Editing Multatuli

{{Short description|Dutch writer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Multatuli
| image              = Portret van de schrijver Multatuli (cropped).jpg
| alt                = 
| caption            = Eduard Douwes Dekker, also known as Multatuli in 1864
| birth_name         = Eduard Douwes Dekker
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1820|3|2|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Amsterdam]], [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]]
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1887|2|19|1820|3|2|df=yes}}
| death_place        = [[Ingelheim am Rhein|Nieder Ingelheim]], [[Rhine Province|Rhine]], [[German Empire]]
| occupation         = Writer
}}
'''Eduard Douwes Dekker''' (2 March 1820{{snd}}19 February 1887), better known by his pen name '''Multatuli''' (from [[Latin]] ''multa tulī'', "I have suffered much"), was a Dutch writer best known for his satirical novel ''[[Max Havelaar]]'' (1860), which denounced the abuses of [[colonialism]] in the [[Dutch East Indies]] (today's [[Indonesia]]). He is considered one of the Netherlands' greatest authors.<ref name=Britannica/>

== Family and education ==

Eduard Douwes Dekker was born in [[Amsterdam]],<ref name=Memory1/> the fourth of five children of a [[Mennonite]] family: the other children were Catharina (1809–1849), Pieter Engel (1812–1861), Jan (1816–1864), and Willem (1823–1840).<ref name=MM-Y/> Their mother, Sietske Eeltjes Klein (sometimes written "Klijn"), was born on [[Ameland]].<ref name="MM-Y" />

Multatuli’s father, Engel Douwes Dekker, worked as a [[sea captain]] from the [[Zaan]] district of [[North Holland]].<ref>Dik van der Meulen (2002): ''Multatuli. Leven en werk van Eduard Douwes Dekker.'' [[Nijmegen]], Sun, {{ISBN|9789058750549}}, pp. 34–36.</ref> Engel inherited the surnames of both his parents, Pieter Douwes and Engeltje Dekker, and Multatuli’s family retained both names.<ref>[http://www.multatuli-museum.nl/multatuli-jeugd "Multatuli, Jeugd"]. Multatuli Museum website.</ref><ref name="De raadselachtige Multatuli">[http://www.willemfrederikhermans.nl/tekst/herm014raad01_01/herm014raad01_01_0003.htm De raadselachtige Multatuli], W.F. Hermans; pagina 17</ref> Multatuli’s elder brother, Jan Douwes Dekker (1816–1864), was the grandfather of [[Ernest Douwes Dekker]], a politician of Dutch-Javanese descent.

As an adolescent, Multatuli attended school in Amsterdam, at the [[Latin school]] located at the [[Singel (Amsterdam)|Singel]]. A precursor of the present day [[Barlaeus Gymnasium]].<ref name="MM-Y" /> His father originally intended for Eduard to become a [[Minister (Christianity)|minister]], though the idea was later abandoned.<ref name="MM-Y" /><ref name="De raadselachtige Multatuli" /> Eduard then worked for a time at a textile firm, as a [[clerk]].<ref>Stuiveling (1985), p. 401.</ref>

== Career in Dutch East Indies ==
=== Natal, Sumatra ===
[[File:Stamboek van Oost-Indische ambtenaren- Inschrijving van Eduard Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), 1839-1887 - Register of East-Indies officials- Entry for Eduard Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), 1839-1887 (4600959516).jpg|thumb|Register of Dutch East Indian officials: Registration of Eduard Douwes Dekker (Multatuli), 1839–1887]]
[[File:Natal clinique 1.jpg|thumb|The hospital of [[Natal, North Sumatra]], formerly the office and residence of Multatuli as ''[[comptroller|controleur]]'']]
In 1838, he left on one of his father's ships for [[Batavia, Dutch East Indies|Batavia]] (present-day [[Jakarta]]) in the [[Dutch East Indies]], where over the next two decades he held a series of colonial government posts.<ref name="Britannica"/><ref name=Memory1/><ref name=MM-Y/> Initially employed in the general accounting department,<ref name=MM-Y/> he was promoted in the following years to administrative officer, although he disliked financial work.<ref name=MM-Y/>

In 1842, he was appointed comptroller<!--"Controleur", redlinked in Dutch Wiki--> of the troubled district of [[Natal, North Sumatra|Natal]], [[North Sumatra|Noord Sumatra]], [[Dutch East Indies]] (now part of [[Indonesia]]).<ref name=MM-DEI/>

In 1843 a 13-year-old girl, Si Oepi Ketch, a member of a Sumatran noble family, was offered to Douwes Dekker. Douwes Dekker later described her as "one of my first loves". A lock of hair, which Douwes Dekker kept with him all his life, is still kept at the Multatuli Museum. Back then it was very common to match young native women with single Dutch civil servants.<ref>''De nieuwe koloniale leeslijst'', Saskia Pieterse & Lisanne Snelders, blz. 35, Das Mag, De groene Amsterdammer, Amsterdam 2021</ref><ref>DBNL [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_med003mede01_01/_med003mede01_01_0187.php  biographical details Eduard Douwes Dekker]</ref>

Financial irregularities and a deficit in funds – at least some of which dated to before his time in office – led to a serious reprimand from the governor of [[Sumatra]]'s west coastal region, [[General]] [[Andreas Victor Michiels]], and to a temporary suspension.<ref name=MM-DEI/> Aggrieved, he wrote a revenge play ''De Oneerbare'' (The Dishonorable Man), later published as ''De bruid daarboven'' (The Upstairs Bride). He would later include a version of this episode in his satirical novel ''[[Max Havelaar]]''.

Although the general was later shown to have been in the wrong in the matter of the reprimand, Douwes Dekker himself acknowledged that he was not well suited to administrative work.<ref name=MM-DEI/> He annoyed his colleagues not solely by his errors and delays but by not adhering to the unwritten rules of the local civil service. Eventually, after refunding the deficit out of his own pocket, he was put on temporary leave and then transferred elsewhere.<ref name=MM-DEI/>

===Menado, Ambon, and Lebak===
After holding several subordinate government positions in [[Nanjing]] in [[Qing dynasty]] [[China]] and [[Purworejo Regency|Purworedjo]] in [[Java]] [[Dutch East Indies|under colonial rule]] (now part of [[Indonesia]]), Douwes Dekker was appointed secretary to the [[:nl:Resident (bestuurder)|Resident]] of [[Manado|Menado]] in [[North Sulawesi|Noord-Celebes]] (now also part of [[Indonesia]]) in 1848. Here his career recovered, at least in part because the resident, [[:nl:Reinier Scherius|Reinier Scherius]], shared his strong sense of fair play towards the indigenous population. On his departure in 1851, Scherius recommended Douwes Dekker as his successor. The government decided otherwise; Multatuli had again amassed a deficit in the official funds and had also run up private debts, a situation that raised suspicions of financial irregularities but was never cleared up. Nonetheless, at the end of 1851 he was promoted up the administrative ladder, being sent to [[Ambon Island|Ambon]] as Assistant Resident.

After a few months, he went on furlough to the Netherlands for health reasons. From 1852 to May 1855 he was in Holland, where he gambled extensively and accumulated more debt. Despite his later success as a writer, he would be pursued by creditors for most of his adult life.

In 1857 he was appointed Assistant Resident of [[Lebak Regency|Lebak]], in the [[Bantam (city)|Bantam-Kidoel]] area of Java (now [[Banten]] province in Indonesia).<ref name=Memory1/> By this time, however, he had begun to openly protest against the abuses of the Dutch colonial system and was threatened with dismissal. Instead, he resigned his appointment and returned to the Netherlands.<ref name=Memory1/>

==Writing career==
[[File:Amsterdam32.JPG|thumb|left|upright|Statue of Multatuli on a square over the [[Singel (Amsterdam)|Singel]] canal in Amsterdam.]]
Determined to expose the scandals he had witnessed during his years in the Dutch East Indies, Douwes Dekker began to write newspaper articles and pamphlets. Little notice was taken of these early publications until, in 1860, he published his satirical anticolonialist novel ''[[Max Havelaar|Max Havelaar: The Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company]]'' under the pseudonym Multatuli.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Douwes Dekker's pen name is derived from the Latin phrase ''multa tuli'', meaning "I have suffered much" (or more literally: "I have borne much"). It refers both to himself and to the victims of the injustices he saw.

Douwes Dekker was accepted in 1854 at the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] loge "Concordia Vincit Animos".<ref>"Ik heb u den Max Havelaar niet verkocht", red. Ika Sorgdrager & Dik van der Meulen, Uitgeverij Bas Lubberhuizen, Amsterdam, 2010, p. 105 e.v.</ref> The head of this loge was W.J.C. van Hasselt. Multatuli sent his manuscript of Max Havelaar to Van Hasselt, and Van Hasselt sent this manuscript to another Freemason, [[Jacob van Lennep]].

The very first text ever published by Multatuli was "Geloofsbelydenis" (Profession of Faith). It appeared in the Freemason periodical "De Dageraad" (The Dawn) in 1859. In 1865 it was reprinted in "Bloemlezing door Multatuli" by R.C. Meijer, a fellow Freemason in Amsterdam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://socialhistory.org/bwsa/biografie/meijer-r|title = MEIJER, Rudolf Carel &#124; BWSA}}</ref> Already in 1861 the book "Minnebrieven" (Love letters) was published at the same printer/bookseller. Many more books and editions of Dekker were published by R.C. Meijer.

Although Douwes Dekker's friend and fellow writer [[Jacob van Lennep]] had seen to it that identifiable place names were changed before publication, the book still caused enormous controversy.<ref name=MM-MH/> Apologists for colonialism accused Multatuli of exaggeration, and he was unsuccessfully pressured to withdraw the inflammatory book.<ref name=MM-MH/> Critics claimed it lacked literary merit; nonetheless, ''Max Havelaar'' was read all over Europe.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} The poet and critic [[Carel Vosmaer]] proved to be an ally, publishing a book (''The Sower'', 1874) praising Multatuli.<ref>''Een Zaaier: studiën over Multatuli's werken'' Carel Vosmaer, Amsterdam: [[G.L. Funke]], 1874</ref>

[[File:Beeldje Woutertje Pieterse (uit boek Multatuli) van Frits Sieger onthuld op Noor, Bestanddeelnr 925-1341.jpg|thumb|upright|Frits Sieger with his statue of Multatuli's characters Woutertje Pieterse and Femke in 1971]]

Multatuli continued to write prolifically. His misleadingly titled second book, ''Minnebrieven'' (''Love Letters'', 1861), is actually another mordant satire, this time in the form of a fictitious correspondence.<ref name=Britannica /> The following year, he began to publish a wide range of miscellaneous writings in a series of uniform volumes called ''Ideën'' (''Ideas''), of which seven appeared between 1862 and 1877.<ref name=Memory1/> His semi-autobiographical novel ''Woutertje Pieterse'' (''Little Walter Pieterse'') was first printed in the ''Ideas'' series.<ref name=Memory1/>

Multatuli made several attempts to write for the stage. One of his plays, ''Vorstenschool'' (''The School for Princes''; published in 1872 in the fourth volume of ''Ideën''), expresses his nonconformist views on politics, society, and religion. For fear of offending the Dutch king, he let three years elapse before the play was first staged. The premiere and subsequent tour were a great success, forming one of the highlights of Multatuli's career as a writer.

Multatuli stopped writing rather suddenly in 1877. He had moved to Germany about ten years earlier, where he settled in the town of [[Ingelheim am Rhein]] near [[Mainz]].<ref name=Memory1/><ref name=MM-MH/>

==Marriages==
Multatuli married Everdine Hubertina van Wijnbergen on 10 April 1846. They had two children, their son Edu (born 1854) and their daughter Nonni (born 1857). Multatuli's relationship with Edu remained difficult throughout his life.

Multatuli eventually separated from his wife, in large part due to his gambling addiction and related financial problems.<ref name=MM-MH/> She died in 1874 and Multatuli not long afterwards married Maria Hamminck Schepel.<ref name=MM-MH/>

==Legacy==
Multatuli was one of [[Sigmund Freud]]'s favorite writers; his name heads a list of 'ten good books' that Freud drew up in 1907.<ref>Freud, S. (1907). Contribution to a Questionnaire on Reading. ''The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume IX'' (1906–1908), 245–247.</ref> Several other writers from different generations were appreciative of Multatuli, like [[Karl Marx]], [[Anatole France]], [[Willem Elsschot]], [[Hermann Hesse]], [[Thomas Mann]], [[Heinrich Mann]] as well as [[Johanna van Gogh-Bonger|Johanna van Gogh]], and many first-wave feminists (suffragists).

In June 2002, the Dutch [[Maatschappij der Nederlandse Letterkunde]] (Society of Dutch Literature) proclaimed Multatuli the most important Dutch writer of all time.<ref>[https://www.dbnl.org/letterkunde/enquete/index.php De Nederlandse klassieken anno 2002 (accessed on 27 May 2022)]</ref>

The annual [[Multatuli Prize]], a Dutch literary prize, is named in his honor. The literary award [[Woutertje Pieterse Prijs]] is named after the character ''Woutertje Pieterse'' in Multatuli's ''De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse''.

The [[Multatuli Museum (Netherlands)|Multatuli Museum]] is located in Amsterdam at Korsjespoortsteeg 20, where Eduard Douwes Dekker was born. Another [[Multatuli Museum (Indonesia)|Multatuli Museum]] was opened on 11 February 2018 in [[Rangkasbitung]], [[Lebak Regency]] in the province of [[Banten]], Indonesia.<ref>{{cite news |title=10 Hal yang Perlu Anda Ketahui Tentang Museum Multatuli |url=https://historia.id/politik/articles/10-hal-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui-tentang-museum-multatuli-vQNNX |access-date=3 February 2022 |work=Historia |date=14 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622171534/https://historia.id/politik/articles/10-hal-yang-perlu-anda-ketahui-tentang-museum-multatuli-vQNNX |archive-date=22 June 2020|language=id}}</ref>  Multatuli was [[cremation|cremated]] in [[Gotha]]. His ashes were later brought to the cemetery and crematorium Westerveld in [[Driehuis]].<ref>[https://www.amsterdam.nl/nieuws/achtergrond/multatuli/ Website Gemeente Amsterdam, 2 March 2020]</ref> His wife Tine is buried in the Protestant section of [[San Michele Cemetery, Venice|the San Michele cemetery]].<ref>{{Cite web|title= Burial lots/sections of the prominent deceased interred at the cemetery of San Michele (In Italian language)|url= https://www.comune.venezia.it/sites/comune.venezia.it/files/immagini/Ambiente/Elenco%20tombe%20personaggi%20illustri.pdf}}</ref>

An [[Indonesian Navy]] command ship was named {{KRI|Multatuli}} in honor of Eduard Douwes Dekker.

==Bibliography ==
=== Works which appeared during Multatuli's lifetime ===
* 1859 – ''Geloofsbelydenis'' (Profession of Faith; in ''De Dageraad'' magazine)
* 1859 – ''Brief aan de kiezers te Amsterdam omtrent de keuze van een afgevaardigde in verband met Indische specialiteiten en batige Saldo's'' (Letter to the Voters in Amsterdam about the Choice of a Deputy Related to Indian Specialties and Positive Balances)
* 1860 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=ivhTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 ''Indrukken van den dag''] (Impressions of the Day). Arnhem : D.A. Thieme
* 1860 – ''Max Havelaar of de koffij-veilingen der Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappy'' (Max Havelaar: Or the Coffee Auctions of the Dutch Trading Company). Amsterdam : De Ruyter.
* 1860 – ''Brief aan Ds. W. Francken Azn.'' (Letter to Ds. W. Francken Azn)
* 1860 – ''Brief aan den Gouverneur-Generaal in ruste'' (Letter to the Retired Governor-General)
* 1860 – ''Aan de stemgerechtigden in het kiesdistrikt Tiel'' (To the Voters in the Electoral District of Tiel)
* 1860 – ''Max Havelaar aan Multatuli'' (Max Havelaar to Multatuli)
* 1861 – ''Het gebed van den onwetende'' (The Prayer of the Ignorant)
* 1861 – ''Wys my de plaats waar ik gezaaid heb'' (''Show Me the Place Where I Have Sown''). Rotterdam : H. Nijgh
* 1861 – ''Minnebrieven'' (Love Letters). Amsterdam : Günst
* 1862 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=U7NOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 ''Over vrijen arbeid in Nederlandsch Indië en de tegenwoordige koloniale agitatie''] (About Free Labour in The Dutch Indies and the Present Colonial agitation) (brochure). Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer
* 1862 – ''Brief aan Quintillianus'' (Letter to Quintillianus)
* 1862 – ''Ideën I'' (Ideas 1; includes the beginning of the novel ''Woutertje Pieterse''). Amsterdam : R.C. Meijer
* 1862 – ''Japansche gesprekken'' (Japanese Conversations)
* 1863 – ''De school des levens'' (The School of Life)
* 1864 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=LeldAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9 ''De bruid daarboven : tooneelspel in vijf bedrijven'']. (The Bride Up There: Drama in Five Acts). Amsterdam : Meijer
* 1864–65 – ''Ideën II'' (Ideas II)
* 1865 – ''Bloemlezing door Multatuli'' (Anthology by Multatuli). Amsterdam : R.C. Meyer
* 1865 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=h9kK_SfIgwcC&pg=PP3 ''De zegen Gods door Waterloo, gemoedelijke opmerkingen''] (The Blessing of God by Waterloo, Easy-Going Comments). Amsterdam : Meijer
* 1865 – ''Franse rymen'' (French Rhymes)
* 1865 – ''Herdrukken'' (Reprints)
* 1865 – ''Verspreide stukken'' (Scattered Pieces Taken from Reprints)
* 1867 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=A3XDB__zWjYC&pg=PP7 ''Een en ander naar aanleiding van Bosscha's Pruisen en Nederland''] (All This in Response to Bosscha's Prussia and the Netherlands). Amsterdam : Van Helden
* 1869–70 – ''Causerieën'' (Seminars)
* 1869 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aa5OAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''De maatschappij tot Nut van den Javaan''] (A Society Useful for the Javanese). Amsterdam : Günst
* 1870–71 – ''Ideën III'' (Ideas III)
* 1870–73 – ''Millioenen-studiën'' (Millions of Studies)
* 1870 – ''Divagatiën over zeker soort van Liberalismus'' (Deliberations about a Certain Kind of Liberalism)
* 1870 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=PYNI0rXL-BkC&pg=PA1 ''Nog eens: Vrye arbeid in Nederlandsch Indië''] (Again: Free Labour in the Dutch East Indies). Delft : Waltman
* 1871 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=nfhTAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1 ''Duizend en eenige hoofdstukken over specialiteiten''] (A Thousand and One Chapters on Specialties). Delft : Waltman
* 1872 – ''Brief van Multatuli aan den Koning over de Openingsrede'' (Letter to the King about the Opening Speech). Amsterdam : Funke
* 1872 – ''Ideën IV'' (contains the play ''Vorstenschool'') (School for Princes)
* 1873 – ''Ideën V'' (Ideas V)
* 1873 – ''Ideën VI'' (Ideas VI)
* 1874–1877 – ''Ideën VII'' (Ideas VII)
* 1875 – ''Vorstenschool'' (School for Princes, 4th ed.)
**The plot of the play "Vorstenschool" (1870) or "School for Princes" Multatuli is almost entirely derived from the novel "Le grain de Sable" (the grain of Sand) from [[Michel Masson]].<ref>[[:nl:Vorstenschool|See Wikipédia page in Dutch]]</ref><ref>2005, Multatuli, Vorstenschool, Drama in vijf bedrijven en in negen edities, kritische tekst-uitgave, met verantwoording en een inleiding in de drukgeschiedenis, 174 blz. Geneve, Ecomusee Voltaire</ref><ref>Josef Steas, "Schrijvers en navolgers", dans: "De Vlaamsche School", 1880</ref><ref>[https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mult001mdou10_01/mult001mdou10_01_0033.php lettre a Conrad Busken-Huet]</ref><ref>2009, Over Multatuli, jrg. 31, p.87-103, 63.4, J.T.W.A.Cornelisse: "Een Zandkorrel in het Raderwerk, Michel Massons Le grain de Sable als inspiratiebron"</ref>
* 1876 – ''Bloemlezing door Heloïse'' (Anthology by Heloise)

=== Posthumous publications ===
* 1887 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=Hw1WAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5 ''Onafgewerkte blaadjes gevonden op Multatuli's schryftafel''] (Unfinished Pages found on Multatuli's writing table)
* 1888–1889 – ''Multatuli, Verzamelde Werken Eerste naar tijdorde gerangschikte uitgave bezorgd door zijne weduwe'' (Multatuli's Collected Works; first edition, selected and organized by his widow). Amsterdam : Elsevier. 10 parts
* 1890 – ''De geschiedenis van Woutertje Pieterse. Uit zijn Ideen verzameld door zijne Weduwe'' (The History of Woutertje Pieterse, from His Ideas As Collected by his Widow). Amsterdam : Elsevier. 2 parts
* 1890–1896 – ''Brieven van Multatuli. Bijdragen tot de kennis van zijn leven. Gerangschikt en toegelicht door M. Douwes Dekker geb. Hamminck Schepel'', (Letters by Multatuli; Contributions to the Knowledge of His Life Ranked and Explained by M. Douwes Dekker born Hamminck Schepel). Amsterdam : W. Versluys. 10 parts
* 1891 – [https://books.google.com/books?id=3AhWAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA3 ''Aleid. Twee fragmenten uit een onafgewerkt blyspel''] (Aleid: Two Excerpts from an Unfinished Comedy) (play). Amsterdam : Versluys
* 1919 – ''Bloemlezing uit Multatuli's werken'' (''Anthology of Multatuli's Work'')
* 1937 – ''Bloemlezing'' (verzameld en ingeleid door Julius Pée) (Anthology). Brugge : Van Acker
* 1950–1995 – [https://www.dbnl.org/tekst/mult001gstu03_01/ ''Volledige Werken van Multatuli''] (Complete Works of Multatuli). Amsterdam : Van Oorschot. 25 parts
* 1955 – ''Barbertje moet hangen, Verhalen, parabelen, aforismen'' (Barbertje Must Hang: Stories, Parables, Aphorisms). Den Haag : Daamen

=== English translations ===
* 1868 [[s:Max Havelaar (Nahuijs)|''Max Havelaar, or The coffee auctions of the Dutch trading company'']]. Transl. by Alphonse Nahuÿs. Edinburgh : Edmonston & Douglas
* 1927 [[s:Max Havelaar (Siebenhaar)|''Max Havelaar, or The coffee sales of the Netherlands Trading Company'']]. Transl. by W. Siebenhaar. New York : Knopf
* 1948 ''Indonesia : once more free labor''. Transl. by Nicolaas Steelink. New York : Exposition Press
* 1961 ''The stone-cutter's dream''. Transl. by Gustav Rueter. Thornhill : Village Press. Parallel text in Dutch and English of the Max Havelaar
* 1974 ''The oyster & the eagle: selected aphorisms and parables of Multatuli''. Transl. by E. M. Beekman. Amherst : University of Massachusetts Press
* 1982 ''Max Havelaar, or The coffee auctions of the Dutch Trading Company''. Transl. by Roy Edwards. Amherst, MA : University of Massachusetts press {{ISBN|0-87023-359-9}}
* 2019 ''Max Havelaar, or, the coffee auctions of the Dutch Trading Company''. Transl. by Ina Rilke and David McKay. New York : New York Review Books. {{ISBN|978-1-68137-262-4}}

== Gallery  ==
<gallery showfilename="yes">
File:Max Havelaar 9e druk.jpg
File:Portret van de schrijver Multatuli.jpg
File:Portret Multatuli (1975), Rotterdam by Mathieu Ficheroux 02.JPG
File:Portret van de schrijver Multatuli (cropped).jpg
File:Koningin Beatrix onthult beeld Multatuli op de Torensluis in Amsterdam Koningin, Bestanddeelnr 933-9812.jpg
File:Plaatsing beeld Multatuli op Torensluis in Amsterdam, Bestanddeelnr 933-9810.jpg
File:Amsterdam - Singel - Multatuli.jpg
File:Multatuli. Mezzotinto-Gravüre.jpg
File:Portret van Multatuli, RP-P-1943-568.jpg
File:Eduard Douwes Dekker - 001.jpg
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[W. R. van Hoëvell]]
* [[Multatuli Museum (Netherlands)]] (in Dutch, [http://www.multatuli-museum.nl Multatuli Huis]) and [[Multatuli Museum (Indonesia)]]
* [[Multatuli Prize]]

==References==
{{Reflist | refs =

<ref name=MM-MH>[http://www.multatuli-museum.nl/multatuli-maxhavelaar "Max Havelaar"]. Multatuli Museum.</ref>

<ref name=MM-DEI>[http://www.multatuli-museum.nl/multatuli-thedutcheastindies "Dutch East Indies"]. Multatuli Museum.</ref>

<ref name=MM-Y>[http://www.multatuli-museum.nl/multatuli-youth "Youth"]. Multatuli Museum.</ref>

<ref name=Memory1>[https://www.geheugenvannederland.nl/en/geheugen/pages/collectie/Brochures+en+overdrukken+uit+het+Multatuli+Museum/Biografie "Pamphlets and offprints from the Multatuli Museum: Biography"]. ''Memory of the Netherlands'', National Library of the Netherlands.</ref>

<ref name=Britannica>[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Multatuli "Multatuli"]. ''Encyclopedia Britannica''.</ref>

}}

==Sources==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Dekker, Edward Douwes|volume=7|page=938}}
* [https://www.dbnl.org/auteurs/auteur.php?id=mult001 Texts of Multatuli in DBNL]

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikisource|en:Translation:Het gebed van de onwetende|The Prayer of the Ignorant}}
* [http://www.multatuli-museum.nl/home Multatuli Museum]
* [https://collectionguides.universiteitleiden.nl/resources/ubl291 Inventory Douwes Dekker family archive] [[Leiden University Library|Leiden University Libraries]]
* [https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/collection/douwesdekker Douwes Dekker Papers. Correspondence Douwes Dekker family] Digital Collections [[Leiden University Library|Leiden University Libraries]]
* {{Gutenberg author |id=3624}}
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{Librivox author |id=6251}}
* [https://dbnl.org/zoeken/zoekeninteksten/index.php?zoek=multatuli works of & about Multatuli in DBNL.org]
* [http://www.heardutchhere.net/dualmenu.html#Multatuli hear the first pages of the Max Havelaar in Dutch] and read a rough English translation
* {{PM20|FID=pe/003827}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Multatuli}}
[[Category:1820 births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials at Isola di San Michele]]
[[Category:Dutch civil servants]]
[[Category:Dutch male novelists]]
[[Category:Dutch people of the Dutch East Indies]]
[[Category:Writers from Amsterdam]]
[[Category:Dutch satirists]]
[[Category:Dutch satirical novelists]]
[[Category:Dutch skeptics]]
[[Category:19th-century Dutch novelists]]
[[Category:19th-century Dutch male writers]]
[[Category:Dutch Freemasons]]
[[Category:19th-century pseudonymous writers]]
[[Category:Dutch writers on atheism]]