Editing Multiple exposure

{{short description|Superimposition of two or more exposures to create a single image}}
{{redirect|Double exposure}}
{{refimprove|date=September 2016}}
[[File:Lunar-eclipse-2004.jpg|thumb|upright|A multi-exposure [[compositing|composite]] image of the [[October 2004 lunar eclipse]] taken from [[Hayward, California]]]]
In [[photography]] and [[cinematography]], a '''multiple exposure''' is the [[superimposition]] of two or more [[exposure (photography)|exposures]] to create a single image, and '''double exposure''' has a corresponding meaning in respect of two images. The [[exposure value]]s may or may not be identical to each other.

==Overview==
Ordinarily, cameras have a sensitivity to light that is a function of time.  For example, a one-second exposure is an exposure in which the camera image is equally responsive to light over the exposure time of one second. The criterion for determining that something is a double exposure is that the sensitivity goes up and then back down. The simplest example of a multiple exposure is a double exposure without flash, i.e. two partial exposures are made and then combined into one complete exposure.
Some single exposures, such as "flash and blur" use a combination of electronic flash and ambient exposure. This effect can be approximated by a [[Dirac delta measure]] (flash) and a constant finite rectangular window, in combination. For example, a sensitivity window comprising a [[Dirac comb]] combined with a rectangular pulse, is considered a multiple exposure, even though the sensitivity never goes to zero during the exposure.

==Historical multiple exposure photography==
{{Main|Chronophotography}}
[[File:Étienne-Jules Marey, Cheval blanc monté, 1886, locomotion du cheval, expérience 4, Chronophotographie sur plaque fixe, négatif.jpg|alt=Chronophotographic study of horse motion|thumb|An 1886 chronophotographic study of horse motion, by [[Etienne-Jules Marey]]]]

In the historical technique of chronophotography, dating back to the [[Victorian era]], a series of instantaneous photographs were taken at short and equal intervals of time.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/35762#page/463/mode/1up|title=Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution|publisher=Smithsonian Institution|year=1901|volume=1901 |location=Washington, D.C.|page=317}}</ref> These photographs could be overlayed for a single multiple exposure print.

==Multiple exposure techniques==<!-- This section is linked from [[Man with a Movie Camera]] -->
===Analogue===
[[File:5th plate of Racheal. One peace (i.e. piece) of background - DPLA - bd61425783fd25a7ede31e2f4fa0d1fa.jpg|thumb|right|Triple exposure photograph from 1915]]
In [[photography]] and [[cinematography]], multiple exposure is a technique in which the camera shutter is opened more than once to expose the film multiple times, usually to different images. The resulting image contains the subsequent image/s superimposed over the original. The technique is sometimes used as an artistic visual effect and can be used to create ghostly images or to add people and objects to a scene that were not originally there. It is frequently used in photographic [[hoax]]es.

It is considered easiest to have a manual winding camera for double exposures. On automatic winding cameras, as soon as a picture is taken the film is typically wound to the next frame. Some more advanced automatic winding cameras have the option for multiple exposures but it must be set before making each exposure. Manual winding cameras with a multiple exposure feature can be set to double-expose after making the first exposure.

Since shooting multiple exposures will expose the same frame multiple times, negative [[exposure compensation]] must first be set to avoid overexposure. For example, to expose the frame twice with correct exposure, a −1 EV compensation have to be done, and −2 EV for exposing four times. This may not be necessary when photographing a lit subject in two (or more) different positions against a perfectly dark background, as the background area will be essentially unexposed.

Medium to low light is ideal for double exposures. A tripod may not be necessary if combining different scenes in one shot. In some conditions, for example, recording the whole progress of a lunar eclipse in multiple exposures, a stable tripod is essential.

More than two exposures can be combined, with care not to overexpose the film.

===Digital===
Digital technology enables images to be superimposed over each other by using a software [[graphics editor|photo editor]], such as [[Adobe Photoshop]] or the [[GIMP]]. These enable the opacity of the images to be altered and for an image to be overlaid over another. They also can set the layers to multiply mode, which 'adds' the colors together rather than making the colors of either image pale and translucent.

Many digital SLR cameras allow multiple exposures to be made on the same image within the camera without the need for any external software. And some [[bridge camera]]s can take successive multiple exposures (sometimes up to nine) in one frame and in one shot. It is the same with [[high-dynamic-range imaging]], which takes multiple shots in one burst captures, then combines all the proper shots into one frame.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ephotozine.com/article/ge-x600-bridge-camera-review-20633 |title=GE X600 Bridge Camera Review |date=3 December 2012 |access-date=February 9, 2015}}</ref>

==Adoption in fine art==
In addition to direct photographic usage of the technique, [[fine art]]ists' work has been inspired by the multiple exposure effect. Examples include [[Joan Semmel]]'s oil on canvas ''Transitions'' from 2012,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-four-decades-painter-joan-semmel-refuses-romanticize-human-body|title=After Four Decades, Painter Joan Semmel Still Refuses to Romanticize the Human Body|website=[[Artsy]]|date=16 October 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wsimag.com/art/2770-joan-semmel|title=Joan Semmel|website= Wall Street International Magazine|date=23 April 2013 |access-date=December 6, 2018}}</ref> and [[Ian Hornak]]'s acrylic on canvas ''Hanna Tillich's Mirror: Rembrandt's Three Trees Transformed Into The Expulsion From Eden'', from 1978 (depicted below).

==Long exposures==
{{main|Long-exposure photography}}

With traditional film cameras, a long exposure is a single exposure, whereas with electronic cameras a long exposure can be obtained by integrating together many exposures. This averaging also permits there to be a time-windowing function, such as a Gaussian, that weights time periods near the center of the exposure time more strongly. Another possibility for synthesizing long exposure from a multiple exposure is to use an [[exponential decay]] in which the current frame has the strongest weight, and previous frames are faded out with a sliding exponential window.

==Scanning film with multiple exposure==
Multiple exposure technique can also be used when scanning transparencies like slides, film or negatives using a [[film scanner]] for [[Wide dynamic range|increasing dynamic range]]. With multiple exposure the original gets scanned several times with different exposure intensities. An overexposed scan lights the shadow areas of the image and enables the scanner to capture more image information here.  Afterwards the data can be calculated into a single [[high-dynamic-range imaging|HDR]] image with increased dynamic range.

Among the scanning software solutions which implement multiple exposure are [[VueScan]] and [[SilverFast]].

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Ian-Hornak-Acrylic-Canvas-Hannahs-Mirror-1978.JPG|[[Ian Hornak]]. ''Hannah Tillich's Mirror: Rembrandt's Three Trees Transformed Into The Expulsion From Eden'', acrylic on canvas, {{cvt|60|x|120|in|m}}, 1978.
File:Multiexposer of 7 person using adobe photoshop new.jpg|Multiple exposure image made using a digital camera and Adobe Photoshop
File:Multiple exposure.jpg|Multiple exposure film photo made in the darkroom
File:Multiple exposure photo, 1910s.jpg|Multiple exposure image made in 1910
File:Neon Cowboy Sunset double exposure.jpg|Multiple exposure made using a [[Lomography]] LC-A camera and [[Cross processing|cross-processed]] Fujichrome [[Reversal film|slide film]]
File:Karlheinz Stockhausen par Claude Truong-Ngoc 1980.jpg|Composer [[Karlheinz Stockhausen]], double exposure made using a film camera, 1980
File:Double exposure 1.jpg|Double exposure image made at [[New Chitose Airport]]
File:Double exposure 2.jpg|Double exposure image made at New Chitose Airport
File:Double exposure 3.jpg|Double exposure image made at [[Sapporo Station]]
File:Double exposure 4.jpg|Double exposure image made at Sapporo Station
File:Double exposure 5.jpg|Double exposure image made in Sapporo
File:Double exposure 6.jpg|Double exposure image 
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Autobracketing]]
*[[Bracketing]]
*[[Chroma key]]
*[[Sandwich printing]]
*[[Victorian headless portrait]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|double exposure}}
{{wiktionary|multiple exposure}}
{{Commons category}}
* [http://lothar-schiffler.de/iskiography Lothar Schiffler's official Iskiography web page]
* [https://vimeo.com/209103142 AIRLINES · Bird Tracks in the Air, Iskiographies by Lothar Schiffler: Making-of “AIRLINES XI-1”] – Video on [[Vimeo]]
 
{{photography subject}}
{{Film editing}}

[[Category:Photographic techniques]]