Editing Movement paradox

{{Short description|Grammatical paradox}}
A '''movement paradox''' is a phenomenon of grammar that challenges the [[transformational grammar|transformational]] approach to [[syntax]].<ref>See Pollard and Sag (1994:165-166) and Bresnan (2001:16-19) for a discussion of movement paradoxes.</ref> The importance of movement paradoxes is emphasized by those theories of syntax (e.g. [[lexical functional grammar]], [[head-driven phrase structure grammar]], [[construction grammar]], most [[dependency grammar]]s) that reject movement, i.e. the notion that [[Discontinuity (linguistics)|discontinuities]] in syntax are explained by the movement of [[Constituent (linguistics)|constituents]].

== Syntactic movement ==   
Given a transformational approach to syntax, the following related sentences are explained in terms of [[Syntactic movement|movement]]:

::a. We talked about <u>the fact that he was sick</u> for days.
::b. <u>The fact that he was sick</u>, we talked about ___ for days. <small>- Example of topicalization</small>

The underlined noun phrase, which contains a clause, is taken to have moved leftward in the second sentence, the blank marking its starting position. A transformational approach to syntax will explain all sorts of discontinuities (e.g. [[wh-fronting]], [[topicalization]], [[extraposition]], [[scrambling (linguistics)|scrambling]], [[Inversion (linguistics)|inversion]], [[Shifting (syntax)|shifting]]) in this manner in terms of movement.

== Three types of movement paradoxes ==  
Movement paradoxes challenge the movement account of discontinuities. They occur when the "moved" constituent is acceptable in its derived position but not in its base position, e.g.<ref>The three examples given here are taken from Bresnan (2001:16ff.).</ref>

::a. *We talked about <u>that he was sick</u> for days. <small>- Underlined clause is unacceptable before movement.</small>
::b. <u>That he was sick</u>, we talked about ___ for days. <small>- Example of topicalization</small>

::a. *...but she did not <u>met me</u>. <small>- Underlined verb phrase is unacceptable before movement</small>
::b. ?...but <u>met me</u> she did not ___. <small>- Example of topicalization</small> 

::a. *I <u>aren't</u> your friend. <small>- Underlined copular verb is unacceptable before movement.</small>
::b. <u>Aren't</u> I ___ your friend? <small>- Example of inversion</small> 

These data are difficult to explain in an analysis based on movement, since it is not evident how the b-sentence can be grammatical each time if it is derived by a movement operation applied to the corresponding a-example. The first example illustrates a movement paradox involving a clausal complement of the preposition ''about'', the second a movement paradox involving competing forms of a [[non-finite verb]] (''meet'' vs ''met''), and the third a movement paradox involving a contracted form of the [[Copula (linguistics)|copula]] (''aren't''). To state the problem in other words, the movement analysis of the b-sentences has to explain the unexpected fact that the a-sentences are bad.

== A fourth type of movement paradox ==
Movement paradoxes are present in other languages as well. The so-called ''long passive'' in German presents a movement paradox that revolves around competing case forms, e.g.<ref>The examples of the long passive here are similar to those discussed by Groß and Osborne (2009:56ff.).</ref>

::{| 
|- 
| a.  
| Gestern 
| wurde
| versucht,
| den
| Wagen
| zu reparieren.
|
|- 
|
| yesterday
| was
| tried
| the-'''ACC'''
| car
| to repair
| 'One attempted to fix the car yesterday.'
|-
|}  

::{| 
|- 
| b.  
| *Den 
| Wagen
| wurde
| gestern
| versucht
| zu reparieren.
|
|- 
|
| the-'''ACC'''
| car
| was
| yesterday
| tried 
| to repair
| 'One attempted to fix the car yesterday.'
|-
|}

::{| 
|- 
| c.  
| Der 
| Wagen
| wurde
| gestern
| versucht
| zu reparieren.
|
|- 
|
| the-'''NOM'''
| car
| was
| yesterday
| tried 
| to repair
| 'One attempted to fix the car yesterday.'
|-
|}

On the assumption that the noun phrase ''den Wagen'' is in its base position in the a-sentence, this noun phrase must be in a derived position in the other two sentences. The problem is evident in the competing case forms of the determiner (''den'' vs. ''der''). In the derived position at the front of the sentence, the determiner must appear in the nominative (''der'', not ''den''), whereas when this noun phrase appears in its base position, the accusative of the determiner must appear (''den'', not ''der''). The paradox is evident in the necessity that a change in case form accompany movement.

== See also ==
*[[Discontinuity (linguistics)|Discontinuity]]
*[[Syntactic movement|Movement]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
* {{cite book |last1=Bresnan |first1=Joan |title=Lexical-Functional Syntax |date=2001 |publisher=Blackwell |edition=1 |isbn=9780631209744}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Groß |first1=Thomas |last2=Osborne |first2=Timothy |title=Toward a practical dependency grammar theory of discontinuities |journal=SKY Journal of Linguistics |date=2009 |volume=22 |pages=43–90}}
* {{cite book |last1=Pollard |first1=Carl |last2=Sag |first2=Ivan A. |title=Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar |date=1 August 1994 |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226674469 |edition=2}}
* {{cite book |last1=Webelhuth |first1=Gert |title=Principles and Parameters of Syntactic Saturation. |date=1992 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780195361384}}

[[Category:Generative linguistics]]
[[Category:Syntactic transformation]]
[[Category:Paradoxes]]