Editing Mortality rate

{{Short description|Deaths per 1,000 individuals per year}}
{{distinguish|case fatality rate}}
[[File:Mortality Rate Map by Country.svg|thumb|400px|Mortality rate of countries, deaths per thousand]]

'''Mortality rate''', or '''death rate''',<ref name=Porta-2014>{{cite book|editor-last=Porta|editor-first=M|title=A Dictionary of Epidemiology| chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okf1AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA69|year=2014|edition=5th|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford| isbn=978-0-19-939005-2|pages=189, 69, 64, 36|chapter=Mortality Rate, Morbidity rate; Death rate; Cumulative death rate; Case fatality rate}}</ref>{{rp|189,69}} is a measure of the number of [[death]]s (in general, or due to a specific cause) in a particular [[Statistical population|population]], scaled to the size of that population, per unit of time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year; thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 (out of 1,000) in a population of 1,000 would mean 9.5 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95% out of the total. It is distinct from "[[morbidity]]", which is either the [[prevalence]] or [[Incidence (epidemiology)|incidence]] of a [[disease]], and also from the [[incidence rate]] (the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time).<ref name=Porta-2014/>{{rp|189}}{{verification needed|date=January 2020}}

An important specific mortality rate measure is the '''crude death rate''', which looks at mortality from all causes in a given time interval for a given population. {{As of|2020}}, for instance, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] estimates that the crude death rate globally will be 7.7 deaths per 1,000 people in a population per year.<ref name=CIA2020>{{cite book | author=CIA Staff | date=2020 | title=CIA World Factbook | chapter=People and Society | chapter-url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/346.html#XX | access-date=January 31, 2020 | archive-date=October 10, 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010211308/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/346.html#XX | url-status=dead }}</ref> In a generic form,<ref name=Porta-2014/>{{rp|189}} mortality rates can be seen as calculated using <math>(d/p) \cdot 10^n</math>, where ''d'' represents the deaths from whatever cause of interest is specified that occur within a given time period, ''p'' represents the size of the population in which the deaths occur (however this population is defined or limited), and <math>10^n</math> is the conversion factor from the resulting fraction to another unit (e.g., multiplying by <math>10^3</math> to get mortality rate per 1,000 individuals).<ref name=Porta-2014/>{{rp|189}}

==Crude death rate, globally==
The crude death rate is defined as "the mortality rate from all causes of death for a population," calculated as the "total number of deaths during a given time interval" divided by the "mid-interval population", per 1,000 or 100,000; for instance, the population of the [[United States]] was around 290,810,000 in 2003, and in that year, approximately 2,419,900 deaths occurred in total, giving a crude death (mortality) rate of 832 deaths per 100,000.<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–20f}} {{As of|2020}}, the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] estimates the U.S. crude death rate will be 8.3 per 1,000, while it estimates that the global rate will be 7.7 per 1,000.<ref name=CIA2020/>

According to the [[World Health Organization]], the ten leading causes of death, globally, in 2016, for both sexes and all ages, were as presented in the table below.<ref>{{cite web| author = WHO Staff | date=2018|title=Global Health Observatory (GHO) data: Top 10 causes of death|location = Geneva, CH | publisher=World Health Organization | url=https://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/causes_death/top_10/en/| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808230640/http://www.who.int/gho/mortality_burden_disease/causes_death/top_10/en/| url-status=dead| archive-date=August 8, 2014| access-date = January 31, 2020}}</ref>

'''Crude death rate, per 100,000 population'''
# [[Ischaemic heart disease]], '''126'''
# [[Stroke]], '''77'''
# [[Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease]], '''41'''
# [[Lower respiratory infections]], '''40'''
# [[Alzheimer's disease]] and other [[dementias]], '''27'''
# [[Lung cancer|Trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers]], '''23'''
# [[Diabetes mellitus]], '''21'''
# [[Road traffic accidents|Road injury]], '''19'''
# [[Diarrhoeal diseases]], '''19'''
# [[Tuberculosis]], '''17'''
Mortality rate is also measured per thousand. It is determined by how many people of a certain age die per thousand people. Decrease of mortality rate is one of the reasons for increase of population. Development of medical science and other technologies has resulted in the decrease of mortality rate in all the countries of the world for some decades. In 1990, the mortality rate of children under five years of age was 144 per thousand, but in 2015 the child mortality rate was 38 per thousand.{{cn|date=July 2021}}

==Related measures of mortality==
Other specific measures of mortality include:<ref name="cdc.gov">For tabulated definitions for Crude death rate, Cause-specific death rate, Proportionate mortality, Death-to-case ratio, Neonatal mortality rate, Postneonatal mortality rate, Infant mortality rate, and Maternal mortality rate (with example calculations for several), see {{cite book | last1 = Dicker | first1 = Richard C. | last2 = Coronado | first2 = Fátima | last3 = Koo | first3 = Denise | last4 = Parrish II | first4 = Roy Gibson | year = 2012 | title = Principles of Epidemiology in Public Health Practice: An Introduction to Applied Epidemiology and Biostatistics | chapter = Lesson Three: Measures of Risk, §Mortality Frequency Measures | pages = 3–20 to 3–38 | location = Atlanta, GA | publisher =  U.S. Department of [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]], [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) | language=en-us | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/SS1978.pdf | access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Measures of mortality
!width=250pt|Name!!Typical definition
|-
|[[Perinatal mortality]] rate||The sum of fetal deaths (stillbirths) past 22 (or 28) completed weeks of pregnancy plus the number of deaths among live-born children up to 7 completed days of life, divided by number of births.<ref>{{cite book|isbn=978-0123739605|title=International Encyclopedia of Public Health}}{{Page needed|date=December 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maternal mortality]] rate||Number of deaths of mothers assigned to pregnancy-related causes during a given time interval, divided by the number of live births during the same time interval.<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–20}}
|-
|[[Infant mortality]] rate ||Number of deaths among children <one year of age during a given time interval divided by the number of live births during the same time interval.<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–20}}
|-
|[[Child mortality]] rate<br />(also known as 'Under-five mortality rate')||Number of deaths of children less than 5 years old, divided by number of live births.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/child_health/mortality/mortality_under_five/en/|title=Global Health Observatory (GHO) data – Under-five mortality|access-date=2020-03-30}}</ref>
|-
|[[Standardized mortality ratio]] (SMR)||The ratio of the number of deaths in a given (index) population to the number of deaths expected, a form of indirectly (as opposed to directly) standardized rates, where the categories are usually "defined by age, gender and race or ethnicity".<ref name = GailBenichou2000>{{cite book | last1 = Gail | first1 = Mitchell | last2 = Benichou | first2 = Jacques | year = 2000 | title = Encyclopedia of Epidemiologic Methods | chapter = Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) | series = Wiley Reference Series in Biostatistics | page = 884  | location = New York| publisher =  John Wiley & Sons | language=en-us | chapter-url = https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/SS1978.pdf | access-date=January 31, 2020 | isbn = 9780471866411}}</ref> The numerator is calculated as <small><math>\sum n_iR_i</math></small>, where "<small><math>n_i</math></small> is the number of persons in category <small><math>i</math></small> of the index population and <small><math>R_i</math></small> is the corresponding category-specific event rate in a standard population."<ref name = GailBenichou2000/> It has also been described as a [[Proportionality (mathematics)|proportional]] comparison to the numbers of deaths that would have been expected if the population had been of a standard composition in terms of age, gender, etc.<ref>{{cite book | author = Everitt, B.S. | title = The Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics | location = Cambridge, UK | publisher = Cambridge University Press |  isbn = 052181099X}}{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}}{{verification needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
|[[Age-specific mortality rate]] (ASMR)||The total number of deaths per year at a specific age, divided by the number of living persons  at that age (e.g. age 62 at last birthday)<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–21}}
|-
|Cause-specific death rate ||Number of deaths assigned to a specific [[cause of death|cause]] during a given time interval divided by the mid-interval population<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–21}}
|-
|Cumulative death rate||The incidence proportion of death, that is, the proportion of a [defined] group that dies over a specified time interval,<ref name=Porta-2014/>{{rp|64}} whether in reference to all deaths over the time inverval, or "to deaths from a specific cause or causes".<ref name=Porta-2014/>{{rp|64}} It has also been described as a measure of the (growing) proportion of a group that die over a specified period (often as estimated by techniques that account for [[missing data]] by [[Censoring (statistics)|statistical censoring]]).{{according to whom|date=January 2020}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}
|-
|[[Case fatality rate]] (CFR)||The proportion of diagnosed cases of a particular [[medical condition]] that lead to death.<ref>{{cite web |title=Principles of Epidemiology - Lesson 3: Measures of Risk Section 3: Mortality Frequency Measures |url=https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section3.html |website=Centers for disease control and prevention |date=18 February 2019 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health & Human Services |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Infection fatality rate]] (IFR)||The proportion of infected cases of a particular [[medical condition]] that lead to death. Similar to CFR, but adjusted for asymptomatic and undiagnosed cases.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection fatality rate |url=https://flexikon.doccheck.com/de/Infection_fatality_rate |publisher=DocCheck Medical Services GmbH |access-date=25 March 2020}}</ref>
|}

For any of these, a "sex-specific mortality rate" refers to "a mortality rate among either males or females", where the calculation involves both "numerator and denominator... limited to the one sex".<ref name="cdc.gov"/>{{rp|3–23}}

==Use in epidemiology==
In most cases there are few if any ways to obtain exact mortality rates, so epidemiologists use estimation to predict correct mortality rates. Mortality rates are usually difficult to predict due to language barriers, health infrastructure related issues, conflict, and other reasons. Maternal mortality has additional challenges, especially as they pertain to stillbirths, abortions, and multiple births. In some countries, during the 1920s, a stillbirth was defined as "a birth of at least twenty weeks' gestation in which the child shows no evidence of life after complete birth". In most countries, however, a stillbirth was defined as "the birth of a fetus, after 28 weeks of pregnancy, in which pulmonary respiration does not occur".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Death in Childbirth: An International Study of Maternal Care and Maternal Mortality 1800–1950 |language=en|doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198229971.001.0001|isbn=978-0191678950|publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1992|last1=Loudon|first1=Irvine}}</ref>

===Census data and vital statistics===
Ideally, all mortality estimation would be done using vital statistics and census data. Census data will give detailed information about the population at risk of death. The vital statistics provide information about live births and deaths in the population.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Timæus|first=Ian M.|date=1991|title=Measurement of Adult Mortality in Less Developed Countries: A Comparative Review|jstor=3644262|journal=Population Index|volume=57|issue=4|pages=552–568|doi=10.2307/3644262|pmid=12284917}}</ref> Often, either census data and vital statistics data is not available. This is common in developing countries, countries that are in conflict, areas where natural disasters have caused mass displacement, and other areas where there is a humanitarian crisis <ref name=":0" />

===Household surveys===
Household surveys or interviews are another way in which mortality rates are often assessed. There are several methods to estimate mortality in different segments of the population. One such example is the [[sisterhood method]], which involves researchers estimating maternal mortality by contacting women in populations of interest and asking whether or not they have a sister, if the sister is of child-bearing age (usually 15) and conducting an interview or written questions about possible deaths among sisters. The sisterhood method, however, does not work in cases where sisters may have died before the sister being interviewed was born.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Graham|first1=W.|last2=Brass|first2=W.|last3=Snow|first3=R. W.|date=May 1989|title=Estimating maternal mortality: the sisterhood method|journal=Studies in Family Planning|volume=20|issue=3|pages=125–135|issn=0039-3665|pmid=2734809|doi=10.2307/1966567|jstor=1966567}}</ref>

Orphanhood surveys estimate mortality by questioning children are asked about the mortality of their parents. It has often been criticized as an adult mortality rate that is very biased for several reasons. The adoption effect is one such instance in which orphans often do not realize that they are adopted. Additionally, interviewers may not realize that an adoptive or foster parent is not the child's biological parent. There is also the issue of parents being reported on by multiple children while some adults have no children, thus are not counted in mortality estimates.<ref name=":0" />

Widowhood surveys estimate adult mortality by responding to questions about the deceased husband or wife. One limitation of the widowhood survey surrounds the issues of divorce, where people may be more likely to report that they are widowed in places where there is the great social stigma around being a divorcee. Another limitation is that multiple marriages introduce biased estimates, so individuals are often asked about first marriage. Biases will be significant if the association of death between spouses, such as those in countries with large AIDS epidemics.<ref name=":0" />

===Sampling===
Sampling refers to the selection of a subset of the population of interest to efficiently gain information about the entire population. Samples should be representative of the population of interest. [[Cluster sampling]] is an approach to non-probability sampling; this is an approach in which each member of the population is assigned to a group (cluster), and then clusters are randomly selected, and all members of selected clusters are included in the sample. Often combined with stratification techniques (in which case it is called [[multistage sampling]]), cluster sampling is the approach most often used by epidemiologists. In areas of forced migration, there is more significant [[sampling error]]. Thus cluster sampling is not the ideal choice.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK220916/|title=Estimating Mortality Rates|last=Migration|first=National Research Council (US) Roundtable on the Demography of Forced|date=2002|publisher=National Academies Press (US)|language=en}}</ref>

==Mortality statistics==
{{For|worldwide statistics|List of sovereign states and dependent territories by mortality rate}}
Causes of death vary greatly between developed and less [[developed countries]];{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} see also [[list of causes of death by rate]] for worldwide statistics.

{|class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin: 0.5em 0 0.5em 1em; text-align:left"
|+ World historical and predicted crude death rates (1950–2050) <br /><small>UN, medium variant, 2012 rev.</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.un.org/Data.aspx?d=PopDiv&f=variableID:65|title=UNdata - record view - Crude death rate (deaths per 1,000 population)|website=data.un.org}}</ref>
|-
!Years!!CDR!!Years!!CDR
|-
|1950–1955|| align="center" |19.1||2000–2005|| align="center" |8.4
|-
||1955–1960|| align="center" |17.3||2005–2010|| align="center" |8.1
|-
||1960–1965|| align="center" |16.2||2010–2015|| align="center" |8.1
|-
||1965–1970|| align="center" |12.9||2015–2020|| align="center" |8.1
|-
||1970–1975|| align="center" |11.6||2020–2025|| align="center" |8.1
|-
||1975–1980|| align="center" |10.6||2025–2030|| align="center" |8.3
|-
||1980–1985|| align="center" |10.0||2030–2035|| align="center" |8.6
|-
||1985–1990|| align="center" |9.4||2035–2040|| align="center" |9.0
|-
||1990–1995|| align="center" |9.1||2040–2045|| align="center" |9.4
|-
||1995–2000|| align="center" |8.8||2045–2050|| align="center" |9.7
|}

[[File:Income death in logs graph.JPG|thumb|right|upright=1.35|Scatter plot of the [[natural logarithm]] (ln) of the crude death rate against the natural log of per capita GDP.{{clarify|date=May 2020}}{{Fix|text=currency needs to be stated.}} The slope of the trend line is the elasticity of the crude death rate with respect to per capita income.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} It indicates that as of the date of the basis data set,{{when|date=January 2020}} an increase in per capita income tends to be associated with a decrease in the crude death rate.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} Source: World Development Indicators.{{full citation needed|date=January 2020}}]]

According to [[Jean Ziegler]] (the [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] on the Right to Food for 2000 to March 2008), mortality due to [[malnutrition]] accounted for 58% of the total mortality in 2006: "In the world, approximately 62 million people, all causes of death combined, die each year. In 2006, more than 36 million died of hunger or diseases due to deficiencies in [[micronutrients]]".<ref name=Ziegler>[[Jean Ziegler]], ''L'Empire de la honte'', Fayard, 2007 {{ISBN|978-2-253-12115-2}}, p.130.</ref>

Of the roughly 150,000 people who die each day across the globe,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil registration: why counting births and deaths is important|url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/civil-registration-why-counting-births-and-deaths-is-important|access-date=2020-06-11|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Global deaths: This is how COVID-19 compares to other diseases|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/05/how-many-people-die-each-day-covid-19-coronavirus/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=World Economic Forum|date=16 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ross|first=Jenna|date=2020-05-15|title=How Many People Die Each Day?|url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/how-many-people-die-each-day/|access-date=2020-06-11|website=Visual Capitalist|language=en-US}}</ref> about two thirds—100,000 per day—die of age-related causes.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011">{{cite journal|last=Aubrey D.N.J|first=de Grey|author-link=Aubrey de Grey|title=Life Span Extension Research and Public Debate: Societal Considerations|journal=Studies in Ethics, Law, and Technology|volume=1|issue=1, Article 5|year=2007|url=http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|doi=10.2202/1941-6008.1011|access-date=August 7, 2011|citeseerx=10.1.1.395.745|s2cid=201101995 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013163622/http://www.sens.org/files/pdf/ENHANCE-PP.pdf|archive-date=October 13, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> In industrialized nations, the proportion is much higher, reaching 90%.<ref name="doi10.2202/1941-6008.1011" />

==Economics==
Scholars have stated that there is a significant relationship between a low standard of living that results from low income; and increased mortality rates. A low standard of living is more likely to result in malnutrition, which can make people more susceptible to disease and more likely to die from these diseases. A lower standard of living may lead to as a lack of hygiene and sanitation, increased exposure to and the spread of disease, and a lack of access to proper medical care and facilities. Poor health can in turn contribute to low and reduced incomes, which can create a loop known as the health-poverty trap.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Health, Income, & Poverty: Where We Are & What Could Help|date=October 4, 2018|language=en|doi=10.1377/hpb20180817.901935|doi-access=free}}</ref> Indian economist and philosopher [[Amartya Sen]] has stated that mortality rates can serve as an indicator of economic success and failure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sen|first=Amartya|date=1998|title=Mortality as an Indicator of Economic Success and Failure|journal=The Economic Journal|volume=108|issue=446|pages=1–25|issn=0013-0133|jstor=2565734|doi=10.1111/1468-0297.00270|s2cid=55557306 }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite book|title=Life under pressure: mortality and living standards in Europe and Asia, 1700–1900|last1=Bengtsson|first1=Tommy|last2=Campbell|first2=Cameron|last3=Lee|first3=James Z.|date=2004|publisher=MIT|isbn=978-0262268097|location=Cambridge, MA|oclc=57141654}}</ref>{{rp|27, 32}}

Historically, mortality rates have been adversely affected by short term price increases. Studies have shown that mortality rates increase at a rate concurrent with increases in [[food prices]]. These effects have a greater impact on vulnerable, lower-income populations than they do on populations with a higher standard of living.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|35–36, 70}}

In more recent times, higher mortality rates have been less tied to socio-economic levels within a given society, but have differed more between low and high-income countries. It is now found that national income, which is directly tied to standard of living within a country, is the largest factor in mortality rates being higher in low-income countries.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Preston|first=Samuel H.|date=2007-06-01|title=The changing relation between mortality and level of economic development|journal=International Journal of Epidemiology|language=en|volume=36|issue=3|pages=484–490|doi=10.1093/ije/dym075|pmid=17550952|issn=0300-5771|pmc=2572360}}</ref>

=== Preventable mortality ===
These rates are especially pronounced for children under 5 years old, particularly in lower-income, developing countries. These children have a much greater chance of dying of diseases that have become mostly preventable in higher-income parts of the world. More children die of malaria, respiratory infections, diarrhea, perinatal conditions, and measles in developing nations. Data shows that after the age of 5 these preventable causes level out between high and low-income countries.{{cn|date=July 2021}}

==See also==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Biodemography]]
* [[Compensation law of mortality]]
* [[Demography]]
* [[Gompertz–Makeham law of mortality]]
* [[Life table]]
* [[List of causes of death by rate]]
* [[List of countries by birth rate]]
* [[List of countries by death rate]]
* [[List of countries by life expectancy]]
* [[Maximum life span]]
* [[Medical statistics]]
* [[Micromort]]
* [[Mortality displacement]]
* [[Risk adjusted mortality rate]]
* [[Vital statistics (government records)|Vital statistics]]
* [[Weekend effect]]
* [[World population]]
{{colend}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090215000125/http://esa.un.org/unpp/index.asp?panel=2 Crude death rate (per 1,000 population)] based on ''World Population Prospects The 2008 Revision'', [[United Nations]]. Retrieved 22 June 2010
* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html Rank Order – Death rate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180228071330/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2066rank.html |date=2018-02-28 }} in ''CIA World Factbook''
* [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19649 Mortality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306170442/http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=19649 |date=2014-03-06 }} in ''The Medical Dictionary'', Medterms. Retrieved 22 June 2010
* [http://webapp.cdc.gov/sasweb/ncipc/leadcaus10.html "WISQARS Leading Causes of Death Reports, 1999–2007"], [[US Centers for Disease Control]] Retrieved 22 June 2010
* Edmond Halley, [http://www.pierre-marteau.com/editions/1693-mortality.html ''An Estimate of the Degrees of the Mortality of Mankind''] (1693)
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Mortality rates}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20130414155810/http://www.deathriskrankings.org/ DeathRiskRankings: Calculates risk of dying in the next year using MicroMorts and displays risk rankings for up to 66 causes of death]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20171216144049/http://www.data360.org/graph_group.aspx?Graph_Group_Id=347 Data regarding death rates by age and cause in the United States (from Data360)]
* [http://www.cedat.org/ Complex Emergency Database (CE-DAT): Mortality data from conflict-affected populations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226231117/http://www.cedat.org/ |date=2008-12-26 }}
* [http://www.mortality.org/ Human Mortality Database: Historic mortality data from developed nations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152143/http://www.mortality.org/ |date=2011-02-28 }}
* [https://www.worldometers.info/ Deaths this year]
* [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/number-of-deaths-per-year?country=~OWID_WRL. OUR WORLD IN DATA: Number of deaths per year, World]

{{Death}}
{{Medical research studies}}
{{Population}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Population]]
[[Category:Demography]]
[[Category:Epidemiology]]
[[Category:Medical aspects of death]]
[[Category:Actuarial science]]
[[Category:Population ecology]]
[[Category:Medical statistics]]
[[Category:Temporal rates]]