Editing Multiple-vortex tornado

{{Short description|Tornado comprising multiple vortices}}<!-- Should be 40 characters (including spaces) or fewer see [[WP:SD40]] -->
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[[File:1957 Dallas multi-vortex 1 edited.JPG|thumb|A multiple-vortex tornado outside [[Dallas, Texas]], on April 2, 1957.]]
A '''multiple-vortex tornado''' is a [[tornado]] that contains several vortices (called subvortices or suction vortices) revolving around, ''inside'' of, and as part of the main [[vortex]]. The only times multiple vortices may be visible are when the tornado is first forming or when condensation and debris are balanced such that subvortices are apparent without being obscured. They can add over 100&nbsp;mph to the ground-relative wind in a tornado circulation and are responsible for most cases where narrow arcs of extreme destruction lie right next to weak damage within tornado paths.<ref name="auto">[http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/pah/pdf/elite/EliteSpotterWorkshopSlidesSection3.pdf Elite Spotter Workshop] crh.noaa.gov {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100808172002/http://www.crh.noaa.gov/images/pah/pdf/elite/EliteSpotterWorkshopSlidesSection3.pdf |date=8 August 2010 }}</ref>

==General==
Suction vortices, also known as suction spots, are substructures found in many tornadoes, though they are not always easily visible. These vortices typically occur at the base of the tornado, where it makes contact with the ground. Sub-vortices tend to form after vortex breakdown reaches the surface, resulting from the interaction of cyclonically incoming and rising air. Although multi-vortex structures are common in tornadoes, they are not unique to them and can occur in other circulations, such as dust devils. This is a natural result of vortex dynamics in physics. Multi-vortex tornadoes should not be confused with cyclically tornadic [[supercells]]. Supercells are large, rotating thunderstorms that can produce multiple, distinct tornadoes, often referred to as [[tornado families]]. These tornadoes may form at different times or exist simultaneously but are separate from one another.

A phenomenon similar to multiple vortices is the [[satellite tornado]]. Unlike the multiple-vortex tornado, where smaller vortices form inside the main tornado, a satellite tornado develops outside the main tornado's circulation. It forms through a different mechanism, typically as a result of interactions with the parent storm's environment. Despite appearing close to the primary tornado, satellite tornadoes are independent and can have their own rotation.<ref name="auto"/>

In rare instances, multi-vortex tornadoes may display their strength through the uncommon method of "horizontal vorticies" which involves tornadoes appearing to "bend" the multiple vorticies included inside of the tornado, resulting in a tornado appearing to have thin lines stretching out of them. A particularly famous example of horizontal vorticies is the [[2011 Tuscaloosa–Birmingham tornado|2011 Tuscaloosa EF4.]] 

==Notable tornadoes==
The largest tornado ever documented was a multiple-vortex tornado. It struck [[2013 El Reno tornado|El Reno, Oklahoma, on May 31, 2013]], as a rain-wrapped tornado, taking the lives of tornado researcher [[Tim Samaras]], his son Paul, and their [[TWISTEX]] colleague, Carl Young. This storm also took the life of local amateur chaser, Richard Henderson.<ref>{{cite news |author=Clay, Nolan |date=June 3, 2013 |title=Oklahoma storms: Amateur storm chaser took photo of tornado that killed him |url=http://newsok.com/article/3841315 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309123922/http://newsok.com/article/3841315 |archive-date=2016-03-09 |access-date=June 4, 2013 |newspaper=[[The Oklahoman]]}}</ref> It had a maximum width of {{convert|2.6|mi|km|}} and a maximum recorded windspeed of at least {{convert|313|mph|kph|}}. However, because of a lack of intense property damage, the tornado achieved a rating of EF3 on the [[Enhanced Fujita scale]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Some Considerations for the Use of High-Resolution Mobile Radar Data in Tornado Intensity Determination|author=Jeff Snyder|author2=H. B. Bluestein|journal=Weather Forecast|volume=29|issue=4|pages=799–827|year=2014|doi=10.1175/WAF-D-14-00026.1|bibcode=2014WtFor..29..799S|s2cid=122669043 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1234617|doi-access=free}}</ref> Nevertheless, the El Reno tornado is one of the three strongest tornadoes ever recorded in terms of maximum wind speeds, the next being the [[2024 Greenfield tornado|2024 Greenfield EF4 tornado]], reaching a measured windspeed of possibly up to {{convert|318|mph|kph}}, the last being the [[1999 Bridge Creek–Moore tornado]] which [[doppler radar]] measured {{convert|321|mph|kph|}} mph. The Greenfield tornado also displayed multiple vortices.
[[File:Tuscaloosa tornado CCTV.jpg|alt=CCTV footage of the 2011 Tuscaloosa EF4.|thumb|The 2011 Tuscaloosa tornado in CCTV footage. Note that this image does not display Horizontal Vorticies, however the right side of the tornado does appear to have a visible representation of a suction vortice.]]
The [[1997 Jarrell tornado]] was another example of a multiple-vortex tornado. The infamous “Dead Man Walking” photo of it was at a juvenile stage of sub-vortices development. The [[2011 Cullman–Arab tornado]] is also famous for footage of it "walking" while in its multi-vortex stage.

== See also ==
{{portal|Tornadoes}}
* [[Tornadogenesis]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.stormeyes.org/tornado/faq/altus.htm Multiple Vortex Tornado] at the Online Tornado FAQ

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