre of [[Haná|Hanakia]] and Central Moravia
*[[Zlín]] (74,000), capital of [[Zlín Region]], modern city developed after [[World War I]] by the [[Bata Shoes]] company
*[[Jihlava]] (54,000; mostly in Moravia, northwestern periphery lies in Bohemia), capital of [[Vysočina Region]], centre of the [[Bohemian-Moravian Highlands]]
*[[Frýdek-Místek]] (54,000), twin-city lying directly on the old Moravian-Silesian border (the western part, Místek, is Moravian), in the industrial area around Ostrava
*[[Prostějov]] (44,000), former centre of clothing and fashion industry, birthplace of [[Edmund Husserl]]
*[[Přerov]] (42,000), important railway hub and archeological site ([[Předmostí u Přerova (archaeological site)|Předmostí]])

===Towns===
*[[Třebíč]] (35,000), located in the Highlands, with exceptionally preserved Jewish quarter
*[[Znojmo]] (34,000), historical and cultural centre of southwestern Moravia
*[[Kroměříž]] (28,000), historical town in southern Hanakia
*[[Vsetín]] (25,000), centre of the [[Moravian Wallachia]]
*[[Šumperk]] (25,000), centre of the north of Moravia, at the foot of [[Hrubý Jeseník]]
*[[Uherské Hradiště]] (25,000), cultural centre of the [[Moravian Slovakia]]
*[[Břeclav]] (25,000), important railway hub in the very south of Moravia
*[[Hodonín]] (24,000), another town in the Moravian Slovakia, the birthplace of [[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]
*[[Nový Jičín]] (23,000), historical town with hatting industry
*[[Valašské Meziříčí]] (23,000), centre of chemical industry in [[Moravian Wallachia]]
*[[Kopřivnice]] (22,000), centre of automotive industry ([[Tatra (company)|Tatra]]), south from Ostrava
*[[Žďár nad Sázavou]] (21,000), industrial town in the Highlands, near the border with Bohemia
*[[Vyškov]] (20,000), local centre at a motorway junction halfway between Brno and Olomouc
*[[Blansko]] (20,000), industrial town north from Brno, at the foot of the [[Moravian Karst]]

== People ==
{{Main|Moravians (ethnic group)}}
[[File:Moravska narodnost 1991.PNG|thumb|left|Moravian nationality, as declared by people in the 1991 census]]
[[File:Moravian Slovak Costumes during Jizda Kralu.jpg|thumb|right|Moravian Slovak costumes (worn by men and women) during the ''Jízda králů'' ("[[Ride of the Kings]]") Festival held annually in the village of Vlčnov (southeastern Moravia)]]

The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of [[Czech language|Czech]]. Before the expulsion of [[Germans]] from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" (''Mährer''). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian.
<ref>[http://www.praguepost.com/news/7769-csu-plays-down-census-disputes.html Bill Lehane: ČSÚ (Czech statistical office) plays down census disputes – Campaign want to include Moravian language in count (Moravian identity). ''The Prague Post''  9.3.2011 20]</ref> Some Moravians assert that [[Moravian language|Moravian]] is a language distinct from [[Czech language|Czech]]; however, their position is not widely supported by academics and the public.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://brno.idnes.cz/Brno-zpravy.aspx?c=A081226_234656_brno_dmk|title=Číšník tvoří spisovnou moravštinu|last=Kolínková |first=Eliška |date=26 December 2008|work=[[Mladá fronta DNES]]|publisher=iDnes|access-date=7 December 2011|language=cs}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://brnensky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/moravane-tvori-spisovnou-moravstinu20081112.html|title=Moravané tvoří spisovnou moravštinu|last=Zemanová|first=Barbora|date=12 November 2008|publisher=denik.cz|access-date=7 December 2011|language=cs|newspaper=Brněnský Deník}}</ref><ref>[http://nase-rec.ujc.cas.cz/archiv.php?art=7595 O spisovné moravštině a jiných "malých" jazycích (Naše řeč 5, ročník 83/2000)] {{in lang|cs}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zpravy.idnes.cz/amatersky-jazykovedec-prosazuje-moravstinu-jako-novy-jazyk-ptp-/domaci.aspx?c=A081230_134715_domaci_ban|title=Amatérský jazykovědec prosazuje moravštinu jako nový jazyk|last=Kolínková |first=Eliška |date=30 December 2008|work=Mladá fronta DNES|publisher=iDnes|access-date=7 December 2011|language=cs}}</ref> Some Moravians identify as an ethnically distinct group; the majority consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the census of 1991 (the first census in history in which respondents were allowed to claim Moravian nationality), 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population identified as being of Moravian nationality (or ethnicity). In some parts of Moravia (mostly in the centre and south), majority of the population identified as Moravians, rather than Czechs. In the census of 2001, the number of Moravians had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the country's population).<ref name="KaplanBaldauf2005">{{cite book|author1=Robert B. Kaplan|author2=Richard B. Baldauf|title=Language Planning and Policy in Europe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2TnL9boqzoC&pg=PA27|date=1 January 2005|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-85359-813-5|pages=27–}}</ref> In the census of 2011, this number rose to 522,474 (4.9% of the Czech population).<ref name="Tesser2013">{{cite book|last=Tesser|first=Lynn|title=Ethnic Cleansing and the European Union: An Interdisciplinary Approach to Security, Memory and Ethnography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ia-qdCeUaXIC&pg=PA213|date=14 May 2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-30877-1|pages=213–}}</ref><ref name="Inc2013">{{cite book|author=Ibp, Inc|title=Czech Republic Mining Laws and Regulations Handbook - Strategic Information and Basic Laws|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dW-8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|date=10 September 2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4330-7727-2|pages=8–}}</ref>

Moravia historically had a large minority of [[ethnic Germans]], some of whom had arrived as early as the 13th century at the behest of the [[Přemyslid dynasty]]. Germans continued to come to Moravia in waves, culminating in the 18th century. They lived in the main city centres and in the countryside along the border with Austria (stretching up to Brno) and along the border with Silesia at Jeseníky, and also in two [[language island]]s, around Jihlava and around [[Moravská Třebová]]. After the [[World War II]], the Czechoslovak government almost fully [[Expulsion of Germans from Czechoslovakia|expelled]] them in retaliation for their support of [[Nazi Germany]]'s invasion and dismemberment of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939) and subsequent [[German war crimes]] (1938–1945) towards the Czech, Moravian, and Jewish populations.

===Moravians===
[[File:Johan_amos_comenius_1592-1671.jpg|thumb|170px|John Amos Comenius]]
[[File:Tomáš_Garrigue_Masaryk_1925.PNG|thumb|170px|Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]]
Notable people from Moravia include:
<!-- STOP ADDING all Moravian-born people who you remember to this list! This list is supposed to be representative, not a complete, exhaustive list! -->
{{see also|List of people from Moravia}}
*[[Anton Pilgram]] (1450–1516), architect, sculptor and woodcarver
*[[Jan Ámos Komenský]] (Comenius) (1592–1670), educator and theologian, last bishop of [[Unity of the Brethren (Czech Republic)|Unity of the Brethren]]
*[[Georg Joseph Kamel|Georg Joseph Camellus]] (1661–1706), [[Jesuit]] missionary to the [[Philippines]], pharmacist and botanist 
*[[David Zeisberger]] (1717–1807) [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] missionary to the [[Leni Lenape]], "Apostle to the Indians"
*[[Georg Prochaska|Georgius Prochaska]] (1749–1820), ophthalmologist and physiologist
*[[František Palacký]] (1798–1876), historian and politician, "The Father of the [[Czechs|Czech nation]]"
*[[Gregor Mendel]] (1822–1884), founder of [[genetics]]
*[[Ernst Mach]] (1838–1916), physicist and philosopher
*[[Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk]] (1850–1937), philosopher and politician, first president of Czechoslovakia
*[[Leoš Janáček]] (1854–1928), composer
*[[Sigmund Freud]] (1856–1939), founder of [[psychoanalysis]]
*[[Edmund Husserl]] (1859–1938), philosopher
*[[Alfons Mucha]] (1860–1939), painter
*[[Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková]] (1868–1915), women's rights activist
*[[Adolf Loos]] (1870–1933), architect, pioneer of [[functionalism (architecture)|functionalism]]
*[[Karl Renner]] (1870–1950), Austrian statesman, co-founder of [[Friends of Nature]] movement
*[[Tomáš Baťa]] (1876–1932), entrepreneur, founder of [[Bata Shoes]] company
*[[Joseph Schumpeter]] (1883–1950), economist and political scientist
*[[Marie Jeritza]] (1887–1982), soprano singer 
*[[Hans Krebs (SS general)|Hans Krebs]] (1888–1947), Nazi SS ''Brigadeführer'' executed for treason
*[[Ludvík Svoboda]] (1895–1979), general of [[I Corps (Czechoslovakia)|I Czechoslovak Army Corps]], seventh president of Czechoslovakia
*[[Klement Gottwald]] (1896–1953), first Czechoslovak [[communism|communist]] president
*[[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]] (1897–1957), composer
*[[George Placzek]] (1905–1955), physicist, participant in [[Manhattan Project]]
*[[Kurt Gödel]] (1906–1978), theoretical mathematician
*[[Oskar Schindler]] (1908–1974), [[Nazi Germany]] entrepreneur, saviour of almost 1,200 Jews during the WWII
*[[Jan Kubiš]] (1913–1942), paratrooper who assassinated Nazi [[despotism|despot]] [[Reinhardt Heydrich|R. Heydrich]]
*[[Bohumil Hrabal]] (1914–1997), writer
*[[Thomas J. Bata]] (1914–2008), entrepreneur, son of Tomáš Baťa and former head of the Bata shoe company
*[[Emil Zátopek]] (1922–2000), long-distance runner, [[List of multiple Olympic gold medalists|multiple Olympic gold medalist]]
*[[Karel Reisz]] (1926–2002), filmmaker, pioneer of the British [[Free Cinema]] movement
*[[Milan Kundera]] (1929–2023), writer
*[[Václav Nedomanský]] (born 1944), [[ice hockey]] player
*[[Karel Kryl]] (1944–1994), poet and protest singer-songwriter
*[[Karel Loprais]] (1949–2021), truck race driver, multiple winner of the [[Dakar Rally]]
*[[Ivana Trump]] (1949–2022), socialite and business magnate, former wife of [[Donald Trump]]
*[[Ivan Lendl]] (born 1959), [[tennis]] player
*[[Petr Nečas]] (born 1964), politician, [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Czech Prime Minister]] 2010–2013
*[[Paulina Porizkova]] (born 1965), model, actress, writer
*[[Jana Novotná]] (1968–2017), tennis player
*[[Jiří Šlégr]] (born 1971), [[ice hockey]] player, member of the [[Triple Gold Club]]
*[[Bohuslav Sobotka]] (born 1971), [[social-democracy|social-democratic]] politician, [[Prime Minister of the Czech Republic|Czech Prime Minister]] 2014–2017
*[[Magdalena Kožená]] (born 1973), mezzo-soprano
*[[Markéta Irglová]] (born 1988), singer-songwriter, [[Academy Award]] winner
*[[Petra Kvitová]] (born 1990), tennis player
*[[Adam Ondra]] (born 1993), [[rock climber]]
*[[Barbora Krejčíková]] (born 1996), tennis player

===Ethnographic regions===
Moravia can be divided on dialectal and lore basis into several ethnographic regions of comparable significance. In this sense, it is more heterogenous than Bohemia. Significant parts of Moravia, usually those formerly inhabited by the German speakers, are dialectally indifferent, as they have been resettled by people from various Czech (and Slovak) regions.

The principal cultural regions of Moravia are:

*[[Haná|Hanakia]] (''Haná'') in the central and northern part
*[[Lachia]] (''Lašsko'') in the northeastern tip
*[[Horácko|Highlands]] (''Horácko'') in the west
*[[Moravian Slovakia]] (''Slovácko'') in the southeast
*[[Moravian Wallachia]] (''Valašsko'') in the east

==Places of interest==
{{expand section|date=June 2016}}
[[File:588 56 Telč, Czech Republic - panoramio (8).jpg|thumb|[[Historic Centre of Telč]]]]
[[File:Punkevní_jeskyně12.jpg|thumb|right|Punkevní Cave in the Moravian Karst]]

===World Heritage Sites===
*[[Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž]]
*[[Historic Centre of Telč]]
*[[Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc]]
*[[Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč]]
*[[Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape]]
*[[Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora]]
*[[Tugendhat Villa in Brno]]

===Other===
*[[Hranice Abyss]], the deepest known underwater cave in the world

==See also==
*[[Extreme points of Moravia]]
*[[Flag of Moravia]]
*[[German South Moravia]]
*[[Moravian traditional music]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="Velemínskáa08">{{cite journal |author1=Velemínskáa, J. |author2=Brůžekb, J. |author3=Velemínskýd, P. |author4=Bigonia, L. |author5=Šefčákováe, A. |author6=Katinaf, F. |title=Variability of the Upper Palaeolithic skulls from Předmostí near Přerov (Czech Republic): Craniometric comparison with recent human standards |journal=Homo |volume=59 |issue=1 |pages=1–26 |year=2008|doi=10.1016/j.jchb.2007.12.003 |pmid=18242606}}</ref>

<ref name="preddog">{{cite web | url = http://news.discovery.com/animals/paleolithic-dogs-111007.html | title = Prehistoric dog found with mammoth bone in mouth | first = Jennifer | last = Viegas | publisher = Discovery News | date = 7 October 2011 | access-date = 11 October 2011 | archive-date = 9 November 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109153936/http://news.discovery.com/animals/paleolithic-dogs-111007.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
* ''[[The Penny Cyclopaedia]] of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ...'' (1877), volume 15. London, [[Charles Knight (publisher)|Charles Knight]]. Moravia. pp.&nbsp;397–398.
* ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' (2003). Chicago, New Delhi, Paris, Seoul, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo. Volume 8. p.&nbsp;309. Moravia. {{ISBN|0-85229 961-3}}.
* Filip, Jan (1964). ''The Great Moravia exhibition''. ČSAV ([[Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences]]).
* Galuška, Luděk, Mitáček Jiří, Novotná, Lea (eds.) (2010) ''Treausures of Moravia: story of historical land''. Brno, [[Moravian Museum]]. {{ISBN|978-80-7028-371-4}}.
* [[National Geographic Society]]. Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archaeology, [[Norman Hammond]], consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc., (multiple staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr., R. H. Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg or Deluxe Ed., 304 pp. Deluxe ed. photo (p.&nbsp;248): "Venus, [[Dolní Věstonice (archaeology)|Dolni Věstonice]], 24,000 B.C." In section titled: "The Potter's Art", pp.&nbsp;246–253.
* Dekan, Jan (1981). [[Moravia Magna]]: The Great Moravian Empire, Its Art and Time, Minneapolis: Control Data Arts. {{ISBN|0-89893-084-7}}.
* Hugh, Agnew (2004). ''The Czechs and the [[Lands of the Bohemian Crown]]''.Hoower Press, [[Stanford University|Stanford]]. {{ISBN|0-8179-4491-5}}.
* {{cite book |date=2014 |first=Lumír |last=Poláček |chapter=Great Moravian sacral architecture – new research, new questions |pages=66–73 |title=The Cyril and Methodius Mission and Europe: 1150 Years Since the Arrival of the Thessaloniki Brothers in Great Moravia |publisher=Institute of Archaeology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic |isbn=978-80-86023-51-9}} OS LG 2023-08-18.
* [[Rona-Tas, Andras|Róna-Tas, András]] (1999) ''Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History'' translated by Nicholas Bodoczky, [[Central European University Press]], Budapest, {{ISBN|963-9116-48-3}}.
* Wihoda, Martin (2015), ''[[Vladislaus III, Duke of Bohemia|Vladislaus Henry]]: The Formation of Moravian Identity''. [[Brill Publishers]] {{ISBN|9789004250499}}.
* Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996) ''A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival'' [[St. Martin's Press]], New York, {{ISBN|0-312-16125-5}}.
* [[Constantine Porphyrogenitus]] [[De Administrando Imperio]] edited by Gy. Moravcsik, translated by [[R. J. H. Jenkins]], Dumbarton Oaks Edition, Washington, D.C. (1993)
* Hlobil, Ivo, Daniel, Ladislav (2000), ''The last flowers of the middle ages: from the gothic to the renaissance in Moravia and Silesia''. Olomouc/Brno, [[Moravian Gallery in Brno|Moravian Galery]], Muzeum umění Olomouc {{ISBN| 9788085227406}}
* David, Jiří (2009). "Moravian estatism and provincial councils in the second half of the 17th century". ''Folia historica Bohemica. 1 2''4: 111–165. {{ISSN|0231-7494}}.
* Svoboda, Jiří A. (1999), ''Hunters between East and West: the paleolithic of Moravia''. New York: Plenum Press, {{ISSN|0231-7494}}.
* Absolon, Karel (1949), ''The diluvial anthropomorphic statuettes and drawings, especially the so-called Venus statuettes, discovered in Moravia''  New York, Salmony 1949. {{ISSN|0231-7494}}.
* Musil, Rudolf (1971), ''G. Mendel's Discovery and the Development of Agricultural and Natural Sciences in Moravia''. Brno, [[Moravian Museum]].
* Šimsa, Martin (2009), ''Open-Air Museum of Rural Architecture in South-East Moravia''. [[Strážnice]], National Institute of Folk Culture. {{ISBN|9788087261194}}.
* Miller, Michael R. (2010), ''The Jews of Moravia in the Age of Emancipation'', Cover of Rabbis and Revolution edition. Stanford University Press. {{ISBN|9780804770569}}.
* [[Thomas J. Bata|Bata, Thomas J]]. (1990), ''Bata: Shoemaker to the World''. Stoddart Publishers Canada. {{ISBN|9780773724167}}.
* Knox, Brian (1962), ''Bohemia and Moravia: An Architectural Companion''. Faber & Faber.

==External links==
{{Commons category|Moravia}}
* [http://www.mzm.cz/en/ Moravské zemské muzeum official website]
* [http://www.moravska-galerie.cz/?lang=en/ Moravian gallery official website]
* [http://www.mzk.cz/en/ Moravian library official website]
* [http://www.mza.cz// Moravian land archive official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026100144/http://www.mza.cz/ |date=26 October 2016 }} {{in lang|cs}}
* [http://www.cirkev.cz/en/dioceses/province-of-moravia/ Province of Moravia – Czech Catholic Church – official website] 
* [http://www.brno.cz/index.php?lan=en Welcome to the 2nd largest city of the CR] {{in lang|cs|en|de}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070521214143/http://www.olomouc-travel.cz/index.php?lang=2 Welcome to Olomouc, city of good cheer...] {{in lang|cs|en|de|fr|es|it|pl|ru|ja|zh}}
* [http://znojmocity.cz/EN/poznejteznojmo.asp Znojmo – City of Virtue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208103146/http://znojmocity.cz/EN/poznejteznojmo.asp |date=8 December 2013 }} {{in lang|cs|en|de}}
* {{Wikisource-inline|list=
** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Moravia|volume=XIII|year=1905 |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB9|wstitle=Moravia|volume=XVI |short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Moravia|volume=18|short=x |noicon=x}}
** {{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Moravia|volume=10|short=x |noicon=x}}
}}

{{Czech lands}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Moravia| ]]
[[Category:Counties of the Holy Roman Empire]]
[[Category:Geography of Europe]]
[[Category:Geography of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Historic counties in Moravia]]
[[Category:Historical regions in the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Historical regions]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of Austria-Hungary]]