Editing Multituberculata

{{Short description|Extinct order of mammals}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Multituberculates
| fossil_range = [[Middle Jurassic]]-[[Late Eocene]] {{Fossil range|168|35|}}
| image = Catopsbaatar catopsaloides.jpg
| image_caption = Skeleton of ''[[Catopsbaatar]]''
| taxon = Multituberculata
| authority = [[Edward Drinker Cope|Cope]], 1884
| subdivision_ranks = Suborders
| subdivision = * †[[Plagiaulacida]] (paraphyletic)
* †[[Cimolodonta]]
}}

'''Multituberculata''' (commonly known as '''multituberculates''', named for the multiple [[tubercle]]s of their teeth) is an extinct [[Order (biology)|order]] of rodent-like [[mammal]]s with a fossil record spanning over 130 million years.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}} They first appeared in the Middle [[Jurassic]], and reached a peak diversity during the Late [[Cretaceous]] and [[Paleocene]]. They eventually declined from the mid-[[Paleocene]] onwards, disappearing from the known fossil record in the late [[Eocene]].<ref name="Krause 1986"/> They are the most diverse order of [[Mesozoic]] mammals with more than 200 species known, ranging from mouse-sized to beaver-sized. These species occupied a diversity of ecological niches, ranging from burrow-dwelling to squirrel-like arborealism to [[jerboa]]-like hoppers.<ref name="Weil">{{cite web |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/multis/multis.html |title=Introduction to Multituberculates: The 'Lost Tribe' of Mammals |first=Anne |last=Weil |publisher=[[University of California Museum of Paleontology|UCMP]] |location=Berkeley |date=June 1997 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Chen | first1 = Meng | last2 = Philip Wilson | first2 = Gregory | year = 2015| title = A multivariate approach to infer locomotor modes in Mesozoic mammals | journal = Paleobiology | volume =  41| issue = 2| pages =  280–312| doi = 10.1017/pab.2014.14 | bibcode = 2015Pbio...41..280C | s2cid = 86087687 }}</ref><!-- ref for both sentences above --> Multituberculates are usually placed as [[Crown group|crown]] mammals outside either of the two main groups of living mammals, [[Theria]] &mdash; [[placental]]s and [[marsupial]]s &mdash; and [[Monotremata]],<ref name="Agusti-3">Agustí-Antón 2002, pp 3-4</ref> but usually as closer to Theria than to monotremes.<ref>Benton, Michael J. ''[[Vertebrate Palaeontology (Benton)|Vertebrate Palaeontology]]'' (2004), [https://books.google.com/books?id=P1LkOL1CijEC&pg=PA300 p. 300]</ref><ref>Carrano, Matthew T., and Richard W. Blob, Timothy J. Gaudin, and John R. Wible (2006). ''Amniote Paleobiology: Perspectives on the Evolution of Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles'', [https://books.google.com/books?id=4uNMCqSRQ9gC&pg=PA358 p. 358].</ref> They are considered to be closely related to [[Euharamiyida]] and [[Gondwanatheria]] as part of [[Allotheria]].

== Description ==
[[File:Taeniolabis NT small.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''[[Taeniolabis]]'', the largest multituberculate at approximately {{convert|22|kg|abbr=on}}.]]
The multituberculates had a cranial and dental anatomy superficially similar to rodents such as mice and rats, with cheek-teeth separated from the chisel-like front teeth by a wide tooth-less gap (the [[Diastema (dentistry)|diasteme]]). Each cheek-tooth displayed several rows of small cusps (or [[tubercle]]s, hence the name) that operated against similar rows in the teeth of the jaw; the exact homology of these cusps to [[theria]]n ones is still a matter of debate.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Unlike rodents, which have ever-growing teeth, multituberculates underwent dental replacement patterns typical of most mammals (though in at least some species the lower incisors continued to erupt long after the root's closure).<ref name="p. 299">[[Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska|Kielan-Jaworowska, Zofia]], Richard L. Cifelli, and Zhe-Xi Luo (2005). ''Mammals from the Age of Dinosaurs: Origins, Evolution, and Structure '', [https://books.google.com/books?id=qJGcX3X0EaMC&pg=PA299 p. 299]</ref> Multituberculates are notable for the presence of a massive fourth lower premolar, the [[plagiaulacoid]]; other mammals, like [[Plesiadapiformes]] and [[diprotodontia]]n [[marsupials]], also have similar premolars in both upper and lower jaws, but in multituberculates this tooth is massive and the upper premolars are not modified this way. In basal multituberculates all three lower premolars were plagiaulacoids, increasing in size posteriorly, but in [[Cimolodonta]] only the fourth lower premolar remained, with the third one remaining only as a vestigial peg-like tooth,<ref name="p. 299"/> and in several taxa like [[taeniolabidoidea]]ns, the plagiaulacoid disappeared entirely or was reconverted into a molariform tooth.<ref>Gurovich 2005 p. 334{{full citation needed|date=September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Gurovich & Beck 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Gurovich |first1=Yamila |last2=Beck |first2=Robin |date=March 2009 |title=The Phylogenetic Affinities of the Enigmatic Mammalian Clade Gondwanatheria |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=25–49 |doi=10.1007/s10914-008-9097-3 |s2cid=42799370}}</ref><ref>Rougier et al. 2009 p.233{{full citation needed|date=September 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Ptilodus skull BW.jpg|thumb|Skull of ''[[Ptilodus]]''. Notice the massive blade-like lower premolar.]]

Unlike rodents and similar therians, multituberculates had a palinal jaw stroke (front-to-back), instead of a propalinal (back-to-front) or transverse (side-to-side) one; as a consequence, their jaw musculature and cusp orientation is radically different.<ref name="Agusti-3" /><ref name="p. 299"/> Palinal jaw strokes are almost entirely absent in modern mammals (with the possible exception of the [[dugong]]<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lanyon |first1=J. M. |last2=Sanson |first2=G. D. |title=Degenerate dentition of the dugong (Dugong dugon), or why a grazer does not need teeth: morphology, occlusion and wear of mouthparts |journal=Journal of Zoology |date=February 2006 |volume=268 |issue=2 |pages=133–152 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2005.00004.x }}</ref>), but are also present in [[haramiyida]]ns, [[argyrolagoidea]]ns and [[tritylodontid]]s, the former historically united with multituberculates on that basis. Multituberculate mastication is thought to have operated in a two stroke cycle: first, food held in place by the last upper premolar was sliced by the bladelike lower pre-molars as the dentary moved orthally (upward). Then the lower jaw moved palinally, grinding the food between the molar cusp rows.<ref name="Agusti-3" /><ref name="p. 299"/>
[[File:American Jurassic Mammals plate VII.jpg|thumb|Lower jaws and teeth of [[Allodontidae|allodontid]] multituberculates]]

The structure of the [[pelvis]] in the Multituberculata suggests that they gave birth to tiny helpless, underdeveloped young, similar to modern [[marsupial]]s, such as kangaroos.<ref name="Weil" /><ref name="p. 299"/> However, a 2022 study reveals that they might actually have had long gestation periods like placentals.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://news.umich.edu/new-study-challenges-old-views-on-whats-primitive-in-mammalian-reproduction/ | title=New study challenges old views on what's 'primitive' in mammalian reproduction | date=25 July 2022 }}</ref> However, in 2024, all Allotheria (including multituberculates) fell outside the crown group of Mammalia, implying that cimolodonts developed placental-like gestation (and viviparity in general) independently, rather than multituberculates and therians having a common viviparous ancestor.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mao |first=Fangyuan |last2=Li |first2=Zhiyu |last3=Wang |first3=Zhili |last4=Zhang |first4=Chi |last5=Rich |first5=Thomas |last6=Vickers-Rich |first6=Patricia |last7=Meng |first7=Jin |date=2024-04-03 |title=Jurassic shuotheriids show earliest dental diversification of mammaliaforms |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07258-7 |journal=Nature |language=en |doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07258-7 |issn=0028-0836|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

At least two lineages developed [[hypsodonty]], in which tooth enamel extends beyond the gumline: [[Lambdopsalis|lambdopsalid]] [[taeniolabidoidea]]ns<ref name=willbru>{{cite journal|last1=Williamson|first1=Thomas E.|last2=Brusatte|first2=Stephen L.|last3=Secord|first3=Ross|last4=Shelley|first4=Sarah|title=A new taeniolabidoid multituberculate (Mammalia) from the middle Puercan of the Nacimiento Formation, New Mexico, and a revision of taeniolabidoid systematics and phylogeny|journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society|volume=177|pages=183–208|date=2015|doi=10.1111/zoj.12336|doi-access=free}}</ref> and [[sudamericid]] [[gondwanatheres]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JgKGv2aQxggC&q=gondwanatheria+grass&pg=PA32|title=Gondwanatheria}}{{dead link|date=September 2021}}</ref>

Studies published in 2018 demonstrated that multituberculates had relatively complex brains, some braincase regions even absent in therian mammals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Crompton |first1=A. W. |last2=Musinsky |first2=C. |last3=Rougier |first3=G. W. |last4=Bhullar |first4=B.-A. S. |last5=Miyamae |first5=J. A. |title=Origin of the Lateral Wall of the Mammalian Skull: Fossils, Monotremes and Therians Revisited |journal=Journal of Mammalian Evolution |date=September 2018 |volume=25 |issue=3 |pages=301–313 |doi=10.1007/s10914-017-9388-7 |s2cid=16072755 }}</ref>

==Evolution==

Multituberculates first appear in the fossil record during the [[Jurassic]] period, and then survived and even dominated for over one hundred million years, longer than any other order of [[mammaliforms]], including placental mammals. The earliest known multituberculates are from the [[Middle Jurassic]] ([[Bathonian]] ~166-168 million years ago) of England and Russia, including ''[[Hahnotherium]]'' ''and [[Kermackodon]]'' from the [[Forest Marble Formation]] of England, and ''[[Tashtykia]]'' and ''[[Tagaria (mammal)|Tagaria]]'' from the [[Itat Formation]] of Russia. These forms are only known from isolated teeth, which bear close similarity to those of [[Euharamiyida|euharamyidans]], which they are suspected to be closely related to.<ref name=":1">{{cite journal |last1=Averianov |first1=Alexander O. |last2=Martin |first2=Thomas |last3=Lopatin |first3=Alexey V. |last4=Schultz |first4=Julia A. |last5=Schellhorn |first5=Rico |last6=Krasnolutskii |first6=Sergei |last7=Skutschas |first7=Pavel |last8=Ivantsov |first8=Stepan |title=Multituberculate mammals from the Middle Jurassic of Western Siberia, Russia, and the origin of Multituberculata |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |date=May 2021 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=769–787 |doi=10.1002/spp2.1317 |s2cid=219067218 |issn=2056-2799 |url=https://zenodo.org/record/3877503 }}</ref> During the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous, primitive multituberculates, collectively grouped into the [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]] "[[Plagiaulacida]]", were abundant and widespread across [[Laurasia]] (including Europe, Asia and North America). During the [[Aptian]] stage of the Early Cretaceous, the advanced subgroup [[Cimolodonta]] appeared in North America, characterised by a reduced number of lower premolars, with a blade-like lower fourth premolar. By the early Late Cretaceous ([[Cenomanian]]) Cimolodonta had replaced all other multituberculate lineages.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Weaver|first1=Lucas N.|last2=Wilson|first2=Gregory P.|last3=Krumenacker|first3=L. J.|last4=Mclaughlin|first4=Kayla|last5=Moore|first5=Jason R.|last6=Varricchio|first6=David J.|date=2019-03-04|title=New multituberculate mammals from the mid-Cretaceous (lower Cenomanian) Wayan Formation of southeastern Idaho and implications for the early evolution of Cimolodonta|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2019.1604532|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|language=en|volume=39|issue=2|pages=e1604532|doi=10.1080/02724634.2019.1604532|bibcode=2019JVPal..39E4532W |s2cid=196655261 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

During the Late Cretaceous, multituberculates experienced an [[adaptive radiation]], corresponding with a shift towards herbivory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilson|first1=Gregory P.|last2=Evans|first2=Alistair R.|last3=Corfe|first3=Ian J.|last4=Smits|first4=Peter D.|last5=Fortelius|first5=Mikael|last6=Jernvall|first6=Jukka|date=March 2012|title=Adaptive radiation of multituberculate mammals before the extinction of dinosaurs|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10880|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=483|issue=7390|pages=457–460|doi=10.1038/nature10880|pmid=22419156 |bibcode=2012Natur.483..457W |s2cid=4419772 |issn=1476-4687|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Multituberculates reached their peak diversity during the early [[Paleocene]], shortly after the [[Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event]], but declined from the mid Paleocene onwards, likely due to competition with placental mammals such as [[rodent]]s and [[ungulate]]s, the group finally became extinct in the Late [[Eocene]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Adams|first1=Neil F.|last2=Rayfield|first2=Emily J.|last3=Cox|first3=Philip G.|last4=Cobb|first4=Samuel N.|last5=Corfe|first5=Ian J.|date=March 2019|title=Functional tests of the competitive exclusion hypothesis for multituberculate extinction|journal=Royal Society Open Science|language=en|volume=6|issue=3|pages=181536|doi=10.1098/rsos.181536|issn=2054-5703|pmc=6458384|pmid=31032010|bibcode=2019RSOS....681536A }}</ref><ref name="Brocklehurst et al 2021">{{cite journal|last1=Brocklehurst|first1=Neil|last2=Panciroli|first2=Elsa|last3=Benevento|first3=Gemma Louise|last4=Benson|first4=Roger B. J.|date=July 2021|title=Mammaliaform extinctions as a driver of the morphological radiation of Cenozoic mammals|journal=Current Biology|volume=31|issue=13|pages=2955–2963.e4|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.044|pmid=34004143|s2cid=234782605|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:bda82407-db76-4c15-b061-ceb9ae271dd5 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

There are some isolated records of multituberculates from the Southern Hemisphere, including the cimolodontan ''[[Corriebaatar]]'' from the Early Cretaceous of Australia,<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Rich |first1=Thomas |last2=Trusler |first2=Peter |last3=Kool |first3=Lesley |last4=White |first4=Matt A. |last5=Bevitt |first5=Joseph |last6=Morton |first6=Steven |last7=Vickers−Rich |first7=Patricia |date=2022 |title=Second specimen of Corriebaatar marywaltersae from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia confirms its multituberculate affinities |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=67 |doi=10.4202/app.00924.2021 |s2cid=247905998 |issn=0567-7920|doi-access=free }}</ref> and fragmentary remains from the Late Cretaceous [[Maevarano Formation]] of Madagascar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Krause |first1=David W. |last2=Hoffmann |first2=Simone |last3=Werning |first3=Sarah |date=December 2017 |title=First postcranial remains of Multituberculata (Allotheria, Mammalia) from Gondwana |journal=Cretaceous Research |language=en |volume=80 |pages=91–100 |doi=10.1016/j.cretres.2017.08.009|bibcode=2017CrRes..80...91K |doi-access=free }}</ref> The family [[Ferugliotheriidae]] from the Late Cretaceous of South America, traditionally considered gondwanatherians, may actually be cimolodontan multituberculates.<ref name=":0" />

During the Late Cretaceous and Paleocene the multituberculates [[Evolutionary radiation|radiated]] into a wide variety of [[morphotype]]s, including the squirrel-like arboreal [[Ptilodontidae|ptilodonts]]. The peculiar shape of their last lower [[premolar]] is their most outstanding feature. These teeth were larger and more elongated than the other cheek-teeth and had an [[Occlusion (dentistry)|occlusive]] surface forming a serrated slicing blade. Though it can be assumed that this was used for crushing seeds and nuts, it is believed that most small multituberculates also supplemented their diet with insects, worms, and fruits.<ref name="Agusti-3" /> Tooth marks attributed to multituberculates are known on ''[[Champsosaurus]]'' fossils, indicating that at least some of these mammals were [[scavenger]]s.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00957.x | volume=53 | title=Mammalian tooth marks on the bones of dinosaurs and other Late Cretaceous vertebrates | journal=Palaeontology | pages=703–709 | last1 = Longrich | first1 = Nicholas R. | last2 = Ryan | first2 = Michael J.| year=2010 | issue=4 | bibcode=2010Palgy..53..703L | doi-access = free }}</ref> A ptilodont that thrived in North America was ''[[Ptilodus]]''. Thanks to the well-preserved ''Ptilodus'' specimens found in the [[Bighorn Basin]], [[Wyoming]], we know that these multituberculates were able to [[Anatomical terms of motion|abduct and adduct]] their [[hallux|big toes]], and thus that their foot mobility was similar to that of modern squirrels, which descend trees head first.<ref name="Agusti-3" />

[[File:Catopsbaatar.jpg|thumb|left|Restoration of ''[[Catopsbaatar]]'']]

Another group of multituberculates, the [[Taeniolabidoidea|taeniolabids]], were heavier and more massively built, indicating that they lived a fully terrestrial life. The largest specimens weighed probably as much as {{convert|22|kg|abbr=on}}, making them comparable in size to large rodents like the modern beaver.<ref>Krause et al 2021</ref><ref>Wilson et al 2012</ref>

== Classification ==
Multituberculate is generally placed within [[Allotheria]] alongside [[Euharamiyida]], a clade of mammals known from the Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Asia and possibly Europe that possess several morphological similarities with multituberculates.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last1=Hoffmann |first1=Simone |last2=Beck |first2=Robin M. D. |last3=Wible |first3=John R. |last4=Rougier |first4=Guillermo W. |last5=Krause |first5=David W. |date=2020-12-14 |title=Phylogenetic placement of Adalatherium hui (Mammalia, Gondwanatheria) from the Late Cretaceous of Madagascar: implications for allotherian relationships |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706 |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=40 |issue=sup1 |pages=213–234 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2020.1801706 |bibcode=2020JVPal..40S.213H |s2cid=230968231 |issn=0272-4634|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

[[Gondwanatheria]] is a monophyletic group of allotherians that was diverse in the [[Late Cretaceous]] of South America, India, [[Madagascar]] and possibly Africa and occurs onwards into the [[Paleogene]] of South America and [[Antarctica]]. Their placement within Allotheria is highly controversial, with some phylogenies recovering the group as deeply nested within multituberculates, while others recover them as a distinct branch of allotherians separate from multituberculates.<ref name=":02" />[[File:Taeniolabis taoensis.jpg|thumb|Restoration of ''Taeniolabis taoensis'']]
In their 2001 study, [[Zofia Kielan-Jaworowska|Kielan-Jaworowska]] and [[Jørn Hurum|Hurum]] found that most multituberculates could be referred to two suborders: "[[Plagiaulacida]]" and [[Cimolodonta]]. The exception is the genus ''[[Arginbaatar]]'', which shares characteristics with both groups.

"Plagiaulacida" is [[Paraphyly|paraphyletic]], representing the more [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|primitive]] [[evolutionary grade]]. Its members are the more [[Basal (phylogenetics)|basal]] Multituberculata. Chronologically, they ranged from perhaps the Middle Jurassic until the mid-[[Cretaceous]]. This group is further subdivided into three informal groupings: the [[Plagiaulacida#Allodontid line|allodontid line]], the [[Plagiaulacida#Paulchoffatiid line|paulchoffatiid line]], and the [[Plagiaulacida#Plagiaulacid line|plagiaulacid line]].

[[Cimolodonta]] is, apparently, a natural ([[monophyletic]]) suborder. This includes the more derived Multituberculata, which have been identified from the lower Cretaceous to the [[Eocene]]. The superfamilies [[Djadochtatherioidea]], [[Taeniolabidoidea]], [[Ptilodontoidea]] are recognized, as is the [[Paracimexomys group]]. Additionally, there are the families [[Cimolomyidae]], [[Boffius|Boffiidae]], [[Eucosmodontidae]], [[Kogaionidae]], [[Microcosmodontidae]] and the two genera ''[[Uzbekbaatar]]'' and ''[[Viridomys]]''. More precise placement of these types awaits further discoveries and analysis.<ref name="Dykes">Dykes ''Multituberculata (Cope 1884)''</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2015|reason=Dykes' site is defunct}}<!--- ref for entire section -->

===Taxonomy===
{{collapse top|title=Subgroups |left=yes}}
[[File:Multituberculata.png|thumb|Multituberculate phylogenetic tree<ref name="Chimento et al 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Nicolás R. Chimento |author2=Federico L. Agnolin |author3=Fernando E. Novas |year=2015 |title=The bizarre 'metatherians' ''Groeberia'' and ''Patagonia'', late surviving members of gondwanatherian mammals |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=603–623 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2014.903945 |s2cid=216591096 |hdl=11336/85076 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>]]
{{Main|List of multituberculate species}}
Based on the combined works of Mikko's Phylogeny Archive<ref name="mikko">[http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/ Mikko's Phylogeny Archive] {{cite web|last=Haaramo|first=Mikko|year=2007|title=''Mammaliaformes – mammals and near-mammals'' |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/~mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/basal_mammalia/mammaliaformes_1.html |access-date= 30 December 2015}}</ref> and Paleofile.com.{{citation needed|date=November 2020}}

Suborder †'''[[Plagiaulacida]]''' <small>Simpson 1925</small>
* Genus ?†''[[Argillomys]]'' <small>Cifelli, Gordon & Lipka 2013</small>
** Species †''[[Argillomys marylandensis]]'' <small>Cifelli, Gordon & Lipka 2013</small>
* Genus ?†''[[Janumys]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli 2001</small>
** Species †''[[Janumys erebos]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli 2001</small>
* Super family †'''Allodontoidea''' <small>Marsh 1889</small>
** Genus †?''[[Glirodon]]'' <small>Engelmann & Callison, 2001</small>
*** Species †''[[Glirodon grandis|G. grandis]]'' <small>Engelmann & Callison, 2001</small>
** Family †'''[[Arginbaataridae]]''' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1983</small>
*** Genus †''[[Arginbaatar]]'' <small>Trofimov, 1980</small>
**** Species †''[[Arginbaatar dmitrievae|A. dmitrievae]]'' <small>Trofimov, 1980</small>
** Family †'''[[Zofiabaataridae]]''' <small>Bakker, 1992</small>
*** Genus †''[[Zofiabaatar]]'' <small>Bakker & Carpenter, 1990</small>
**** Species †''[[Zofiabaatar pulcher|Z. pulcher]]'' <small>Bakker & Carpenter, 1990</small>
** Family †'''[[Allodontidae]]''' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
*** Genus †''[[Passumys]]'' <small>Cifelli, Davis & Sames 2014</small>
**** Species †''[[Passumys angelli]]'' <small>Cifelli, Davis & Sames 2014</small>
*** Genus †''[[Ctenacodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1879</small>
**** Species †''[[Ctenacodon serratus|C. serratus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1879</small>
**** Species †''[[Ctenacodon nanus|C. nanus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1881</small>
**** Species †''[[Ctenacodon laticeps|C. laticeps]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1881)</small> [''Allodon laticeps'' <small>Marsh 1881</small>] 
**** Species †''[[Ctenacodon scindens|C. scindens]]'' <small>Simpson, 1928</small>
*** Genus †''[[Psalodon]]'' <small>Simpson, 1926</small>
**** Species †''[[Psalodon potens|P. potens]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1887)</small> [''Ctenacodon potens'' <small>Marsh 1887</small>]
**** Species †''[[Psalodon fortis|P. fortis]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1887) Simpson 1929</small> [''Allodon fortis'' <small>Marsh 1887</small>]
**** Species †''[[Psalodon marshi|P. marshi]]'' <small>Simpson, 1929</small>
* Super family †'''[[Paulchoffatioidea]]''' <small>Hahn 1969 sensu Hahn & Hahn 2003</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Mojo (genus)|Mojo]]'' <small>Hahn, LePage & Wouters 1987</small>
*** Species †''[[Mojo usuratus]]'' <small>Hahn, LePage & Wouters 1987</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Rugosodon]]'' <small>Yuan et al., 2013</small>
*** Species †''[[Rugosodon eurasiaticus]]'' <small>Yuan et al., 2013</small>
** Family †'''[[Pinheirodontidae]]''' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
*** Genus †''[[Bernardodon]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Bernardodon atlanticus|B. atlanticus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
**** Species †''B. sp.'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
*** Genus †''[[Cantalera]]'' <small>Badiola, Canudo & Cuenca-Bescos, 2008</small>
**** Species †''[[Cantalera abadi]]'' <small>Badiola, Canudo & Cuenca-Bescos, 2008</small>
*** Genus †''[[Ecprepaulax]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Ecprepaulax anomala|E. anomala]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
*** Genus †''[[Gerhardodon]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1992</small>
**** Species †''[[Gerhardodon purbeckensis|G. purbeckensis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1992</small>
*** Genus †''[[Iberodon]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Iberodon|I. quadrituberculatus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
*** Genus †''[[Lavocatia]]'' <small>Canudo & Cuenca-Bescós, 1996</small>
**** Species †''[[Lavocatia|L. alfambrensis]]'' <small>Canudo & Cuenca-Bescós, 1996</small>
*** Genus †''[[Pinheirodon]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Pinheirodon|P. pygmaeus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Pinheirodon|P. vastus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small>
** Family †'''[[Paulchoffatiidae]]''' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Galveodon]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1992</small>
**** Species †''[[Galveodon nannothus|G. nannothus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1992</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Sunnyodon]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1992</small>
**** Species †''[[Sunnyodon notleyi|S. notleyi]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1992</small>
*** subfamily †[[Paulchoffatiinae]] <small>Hahn, 1971</small>
**** Genus †''[[Paulchoffatia]]'' <small>Kühne, 1961</small>
***** Species †''[[Paulchoffatia delgador|P. delgador]]'' <small>Kühne, 1961</small>
**** Genus †''[[Pseudobolodon]]'' <small>Hahn, 1977</small>
***** Species †''[[Pseudobolodon oreas|P. oreas]]'' <small>Hahn, 1977</small>
***** Species †''[[Pseudobolodon krebsi|P. krebsi]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1994</small>
**** Genus †''[[Henkelodon]]'' <small>Hahn, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Henkelodon naias|H. naias]]'' <small>Hahn, 1987</small>
**** Genus †''[[Guimarotodon]]'' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
***** Species †''[[Guimarotodon leiriensis|G. leiriensis]]'' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
**** Genus †''[[Meketibolodon]]'' <small>(Hahn, 1978) Hahn, 1993</small>
***** Species †''[[Meketibolodon robustus|M. robustus]]'' <small>(Hahn, 1978) Hahn, 1993</small> [''Pseudobolodon robusutus'' <small>Hahn 1978</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Plesiochoffatia]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1999</small> [''Parachoffatia'' <small>Hahn & Hahn 1998 non Mangold 1970</small>]
***** Species †''[[Plesiochoffatia thoas|P. thoas]]'' <small>(Hahn & Hahn, 1998) Hahn & Hahn 1999</small> [''Parachoffatia thoa'' <small>Hahn & Hahn 1998</small>]
***** Species †''[[Plesiochoffatia peparethos|P. peparethos]]'' <small>(Hahn & Hahn, 1998) Hahn & Hahn 1999</small> [''Parachoffatia peparethos'' <small>Hahn & Hahn 1998</small>]
***** Species †''[[Plesiochoffatia staphylos|P. staphylos]]'' <small>(Hahn & Hahn, 1998) Hahn & Hahn 1999</small> [''Parachoffatia staphylos'' <small>Hahn & Hahn 1998</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Xenachoffatia]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1998</small>
***** Species †''[[Xenachoffatia oinopion|X. oinopion]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1998</small>
**** Genus †''[[Bathmochoffatia]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1998</small>
***** Species †''[[Bathmochoffatia hapax|B. hapax]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1998</small>
**** Genus †''[[Kielanodon]]'' <small>Hahn, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Kielanodon hopsoni|K. hopsoni]]'' <small>Hahn, 1987</small>
**** Genus †''[[Meketichoffatia]]'' <small>Hahn, 1993</small>
***** Species †''[[Meketichoffatia krausei|M. krausei]]'' <small>Hahn, 1993</small>
**** Genus †''[[Renatodon]]'' <small>Hahn, 2001</small>
***** Species †''[[Renatodon amalthea]]'' <small>Hahn, 2001</small>
*** Subfamily †[[Kuehneodontinae]] <small>Hahn, 1971</small>
**** Genus †''[[Kuehneodon]]'' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon dietrichi|K. dietrichi]]'' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon barcasensis|K. barcasensis]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 2001</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon dryas|K. dryas]]'' <small>Hahn, 1977</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon guimarotensis|K. guimarotensis]]'' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon hahni|K. hahni]]'' <small>Antunes, 1988</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon simpsoni|K. simpsoni]]'' <small>Hahn, 1969</small>
***** Species †''[[Kuehneodon uniradiculatus|K. uniradiculatus]]'' <small>Hahn, 1978</small>
{{collapse top|title='''[[Plagiaulacoidea]]''' |left=yes}}
* Super family †'''Plagiaulacoidea''' <small>Ameghino, 1894</small>
** Family †'''[[Plagiaulacidae]]''' <small>Gill, 1872 sensu Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small> [Bolodontidae <small>Osborn 1887</small>] 
*** Genus ?†''[[Morrisonodon]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 2004</small>
**** Species †''[[Morrisonodon brentbaatar]]'' <small>(Bakker, 1998) Hahn & Hahn, 2004</small> [''Ctenacodon brentbaatar'' <small>Bakker, 1998</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Plagiaulax]]'' <small>Falconer, 1857</small>
**** Species †''[[Plagiaulax becklesii|P. becklesii]]'' <small>Falconer, 1857</small>
**** Species †''[[Plagiaulax dawsoni|P. dawsoni]]'' <small>Woodward, 1891</small> [''Plioprion dawsoni'' <small>Woodward, 1891</small>; ''Loxaulax dawsoni'' <small>(Woodward, 1891) Sloan, 1979</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Bolodon]]'' <small>Owen, 1871</small> [''[[Plioprion]]'' <small>Cope, 1884</small>]
**** Species †''[[Bolodon crassidens|B. crassidens]]'' <small>Owen, 1871</small>
**** Species †''[[Bolodon falconeri|B. falconeri]]'' <small>Owen, 1871</small> [''Pligiaulax falconeri'' <small>Owen, 1871</small>; ''Plioprion falconeri'' <small>(Owen, 1871)</small>]
**** Species †''[[Bolodon hydei|B. hydei]]'' <small>Cifelli, Davis & Sames, 2014</small>
**** Species †''[[Bolodon minor|B. minor]]'' <small>Falconer, 1857</small> [''Pligiaulax minor'' <small>Falconer, 1857</small>; ''Plioprion minor'' <small>(Falconer, 1857)</small>]
**** Species †''[[Bolodon osborni|B. osborni]]'' <small>Simpson, 1928</small> [''Plioprion osborni'' <small>(Simpson, 1928)</small>; ''Ctenacodon osborni'' <small>Simpson, 1928</small>]
**** Species ?†''[[Bolodon elongatus|B. elongatus]]'' <small>Simpson, 1928</small>
* Family †'''[[Eobaataridae]]''' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, Dashzeveg & Trofimov, 1987</small>
** Genus †''[[Eobaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, Dashzeveg & Trofimov, 1987</small>
*** Species †''[[Eobaatar clemensi|E. clemensi]]'' <small>Sweetman, 2009</small>
*** Species †''[[Eobaatar hispanicus|E. hispanicus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1992</small>
*** Species †''[[Eobaatar magnus|E. magnus]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, Dashzeveg & Trofimov, 1987</small>
*** Species †''[[Eobaatar minor|E. minor]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, Dashzeveg & Trofimov, 1987</small>
*** Species †''[[Eobaatar pajaronensis|E. pajaronensis]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 2001</small>
** Genus †''[[Hakusanobaatar]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2008</small>
*** Species †''[[Hakusanobaatar matsuoi|H. matsuoi]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2008</small>
** Genus †''[[Heishanobaatar]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2010</small>
*** Species †''[[Heishanobaatar triangulus|H. triangulus]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2010</small>
** Genus †''[[Iberica (mammal)|Iberica]]'' <small>Badiola et al., 2011</small>
*** Species †''[[Iberica hahni]]'' <small>Badiola et al., 2011</small>
** Genus †''[[Liaobaatar]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2009</small>
*** Species †''[[Liaobaatar changi|L. changi]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2009</small>
** Genus †''[[Loxaulax]]'' <small>Simpson, 1928</small> [''[[Parendotherium]]'' <small>Crusafont Pairó & Adrover, 1966</small>]
*** Species †''[[Loxaulax|L. valdensis]]'' <small>(Woodward, 1911) Simpson, 1928</small>[''Dipriodon valdensis'' <small>Woodward, 1911</small>] 
*** Species †''[[Loxaulax|L. herreroi]]'' <small>(Crusafont Pairó & Adrover, 1966)</small> [''Parendotherium herreroi'' <small>Crusafont Pairó & Adrover 1966</small>]
** Genus †''[[Monobaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, Dashzeveg & Trofimov, 1987</small>
*** Species †''[[Monobaatar|M. mimicus]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, Dashzeveg & Trofimov, 1987</small>
** Genus †''[[Sinobaatar]]'' <small>Hu & Wang, 2002</small>
*** Species †''[[Sinobaatar|S. lingyuanensis]]'' <small>Hu & Wang, 2002</small>
*** Species †''[[Sinobaatar|S. xiei]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2009</small>
*** Species †''[[Sinobaatar|S. fuxinensis]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2009</small>
** Genus †''[[Tedoribaatar]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2008</small>
*** Species †''[[Tedoribaatar reini|T. reini]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2008</small>
** Genus †''[[Teutonodon]]'' <small>Martin et al., 2016</small>
*** Species †''[[Teutonodon langenbergensis]]'' <small>Martin et al. 2016</small>
* Family †'''[[Albionbaataridae]]''' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1994</small>
** Genus †''[[Albionbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1994</small>
*** Species †''[[Albionbaatar denisae|A. denisae]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Ensom, 1994</small>
** Genus †''[[Kielanobaatar]]'' <small>Kusuhashi et al., 2010</small>
*** Species †''[[Kielanobaatar badaohaoensis|K. badaohaoensis]]'' <small>''Kusuhashi et al.'', 2010</small>
** Genus †''[[Proalbionbaatar]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1998</small>
*** Species †''[[Proalbionbaatar plagiocyrtus|P. plagiocyrtus]]'' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1998</small>
* Suborder †'''[[Gondwanatheria]]''' <small>McKenna 1971</small> [Gondwanatheroidea <small>Krause & Bonaparte 1993</small>]
** Family †'''[[Groeberiidae]]''' <small>Patterson, 1952</small>
*** Genus †''[[Groeberia]]'' <small>Patterson 1952</small>
**** Species †''[[Groeberia minoprioi|G. minoprioi]]'' <small>[[Ryan Patterson (biologist)|Ryan Patterson]], 1952</small>
**** Species †''[[Groeberia pattersoni|G. pattersoni]]'' <small>[[G. G. Simpson]], 1970</small>
*** Genus †''[[Klohnia]]'' <small>Flynn & Wyss 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Klohnia charrieri|K. charrieri]]'' <small>Flynn & Wyss 1999</small>
**** Species †''[[Klohnia major|K. major]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2010</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Epiklohnia]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2010</small>
**** Species †''[[Epiklohnia verticalis]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2010</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Praedens]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2010</small>
**** Species †''[[Praedens aberrans]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2010</small>
** Family †'''[[Ferugliotheriidae]]''' <small>Bonaparte, 1986</small>
*** Genus †''[[Ferugliotherium]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1986a</small> [''[[Vucetichia]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1990</small>]
**** †''[[Ferugliotherium windhauseni]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1986a</small> [''Vucetichia gracilis'' <small>Bonaparte, 1990</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Trapalcotherium]]'' <small>Rougier et al., 2008</small>
**** †''[[Trapalcotherium matuastensis]]'' <small>Rougier et al., 2008</small>
** Family †'''[[Sudamericidae]]''' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual, 1984</small> [Gondwanatheridae <small>Bonaparte, 1986</small>; Patagonidae <small>Pascual & Carlini, 1987</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Greniodon]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2012</small>
**** †''[[Greniodon sylvanicus]]'' <small>Goin et al., 2012</small>
*** Genus †''[[Vintana]]'' <small>Krause et al., 2014</small>
**** †''[[Vintana sertichi]]'' <small>Krause et al., 2014</small>
*** Genus †''[[Dakshina (genus)|Dakshina]]'' <small>Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman, 2007</small>
**** †''[[Dakshina jederi]]'' <small>Wilson, Das Sarama & Anantharaman, 2007</small>
*** Genus †''[[Gondwanatherium]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1986</small>
**** †''[[Gondwanatherium patagonicum]]'' <small>Bonaparte, 1986</small>
*** Genus †''[[Sudamerica]]'' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual, 1984</small>
**** †''[[Sudamerica ameghinoi]]'' <small>Scillato-Yané & Pascual, 1984</small>
*** Genus †''[[Lavanify]]'' <small>Krause et al., 1997</small>
**** †''[[Lavanify miolaka]]'' <small>Krause et al., 1997</small>
*** Genus †''[[Bharattherium]]'' <small>Prasad et al., 2007</small>
**** †''[[Bharattherium bonapartei]]'' <small>Prasad et al.,, 2007</small>
*** Genus †''[[Patagonia (mammal)|Patagonia]]'' <small>Pascual & Carlini' 1987</small>
**** †''[[Patagonia peregrina]]'' <small>Pascual & Carlini' 1987</small>
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse top|title='''[[Cimolodonta]]''' |left=yes}}
* Suborder †'''[[Cimolodonta]]''' <small> McKenna, 1975</small>
** Genus ?†''Allocodon'' <small>non Marsh, 1881</small>
*** Species †''[[Allocodon fortis|A. fortis]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
*** Species †''[[Allocodon lentus|A. lentus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1892</small> [''Cimolomys lentus'']
*** Species †''[[Allocodon pumilis|A. pumilis]]'' <small>Marsh, 1892</small> [''Cimolomys pumilus'']
*** Species †''[[Allocodon rarus|A. rarus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Ameribaatar]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>
*** Species †''[[Ameribaatar zofiae|A. zofiae]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Bubodens]]'' <small>Wilson, 1987</small>
*** Species †''[[Bubodens magnus]]'' <small>Wilson, 1987</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Clemensodon]]'' <small>Krause, 1992</small>
*** Species †''[[Clemensodon megaloba]]'' <small>Krause, 1992</small> [''Kimbetohia cambi'', in partim]
** Genus ?†''[[Fractinus]]'' <small>Higgins 2003</small>
*** Species †''[[Fractinus palmorum]]'' <small>Higgins, 2003</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Uzbekbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Nesov, 1992</small>
*** Species †''[[Uzbekbaatar kizylkumensis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Nesov, 1992</small>
** Genus ?†''[[Viridomys]]'' <small>Fox 1971</small>
*** Species †''[[Viridomys orbatus]]'' <small>Fox 1971</small>
** Family †'''[[Corriebaataridae]]''' <small>Rich et al., 2009</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Corriebaatar]]'' <small>Rich et al., 2009 </small>
**** Species †''[[Corriebaatar marywaltersae]]'' <small>Rich et al., 2009</small>
** ''[[Paracimexomys]]'' group
*** Genus ''[[Paracimexomys]]'' <small>Archibald, 1982</small>
**** Species? †''[[Paracimexomys crossi|P. crossi]]'' <small>Cifelli, 1997</small>
**** Species? †''[[Paracimexomys dacicus|P. dacicus]]'' <small>Grigorescu & Hahn, 1989</small>
**** Species? †''[[Paracimexomys oardaensis|P. oardaensis]]'' <small>(Codrea et al., 2014)</small> [''Barbatodon oardaensis'' <small>Codrea et al., 2014</small>]
**** Species †''[[Paracimexomys magnus|P. magnus]]'' <small>(Sahni, 1972) Archibald, 1982</small> [''Cimexomys magnus'' <small>Sahni, 1972</small>]
**** Species †''[[Paracimexomys magister|P. magister]]'' <small>(Fox, 1971) Archibald, 1982</small> [''Cimexomys magister'' <small>Fox, 1971</small>]
**** Species †''[[Paracimexomys perplexus|P. perplexus]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>
**** Species †''[[Paracimexomys robinsoni|P. robisoni]]'' <small>Eaton & Nelson, 1991</small>
**** Species †''[[Paracimexomys priscus|P. priscus]]'' <small>(Lillegraven, 1969) Archibald, 1982</small> [''Cimexomys priscus'' <small>Lillegraven, 1969</small>; genotype Paracimexomys sensu <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>]
**** Species †''[[Paracimexomys propriscus|P. propriscus]]'' <small>Hunter, Heinrich & Weishampel 2010</small>
*** Genus ''[[Cimexomys]]'' <small>Sloan & Van Valen, 1965</small>
**** Species †''[[Cimexomys antiquus|C. antiquus]]'' <small>Fox, 1971</small>
**** Species †''[[Cimexomys" gregoryi|C. gregoryi]]'' <small>Eaton, 1993</small>
**** Species †''[[Cimexomys judithae|C. judithae]]'' <small>Sahni, 1972</small> [''Paracimexomys judithae'' <small>(Sahni, 1972) Archibald, 1982</small>]
**** Species †''[[Cimexomys arapahoensis|C. arapahoensis]]'' <small>Middleton & Dewar, 2004</small>
**** Species †''[[Cimexomys minor|C. minor]]'' <small>Sloan & Van Valen, 1965</small>
**** Species? †''[[Cimexomys gratus|C. gratus]]'' <small>(Jepson, 1930) Lofgren, 1995</small> [''Cimexomys hausoi'' <small>Archibald, 1983</small>; ''Eucosmodon gratus'' <small>Jepson, 1930</small>; ''Mesodma ambigua''? <small>Jepson, 1940</small>; ''Stygimus gratus'' <small>Jepson, 1930</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Bryceomys]]'' <small>Eaton, 1995</small>
**** Species †''[[Bryceomys fumosus|B. fumosus]]'' <small>Eaton, 1995</small>
**** Species †''[[Bryceomys hadrosus|B. hadrosus]]'' <small>Eaton, 1995</small>
**** Species †''[[Bryceomys intermedius|B. intermedius]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>
*** Genus †''[[Cedaromys]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>
**** Species †''[[Cedaromys bestia|C. bestia]]'' <small>(Eaton & Nelson, 1991) Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small> [''Paracimexomys bestia'' <small>Eaton & Nelson, 1991]</small>
**** Species †''[[Cedaromys hutchisoni|C. hutchisoni]]'' <small>Eaton 2002</small>
**** Species †''[[Cedaromys minimus|C. minimus]]'' <small>Eaton 2009</small>
**** Species †''[[Cedaromys parvus|C. parvus]]'' <small>Eaton & Cifelli, 2001</small>
*** Genus †''[[Dakotamys]]'' <small>Eaton, 1995</small>
**** Species? †''D. sp.'' <small>Eaton, 1995</small>
**** Species †''[[Dakotamys malcolmi|D. malcolmi]]'' <small>Eaton, 1995</small>
**** Species †''[[Dakotamys shakespeari|D. shakespeari]]'' <small>Eaton 2013</small>
** Family †'''[[Boffidae]]''' <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1983 sensu Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001</small>
*** Genus †''[[Boffius]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1979</small>
**** Species †''[[Boffius splendidus]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1979</small> [Boffiidae <small>Hahn & Hahn, 1983</small> sensu <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small>]
** Family †'''[[Cimolomyidae]]''' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> sensu <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small>
*** Genus †''[[Paressodon]]'' <small>Wilson, Dechense & Anderson, 2010</small>
**** Species †''[[Paressodon nelsoni]]'' <small>Wilson, Dechense & Anderson, 2010</small>
*** Genus †''[[Cimolomys]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> [?''[[Allacodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''[[Selenacodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>]
**** Species †''[[Cimolomys clarki|C. clarki]]'' <small>Sahni, 1972</small>
**** Species †''[[Cimolomys gracilis|C. gracilis]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> [''Cimolomys digona'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Meniscoessus brevis''; ''Ptilodus gracilis'' <small>Osborn, 1893 non Gidley 1909</small>; ''Selenacodon brevis'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>]
**** Species †''[[Cimolomys trochuus|C. trochuus]]'' <small>Lillegraven, 1969</small>
**** Species †''[[Cimolomys milliensis|C. milliensis]]'' <small>Eaton, 1993a</small>
**** Species ?†''[[Cimolomys bellus|C. bellus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Essonodon]]'' <small>Simpson, 1927</small>
**** Species †''[[Essonodon browni|E. browni]]'' <small>Simpson, 1927</small> [cimolodontidae? <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum 2001</small>]
*** Genus ?†''[[Buginbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Sochava, 1969</small>
**** Species †''[[Buginbaatar transaltaiensis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Sochava, 1969</small>
*** Genus ?†''[[Meniscoessus]]'' <small>Cope, 1882</small> [''[[Dipriodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''[[Tripriodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> ''nomen dubium''; ''[[Triprotodon]]'' <small>Chure & McIntosh, 1989</small> ''nomen dubium''; ''[[Selenacodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>, ''[[Halodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>, ''[[Oracodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>]
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus caperatus|M. caperatus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus collomensis|M. collomensis]]'' <small>Lillegraven, 1987</small>
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus conquistus|M. conquistus]]'' <small>Cope 1882</small>
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus ferox|M. ferox]]'' <small>Fox, 1971a</small>
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus intermedius|M. intermedius]]'' <small>Fox, 1976b</small>
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus major|M. major]]'' <small>(Russell, 1936)</small> [''Cimolomys major'' <small>Russell 1937</small>]
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus robustus|M. robustus]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1889)</small> [''Dipriodon robustus'' <small>Marsh 1889</small>; ''Dipriodon lacunatus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Tripriodon coelatus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Meniscoessus coelatus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Selenacodon fragilis'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Meniscoessus fragilis'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Halodon sculptus'' <small>(Marsh, 1889)</small>; ''Cimolomys sculptus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Meniscoessus sculptus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Oracodon anceps'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Oracodon conulus'' <small>Marsh, 1892</small>; ''Meniscoessus borealis'' <small>Simpson, 1927c</small>; ''Meniscoessus greeni'' <small>Wilson, 1987</small>]
**** Species †''[[Meniscoessus seminoensis|M. seminoensis]]'' <small>Eberle & Lillegraven, 1998a</small>
** Family †'''[[Kogaionidae]]''' <small>Rãdulescu & Samson, 1996</small>
*** Genus †''[[Kogaionon]]'' <small>Rãdulescu & Samson, 1996</small>
**** Species †''[[Kogaionon ungureanui|K. ungureanui]]'' <small>Rãdulescu & Samson, 1996</small>
*** Genus †''[[Hainina]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1979</small>
**** Species †''[[Hainina belgica|H. belgica]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1979</small>
**** Species †''[[Hainina godfriauxi|H. godfriauxi]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1979</small>
**** Species †''[[Hainina pyrenaica|H. pyrenaica]]'' <small>Peláez-Campomanes, López-Martínez, Álvarez-Sierra & Daams, 2000</small>
**** Species †''[[Hainina vianeyae|H. vianeyae]]'' <small>Peláez-Campomanes, López-Martínez, Álvarez-Sierra & Daams, 2000</small>
*** Genus †''[[Barbatodon]]'' <small>Rãdulescu & Samson, 1986</small>
**** Species †''[[Barbatodon transylvanicum|B. transylvanicum]]'' <small>Rãdulescu & Samson, 1986</small>
** Family †'''[[Eucosmodontidae]]''' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small> sensu <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small> [Eucosmodontidae: Eucosmodontinae <small>Jepsen, 1940</small> sensu <small>McKenna & Bell, 1997</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Eucosmodon]]'' <small>Matthew & Granger, 1921</small>
**** Species †''[[Eucosmodon primus|E. primus]]'' <small>Granger & Simpson, 1929</small>
**** Species †''[[Eucosmodon americanus|E. americanus]]'' <small>Cope, 1885</small>
**** Species †''[[Eucosmodon molestus|E. molestus]]'' <small>Cope, 1869</small> [''Neoplagiaulax molestus'' <small>Cope, 1869</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Stygimys]]'' <small>Sloan & Van Valen, 1965</small>
**** Species †''[[Stygimys camptorhiza|S. camptorhiza]]'' <small>Johnston & Fox, 1984</small>
**** Species †''[[Stygimys cupressus|S. cupressus]]'' <small>Fox, 1981</small>
**** Species †''[[Stygimys kuszmauli|S. kuszmauli]]'' [''Eucosmodon kuszmauli'']
**** Species †''[[Stygimys jepseni|S. jepseni]]'' <small>Simpson, 1935</small>
**** Species †''[[Stygimys teilhardi|S. teilhardi]]'' <small>Granger & Simpson, 1929</small>
** Family †'''[[Microcosmodontidae]]''' <small>Holtzman & Wolberg, 1977</small> [Eucosmodontidae: Microcosmodontinae <small>Holtzman & Wolberg, 1977</small> sensu <small>McKenna & Bell, 1997</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Pentacosmodon]]''<small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
**** Species †''[[Pentacosmodon pronus|P. pronus]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small> [Djadochtatheroid? <small>(Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001)</small>]
*** Genus †''[[Acheronodon]]'' <small>Archibald, 1982</small>
**** Species †''[[Acheronodon garbani|A. garbani]]'' <small>Archibald, 1982</small>
*** Genus †''[[Microcosmodon]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
**** Species †''[[Microcosmodon conus|M. conus]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
**** Species †''[[Microcosmodon rosei|M. rosei]]'' <small>Krause, 1980</small>
**** Species †''[[Microcosmodon arcuatus|M. arcuatus]]'' <small>Johnston & Fox, 1984</small>
**** Species †''[[Microcosmodon woodi|M. woodi]]'' <small>Holtzman & Wolberg, 1977</small> [Eucosmodontine?]
**** Species †''[[Microcosmodon harleyi|M. harleyi]]'' <small>Weil, 1998</small>
** Superfamily †[[Ptilodontoidea]] <small>Cope, 1887</small> sensu <small>McKenna & Bell, 1997</small> e <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small>
*** Family †'''[[Cimolodontidae]]''' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> sensu <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small>
**** Genus †''[[Liotomus]]'' <small>Lemoine, 1882</small> [''Neoctenacodon'' <small>Lemoine 1891</small>] 
***** Species? †''[[Liotomus marshi|L. marshi]]'' <small>(Lemoine, 1882) Cope, 1884</small> [''Neoctenacodon marshi'' <small>Lemoine, 1882</small>; ''Neoplagiaulax marshi'' <small>(Lemoine 1882)</small>; ''Plagiaulax marshi'' <small>(Lemoine 1882)</small>] [Eucosmodontidae? <small>McKenna & Bell, 1997]</small>
**** Genus †''[[Yubaatar]]'' <small>Xu et al., 2015</small>
***** Species †''[[Yubaatar zhongyuanensis]]'' <small>Xu et al., 2015</small>
**** Genus †''[[Anconodon]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species? †''[[Anconodon lewisi|A. lewisi]]'' <small>(Simpson 1935) Sloan, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Anconodon gibleyi|A. gibleyi]]'' (<small>Simpson, 1935</small>) [''Ptilodus gidleyi'' <small>Simpson, 1935</small>]
***** Species †''[[Anconodon cochraensis|A. cochranensis]]'' (<small>Russell, 1929</small>) [''Liotomus russelli'' <small>(Simpson, 1935)</small>; ''Anconodon russelli'' <small>(Simpson, 1935) Sloan, 1987</small>; ''Ectopodon cochranensis'' <small>(Russell, 1967)</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Cimolodon]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> [''[[Nanomys]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>, ''[[Nanomyops]]'' <small>Marsh, 1892]</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon agilis|C. agilis]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon foxi|C. foxi]]'' <small>Eaton, 2002</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon gracilis|C. gracilis]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon electus|C. electus]]'' <small>Fox, 1971</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon nitidus|C. nitidus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small> [''Allacodon rarus'' <small>Marsh, 1892</small> sensu <small>Clemens, 1964a</small>; ''Nanomys minutus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Nanomyops minutus'' <small>(Marsh, 1889) Marsh, 1892</small>; ''Halodon serratus'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>; ''Ptilodus serratus'' <small>(Marsh, 1889) Gidley 1909</small>]
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon parvus|C. parvus]]'' <small>Marsh, 1889</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon peregrinus|C. peregrinus]]'' <small>Donohue, Wilson & Breithaupt, 2013</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon similis|C. similis]]'' <small>Fox, 1971</small>
***** Species †''[[Cimolodon wardi|C. wardi]]'' <small>Eaton, 2006</small>
*** Family ''[[Incertae sedis]]''
**** Genus ''[[Neoliotomus]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoliotomus conventus|N. conventus]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoliotomus ultimus|N. ultimus]]'' (<small>Granger & Simpson, 1928</small>)
*** Family †'''[[Neoplagiaulacidae]]''' <small>Ameghino, 1890</small> [Ptilodontidae: Neoplagiaulacinae <small>Ameghino, 1890 sensu McKenna & Bell, 1997</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Mesodma]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species? †''[[Mesodma hensleighi|M. hensleighi]]'' <small>Lillegraven, 1969</small>
***** Species? †''[[Mesodma senecta|M. senecta]]'' <small>Fox, 1971</small>
***** Species †''[[Mesodma ambigua|M. ambigua]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species? †''[[Mesodma pygmaea|M. pygmaea]]'' <small>Sloan, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Mesodma formosa|M. formosa]]'' <small>(Marsh, 1889)</small> [Halodon formosus <small>Marsh, 1889]</small>
***** Species †''[[Mesodma primaeva|M. primaeva]]'' <small>(Lambe, 1902)</small>
***** Species †''[[Mesodma thompsoni|M. thompsoni]]'' <small>Clemens, 1964</small>
**** Genus ''[[Ectypodus]]'' <small>Matthew & Cranger, 1921</small> [Charlesmooria <small>Kühne, 1969 ]</small>
***** Species †''[[Ectypodus aphronorus|E. aphronorus]]'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small>
***** Species? †''[[Ectypodus childei|E. childei]]'' <small>Kühne, 1969</small>
***** Species? †''[[Ectypodus elaphus|E. elaphus]]'' <small>Scott, 2005</small>
***** Species? †''[[Ectypodus lovei|E. lovei]]'' <small>(Sloan, 1966) Krishtlaka & Black, 1975</small>
***** Species †''[[Ectypodus musculus|E. musculus]]'' <small>Matthew & Granger, 1921</small>
***** Species †''[[Ectypodus powelli|E. powelli]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species? †''[[Ectypodus simpsoni|E. simpsoni]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
***** Species †''[[Ectypodus szalayi|E. szalayi]]'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small>
***** Species †''[[Ectypodus tardus|E. tardus]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
**** Genus †''[[Mimetodon]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species †''[[Mimetodon krausei|M. krausei]]'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small>
***** Species †''[[Mimetodon nanophus|M. nanophus]]'' <small>Holtzman, 1978</small> [''Neoplagiaulax nanophus'' <small>Holtzman, 1978]</small>
***** Species †''[[Mimetodon siberlingi|M. siberlingi]]''<small>(Simpson, 1935) Schiebout, 1974</small>
***** Species †''[[Mimetodon churchilli|M. churchilli]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
**** Genus †''[[Neoplagiaulax]]'' <small>Lemoine, 1882</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax annae|N. annae]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
***** Species? †''[[Neoplagiaulax burgessi|N. burgessi]]'' <small>Archibald, 1982</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax cimolodontoides|N. cimolodontoides]]'' <small>Scott, 2005</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax copei|N. copei]]'' <small>Lemoine, 1885</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax donaldorum|N. donaldorum]]'' <small>Scott & Krause, 2006</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax eocaenus|N. eocaenus]]'' <small>Lemoine, 1880</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax grangeri|N. grangeri]]'' <small>Simpson, 1935</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax hazeni|N. hazeni]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax hunteri|N. hunteri]]'' <small>Krishtalka, 1973</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax jepi|N. jepi]]'' <small>Sloan, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax kremnus|N. kremnus]]'' <small>Johnston & Fox, 1984</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax macintyrei|N. macintyrei]]'' <small>Slaon, 1981</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax macrotomeus|N. macrotomeus]]'' <small>Wilson, 1956</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax mckennai|N. mckennai]]'' <small>Sloan, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax nelsoni|N. nelsoni]]'' <small>Sloan, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax nicolai|N. nicolai]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax paskapooensis|N. paskapooensis]]'' <small>Scott, 2005</small>
***** Species? †''[[Neoplagiaulax serrator|N. serrator]]'' <small>Scott, 2005</small>
***** Species †''[[Neoplagiaulax sylvani|N. sylvani]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
**** Genus †''[[Parectypodus]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1930</small>
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus armstrongi|P. armstrongi]]'' <small>Johnston & Fox, 1984</small>
***** Species? †''[[Parectypodus corystes|P. corystes]]'' <small>Scott, 2003</small>
***** Species? †''[[Parectypodus foxi|P. foxi]]'' <small>Storer, 1991</small>
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus laytoni|P. laytoni]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus lunatus|P. lunatus]]'' <small>Krause, 1982</small> [''P. childei'' Kühne, 1969]
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus simpsoni|P. simpsoni]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus sinclairi|P. sinclairi]]'' <small>Simpson, 1935</small>
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus sloani|P. sloani]]'' <small>Schiebout, 1974</small>
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus trovessartianus|P. trovessartianus]]'' <small>Cope, 1882</small> [''P. trouessarti''; ''Ptilodus''; ''Mimetodon''; ''Neoplagiaulax'']
***** Species †''[[Parectypodus sylviae|P. sylviae]]'' <small>Rigsby, 1980</small> [Ectypodus sylviae <small>Rigby, 1980</small>]
***** Species? †''[[Parectypodus vanvaleni|P. vanvaleni]]'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small>
**** Genus †''[[Cernaysia]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
***** Species †''[[Cernaysia manueli|C. manueli]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
***** Species †''[[Cernaysia davidi|C. davidi]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
**** Genus †''[[Krauseia]]'' <small>Vianey-Liaud, 1986</small>
***** Species †''[[Krauseia clemensi|K. clemensi]]'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small> [''Parectypodus clemensi'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Xyronomys]]''<small>Rigby, 1980</small>
***** Species †''[[Xyronomys swainae|X. swainae]]'' <small>Rigby, 1980</small> [Xironomys (sic); ?Eucosmodontidae]
**** Genus †''[[Xanclomys]]'' <small>Rigby, 1980</small>
***** Species †''[[Xanclomys mcgrewi|X. mcgrewi]]''<small>Rigby, 1980</small>
**** Genus †''[[Mesodmops]]'' <small>Tong & Wang, 1994</small>
***** Species †''[[Mesodmops dawsonae|M. dawsonae]]'' <small>Tong & Wang, 1994</small>
*** Family †'''[[Ptilodontidae]]''' <small>Cope, 1887</small> [Ptilodontidae: Ptilodontinae <small>Cope, 1887</small> sensu <small>McKenna & Bell, 1997</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Kimbetohia]]'' <small>Simpson, 1936</small>
***** Species †''[[Kimbetohia cambi|K. cambi]]'' [<small>Granger, Gregory & Colbert in Matthew, 1937, or Simpson, 1936</small>]
***** Species †K. sp. cf. ''K. cambi''
**** Genus †''[[Ptilodus]]'' <small>Cope, 1881</small> [Chirox <small>Cope, 1884</small>]
***** Species? †''[[Ptilodus fractus|P. fractus]]''
***** Species †''[[Ptilodus kummae|P. kummae]]'' <small>Krause, 1977</small>
***** Species †''[[Ptilodus gnomus|P. gnomus]]'' <small>Scott, Fox & Youzwyshyn, 2002</small> [cf. ''Ectypodus hazeni'' <small>(Jepsen, 1940) Gazin, 1956</small>]
***** Species †''[[Ptilodus mediaevus|P. mediaevus]]'' <small>Cope, 1881</small> [''Ptilodus plicatus'' <small>(Cope, 1884)</small>; ''Chirox plicatus'' <small>Cope, 1884</small> ''P. ferronensis'' <small>Gazin, 1941</small>]
***** Species †''[[Ptilodus montanus|P. montanus]]'' <small>Douglass, 1908 </small>[''P. gracilis'' <small>Gidley, 1909</small>; ''P. admiralis'' <small>Hay, 1930</small>]
***** Species †''[[Ptilodus tsosiensis|P. tsosiensis]]'' <small>Sloan, 1981</small>
***** Species †''[[Ptilodus wyomingensis|P. wyomingensis]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
**** Genus †''[[Baiotomeus]]'' <small>Krause, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Baiotomeus douglassi|B. douglassi]]'' <small>Simpson, 1935</small> [''Ptilodus''; ''Mimetodon''; ''Neoplagiaulax'']
***** Species †''[[Baiotomeus lamberti|B. lamberti]]'' <small>Krause, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Baiotomeus russelli|B. russelli]]'' <small>Scott, Fox & Youzwyshyn, 2002</small>
***** Species †''[[Baiotomeus rhothonion|B. rhothonion]]'' <small>Scott, 2003</small>
**** Genus †''[[Prochetodon]]'' <small>Jepsen, 1940</small>
***** Species †''[[Prochetodon cavus|P. cavus]]'' <small>Jespen, 1940</small>
***** Species †''[[Prochetodon foxi|P. foxi]]'' <small>Krause, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Prochetodon taxus|P. taxus]]'' <small>Krause, 1987</small>
***** Species? †''[[Prochetodon speirsae|P. speirsae]]'' <small>Scott, 2004</small>
** Superfamily †'''[[Taeniolabidoidea]]''' <small>Granger & Simpson, 1929 sensu Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small>
*** Genus †''[[Prionessus]]'' <small>Matthew & Granger, 1925</small>
**** Species †''[[Prionessus lucifer|P. lucifer]]'' <small>Matthew & Granger, 1925</small>
*** Family †'''[[Lambdopsalidae]]'''
**** Genus †''[[Lambdopsalis]]'' <small>Chow & Qi, 1978</small>
***** Species †''[[Lambdopsalis bulla|L. bulla]]'' <small>Chow & Qi, 1978</small>
**** Genus †''[[Sphenopsalis]]'' <small>Matthew, Granger & Simpson, 1928</small>
***** Species †''[[Sphenopsalis nobilis|S. nobilis]]'' <small>Matthew, Granger & Simpson, 1928</small>
*** Family †'''[[Taeniolabididae]]''' <small>Granger & Simpson, 1929</small>
**** Genus †''[[Taeniolabis]]'' <small>Cope, 1882</small>
***** Species †''[[Taeniolabis lamberti|T. lamberti]]'' <small>Simmons, 1987</small>
***** Species †''[[Taeniolabis taoensis|T. taoensis]]'' <small>Cope, 1882</small>
**** Genus †''[[Kimbetopsalis]]''
***** Species †''[[Kimbetopsalis simmonsae|K. simmonsae]]''
** Superfamily †'''[[Djadochtatherioidea]]''' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 1997</small> sensu <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 2001</small>[Djadochtatheria <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 1997</small>]
*** Genus? †''[[Bulganbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
**** Species? †''[[Bulganbaatar nemegtbaataroides|B. nemegtbaataroides]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
*** Genus †''[[Nemegtbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
**** Species? †''[[Nemegtbaatar gobiensis|N. gobiensis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
*** Family †'''[[Chulsanbaataridae]]''' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
**** Genus †''[[Chulsanbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
***** Species †''[[Chulsanbaatar vulgaris|C. vulgaris]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
*** Family †'''[[Sloanbaataridae]]''' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
**** Genus †''[[Kamptobaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small>
***** Species? †''[[Kamptobaatar kuczynskii|K. kuczynskii]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small>
**** Genus †''[[Nessovbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 1997</small>
***** Species †''[[Nessovbaatar multicostatus|N. multicostatus]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Hurum, 1997</small>
**** Genus †''[[Sloanbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
***** Species †''[[Sloanbaatar mirabilis|S. mirabilis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small> [Sloanbaatarinae]
*** Family †'''[[Djadochtatheriidae]]''' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska $ Hurum, 1997</small>
**** Genus †''[[Djadochtatherium]]'' <small>Simpson, 1925</small>
***** Species †''[[Djadochtatherium matthewi|D. matthewi]]'' <small>Simpson, 1925</small>[''Catopsalis matthewi'' <small>Simpson, 1925</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Catopsbaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
***** Species †''[[Catopsbaatar catopsaloides|C. catopsaloides]]'' <small>(Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974) Kielan-Jaworowska, 1994</small> [''Djadochtatherium catopsaloides'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>]
**** Genus †''[[Tombaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1974</small>
***** Species †''[[Tombaatar sabuli|T. sabuli]]'' <small>Rougier, Novacek & Dashzeveg, 1997</small>
**** Genus †''[[Kryptobaatar]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small> [''Gobibaatar'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small>, ''Tugrigbaatar'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Dashzeveg, 1978</small>]
***** Species †''[[Kryptobaatar saichanensis|K. saichanensis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Dashzeveg, 1978</small> [''Tugrigbaatar saichaenensis'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska & Dashzeveg, 1978??</small>]
***** Species †''[[Kryptobaatar dashzevegi|K. dashzevegi]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small>
***** Species †''[[Kryptobaatar mandahuensis|K. mandahuensis]]'' <small> Smith, Guo & Sun, 2001</small>
***** Species †''[[Kryptobaatar gobiensis|K. gobiensis]]'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small> [''Gobibaatar parvus'' <small>Kielan-Jaworowska, 1970</small> ]
{{collapse bottom}}
{{collapse bottom}}

===Phylogeny===
After Chimento et al. 2015:<ref name="Chimento et al 2015"/>

{{clade |style=
|label1='''Multituberculata'''
|1={{clade
   |1=[[Paulchoffatiidae]]
   |2={{clade
  |1=[[Plagiaulacidae]]
  |2={{clade
   |1=[[Eobaataridae]]
   |2={{clade
    |label1=[[Gondwanatheria]]
    |1={{clade
     |1=[[Ferugliotheriidae]]
     |2={{clade
      |1=[[Groeberiidae]]
      |2=[[Sudamericidae]]}}}}
    |label2=[[Cimolodonta]]
    |2={{clade
     |1=[[Cimolodontidae]]
     |2={{clade
      |1=[[Ptilodontoidea]]
      |2={{clade
       |1={{clade
        |1=''[[Cimexomys]]''
        |2=[[Cimolomyidae]]}}
       |2={{clade
        |1=''[[Boffius]]''
        |2=''[[Buginbaatar]]''
        |3=[[Eucosmodontidae]]
        |4=[[Microcosmodontidae]]
        |label5=[[Djadochtatherioidea]]
        |5={{clade
         |1=''[[Bulganbaatar]]''
         |2={{clade
          |1={{clade
           |1=''[[Chulsanbaatar]]''
           |2=[[Sloanbaataridae]]}}
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Nemegtbaatar]]''
           |2=[[Djadochtatheriidae]]}}}}}}
        |6={{clade
         |1=[[Kogaionidae]]
         |label2=[[Taeniolabidoidea]]
         |2={{clade
          |1=''[[Yubaatar]]''
          |2={{clade
           |1=''[[Bubodens]]''
           |2={{clade
            |1=''[[Valenopsalis]]''
            |2={{clade
             |1=[[Lambdopsalidae]]
             |2=[[Taeniolabididae]]}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}Cladogram after Carvalho et al. 2025:<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carvalho |first=Victor F. |last2=Camilo |first2=Bruno |last3=Araújo |first3=Ricardo |last4=Castro |first4=Lígia |last5=Kullberg |first5=José C. |last6=Desmet |first6=Hilde G. B. |last7=Nerinckx |first7=Ignace |last8=Leite |first8=Marco |last9=Reis |first9=Diego |date=March 2025 |title=Cambelodon torreensis , a new pinheirodontid multituberculate from the Upper Jurassic of western Portugal |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/spp2.70012 |journal=Papers in Palaeontology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=2 |doi=10.1002/spp2.70012 |issn=2056-2799|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{clade
|label1='''Multituberculata'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[Pinheirodontidae]]
|2=[[Paulchoffatiidae]]
}}
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Glirodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Ctenacodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Zofiabaatar]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Bolodon]]''
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Plagiaulax]]''
|2={{clade
|1=[[Eobaataridae]]
|2={{clade
|1=''[[Arginbaatar]]''
|2=[[Cimolodonta]]
}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}

==Paleoecology==

===Behaviour===
Multituberculates are some of the earliest mammals to display complex social behaviours. One species, ''[[Filikomys]],'' from the Late Cretaceous of North America, engaged in multi-generational group nesting and burrowing.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Weaver |first1=Lucas N. |last2=Varricchio |first2=David J. |last3=Sargis |first3=Eric J. |last4=Chen |first4=Meng |last5=Freimuth |first5=William J. |last6=Wilson Mantilla |first6=Gregory P. |title=Early mammalian social behaviour revealed by multituberculates from a dinosaur nesting site |journal=Nature Ecology & Evolution |date=2 November 2020 |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=32–37 |doi=10.1038/s41559-020-01325-8 |pmid=33139921 |s2cid=226241443 }}</ref>

===Extinction===

The extinction of multituberculates has been a topic of controversy for several decades.<ref name="Wood 2010">{{Cite thesis |last=Wood |first=D. Joseph |title=The Extinction of the Multituberculates Outside North America: a Global Approach to Testing the Competition Model |type=M.S. |year=2010 |publisher=The Ohio State University |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1275595604&disposition=inline |access-date=2015-04-03 |archive-date=2015-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408104907/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/!etd.send_file?accession=osu1275595604&disposition=inline |url-status=dead}}</ref> After at least 88&nbsp;million years of dominance over most mammalian assemblies, multituberculates reached the peak of their diversity in the early [[Palaeocene]], before gradually declining across the final stages of the epoch and the [[Eocene]], finally disappearing in the early [[Oligocene]].<ref name="Ostrander 1984">{{cite journal |last1=Ostrander |first1=Gregg |title=The Early Oligocene (Chadronian) Raben Ranch Local Fauna, Northwest Nebraska: Multituberculata; with Comments on the Extinction of the Allotheria |journal=Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences and Affiliated Societies |date=1 January 1984 |url=https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/tnas/239/ }}</ref>

The last multituberculate species, ''[[Ectypodus childei]]'', went extinct near the end of the Eocene in North America. It is unclear why this particular species persisted for so long when all of its counterparts succumbed to replacement by rodents.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=The Extinction of the Multituberculates Outside North America: a Global Approach to Testing the Competition Model |url=https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1275595604 |publisher=The Ohio State University |date=2010 |language=en |first=D. Joseph |last=Wood |access-date=2023-05-19 |archive-date=2023-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519082943/https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_olink/r/1501/10?clear=10&p10_accession_num=osu1275595604 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{Rp|page=43}}

Traditionally, the extinction of multituberculates has been linked to the rise of [[rodents]] (and, to a lesser degree, earlier [[placental]] competitors like [[Hyopsodontidae|hyopsodonts]] and [[Plesiadapiformes]]), which supposedly [[Competitive exclusion principle|competitively excluded]] multituberculates from most mammalian faunas.<ref name="Krause 1986">{{cite book |doi=10.2113/gsrocky.24.special_paper_3.95 |chapter=Competitive exclusion and taxonomic displacement in the fossil record |title=Vertebrates, Phylogeny, and Philosophy |year=1986 |last1=Krause |first1=David W. |pages=95–117 |isbn=978-0-941570-02-2 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/vertebratesphylo0000unse/page/95 }}</ref>

However, the idea that multituberculates were replaced by rodents and other placentals has been criticised by several authors. For one thing, it relies on the assumption that these mammals are "inferior" to more derived placentals, and ignores the fact that rodents and multituberculates had co-existed for at least 15&nbsp;million years. According to some researchers, multituberculate "decline" is shaped by sharp extinction events, most notably after the [[Tiffanian]], where a sudden drop in diversity occurs. Finally, the youngest known multituberculates do not exemplify patterns of competitive exclusion; the Oligocene ''[[Ectypodus]]'' is a rather generalistic species, rather than a specialist. This combination of factors suggests that, rather than gradually declining due to pressure from rodents and similar placentals, multituberculates simply could not cope with climatic and vegetation changes, as well as the rise of new predatory eutherians, such as [[Miacidae|miacids]].<ref name="Ostrander 1984"/>

More recent studies show a mixed effect. Multituberculate faunas in North America and Europe do indeed decline in correlation to the introduction of rodents in these areas. However, [[Asia]]n multituberculate faunas co-existed with rodents with minimal extinction events, implying that competition was not the main cause for the extinction of Asiatic multituberculates. As a whole, it seems that Asian multituberculates, unlike North American and European species, never recovered from the [[KT event]], which allowed the evolution and propagation of rodents in the first place.<ref name="Wood 2010"/> A recent study seems to indeed indicate that eutherians recovered more quickly from the KT event than multituberculates.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Pires | first1 = Mathias M. | last2 = Rankin | first2 = Brian D. | last3 = Silvestro | first3 = Daniele | last4 = Quental | first4 = Tiago B. | year = 1804 | title = Diversification dynamics of mammalian clades during the K–Pg mass extinction | journal = Biology Letters | volume = 14 | issue = 9| page = 2058 | doi = 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0458 | pmid = 30258031 | pmc = 6170748 }}</ref> Conversely, another study has shown that placental radiation did not start significantly until after the decline of multituberculates.<ref name="Brocklehurst et al 2021"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikispecies|Multituberculata}}
*{{cite book
|title = Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Millions Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe
|first1 = Jordi|last1=Agustí|first2=Mauricio|last2 = Antón
|publisher = Columbia University Press|location=New York|year = 2002
|isbn = 978-0-231-11640-4
}}
*{{cite web|url=http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/multis.htm |title=Multituberculata (Cope 1884) |first=Trevor |last=Dykes |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228041258/http://home.arcor.de/ktdykes/multis.htm |archive-date=December 28, 2009 }}
*{{cite journal
|last1 = Kielan-Jaworowska|first1 = Zofia|last2=Hurum|first2 = Jørn H.
|title = Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals
|journal = Palaeontology|year=2001|issue=3|volume=44|pages=389–429|doi=10.1111/1475-4983.00185
| bibcode=2001Palgy..44..389K | s2cid=83592270 | url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14775/files/PAL_E1903.pdf }}

{{Allotheria|A.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q131181}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Multituberculata| ]]
[[Category:Prehistoric tetrapod orders]]
[[Category:Mammal orders]]
[[Category:Oligocene extinctions]]
[[Category:Kimmeridgian first appearances]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope]]
[[Category:Tertiary extinctions of vertebrate taxa]]