Editing Multnomah Falls

{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox waterfall
| name = Multnomah Falls
| photo = Multnomah Falls on 2 August 2012.jpg
| photo_width = 250
| photo_caption = Full view of both tiers of the falls
| location = [[Columbia River Gorge]], [[Multnomah County, Oregon|Multnomah County]], [[Oregon]], U.S.
| coords = {{coord|45.57595|-122.11536|type:waterbody_region:US-OR|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{Convert|627|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| type = Tiered
| height = {{Convert|620|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| width = 
| height_longest = {{Convert|542|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| average_width = {{Convert|10|ft|m|0|abbr=on}}
| number_drops = 2
| average_flow = {{convert|150|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}
| watercourse = Multnomah Creek
| world_rank = 434
}}

'''Multnomah Falls''' is a [[waterfall]] located on [[Multnomah Creek]] in the [[Columbia River Gorge]], east of [[Troutdale, Oregon|Troutdale]], between [[Corbett, Oregon|Corbett]] and [[Dodson, Oregon|Dodson]], [[Oregon]], United States. The waterfall is accessible from the [[Historic Columbia River Highway]] and [[Interstate 84 in Oregon|Interstate 84]]. Spanning two tiers on [[basalt]] cliffs, it is the tallest waterfall in the state of Oregon at {{Convert|620|ft|m|0|abbr=on}} in height.{{sfn|Roza|2010|p=11}}  The Multnomah Creek Bridge, built in 1914, crosses below the falls, and is listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]].

The land surrounding the falls was developed by [[Simon Benson]] in the early-twentieth century, with a pathway, viewing bridge, and adjacent lodge being constructed in 1925. The Multnomah Falls Lodge and the surrounding footpaths at the falls were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1981. Contemporarily, the state of Oregon maintains a switchback trail that ascends to a [[scree|talus slope]] {{convert|100|ft|m}} above the falls, and descends to an [[observation deck]] that overlooks the falls' edge. The falls attract over two million visitors each year,<ref name=sos>{{cite web|work=State of Oregon|publisher=Oregon Secretary of State|title=Multnomah Falls|access-date=December 29, 2017|url=http://sos.oregon.gov/archives/exhibits/columbia-river-highway/Pages/history-multnomah-falls.aspx}}</ref> making it the most-visited natural recreation site in the U.S. [[Pacific Northwest]].<ref name=usda/>

==Structure==
The falls drops in two major steps, split into an upper falls of {{Convert|542|ft|m|0}} and a lower falls of {{Convert|69|ft|m|0}}, with a gradual 9 foot (3 m) drop in elevation between the two, so the total height of the waterfall is conventionally given as {{Convert|620|ft|m|0}}. The two drops are due to a zone of more easily eroded [[basalt]] at the base of the upper falls.<ref>{{cite web |title= Multnomah Falls plummets 620 feet |website= Multnomah Falls Lodge |access-date= October 8, 2016 |url= http://www.multnomahfallslodge.com/falls.html |archive-date= September 25, 2016 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160925132544/http://www.multnomahfallslodge.com/falls.html |url-status= dead }}</ref>

===Height===
Multnomah Falls is the tallest waterfall in the state of [[Oregon]].{{sfn|Roza|2010|p=11}} It is credited by a sign at the site of the falls, and by the United States Forest Service, as the second tallest year-round waterfall in the United States.<ref name=waterfallrank>{{cite web
|url=http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8_MNNYSKAOUjMeXDfAxg8vh1h4Psw68fJG-AAzga6Pt55Oem6hfkRhhkmTgqAgCHNFDO/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfMjAwMDAwMDBBODBPSEhWTjBNMDAwMDAwMDA!?ss=110622&navtype=forestBean&navid=091000000000000&pnavid=null&cid=null&ttype=main&pname=Columbia%2520River%2520Gorge%2520National%2520Scenic%2520Area%2520-%2520Home%2Fforest%2Frecreation%2Fwaterfalls%2Fmult-falls.shtml
|title=Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area
|access-date=January 9, 2018
|work=United States Department of Agriculture
|publisher=United States Forest Service
|archive-date=March 4, 2016
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304072759/http://www.fs.usda.gov/wps/portal/fsinternet/!ut/p/c5/04_SB8K8xLLM9MSSzPy8xBz9CP0os3gjAwhwtDDw9_AI8_MNNYSKAOUjMeXDfAxg8vh1h4Psw68fJG-AAzga6Pt55Oem6hfkRhhkmTgqAgCHNFDO/dl3/d3/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS9ZQnZ3LzZfMjAwMDAwMDBBODBPSEhWTjBNMDAwMDAwMDA!?ss=110622&navtype=forestBean&navid=091000000000000&pnavid=null&cid=null&ttype=main&pname=Columbia%2520River%2520Gorge%2520National%2520Scenic%2520Area%2520-%2520Home%2Fforest%2Frecreation%2Fwaterfalls%2Fmult-falls.shtml
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> However, there has been some skepticism surrounding this distinction, as Multnomah Falls is listed as the 156th tallest waterfall in the United States by the World Waterfall Database (this site does not distinguish between seasonal and year-round waterfalls).<ref name=tallestUSwaterfalls>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/country-tallest-waterfalls/United-States/1/ |title=Tallest Waterfalls in the U.S.|access-date=August 28, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140829180451/https://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/country-tallest-waterfalls/United-States/1|archive-date=August 29, 2014|work=World Waterfall Database}}</ref><ref name=WWDMultnomah>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Multnomah-Falls-4051/|work=World Waterfalls Database|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215193909/http://www.worldwaterfalldatabase.com/waterfall/Multnomah-Falls-4051|archive-date=December 15, 2012|title=Multnomah Falls|access-date=August 28, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The World Waterfall Database disputes claims that Multnomah Falls is the fourth-tallest waterfall in the United States, which has been claimed in such sources as the ''Encyclopedia of World Geography'' (2013).{{sfn|McColl|2014|p=691}}

===Water source===
Underground springs from [[Larch Mountain (Multnomah County, Oregon)|Larch Mountain]] are the year-round source of water for the waterfall, augmented by spring runoff from the mountain's snowpack and rainwater during the other seasons. This spring is the source of Multnomah Creek.{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=209}}

=== Benson Lake ===
Multnomah Creek drains into [[Benson State Recreation Area|Benson Lake]] approximately 1,300 feet west of the bottom of the falls.

==History==
===Formation and early history===
The waterfall formed around 15,000 years ago<ref name=sos/> at the end of a [[hanging valley]], and was created by the [[Missoula floods]].<ref>{{cite web|title= Missoula Flood & Multnomah Falls, Oregon - Glacial Lake Missoula Flood Features |website= Waymarking.com |date=February 5, 2007|access-date=October 18, 2016 |url= http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM16X3_Missoula_Flood_Multnomah_Falls_Oregon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title= Missoula Floods |website= The Columbia River |access-date= October 18, 2016 |url= http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/missoula_floods.html|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080929062024/http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/missoula_floods.html|url-status= usurped|archive-date= September 29, 2008}}</ref> According to the creation story from the [[Multnomah people|Multnomah tribe]] (from whom the falls take their name), the waterfall was formed after a young woman sacrificed herself to the [[Great Spirit]] to save a Multnomah village from a [[Plague (disease)|plague]] by jumping from the cliff, and the Multnomah peoples were saved.{{sfn|Sternberg|1998|p=89}} After her death, water began to flow from above the cliff, creating the waterfall.{{sfn|Sternberg|1998|p=89}}

The falls were noted in the journals of explorers [[William Clark]] and [[Meriwether Lewis]] during their [[Lewis and Clark Expedition|expedition]] through the Columbia River Gorge in 1805.{{sfn|Coues|1979|p=932}} In an October 30 journal entry, Lewis notes: {{blockquote|... passed Several places where the rocks projected into the river & have the appearance of having separated from the mountains and fallen into the river, small niches are formed in the banks below those projecting rocks which is common in this part of the river, Saw 4 Cascades caused by Small Streams falling from the mountains on the Lard.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu/item/lc.jrn.1805-10-30|work=Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition|title=October 30, 1805|access-date=December 23, 2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska–Lincoln]]}}</ref>}}

The origin of the falls' naming is unclear; scholar Lewis A. McArthur, in ''Oregon Geographic Names'', suggested that S. G. Reed, a prominent mercantile clerk in Portland and native of [[Massachusetts]], may have been the first to apply the name with the idea of popularizing sites along the Columbia River for steamboat excursions.<ref name=highway/>

===Post-Reconstruction development===
{{Infobox NRHP
| name            = Multnomah Falls Lodge and Footpath
| image           = Multnomah Falls Lodge - Oregon.jpg
| image_size      = 260px
| caption         =
| locmapin        =
| map_width       =
| map_caption     =
| coordinates     = {{Coord|45.57595|-122.11536|type:waterbody_region:US-OR}}
| location        = {{circa}} [[Bridal Veil, Oregon|Bridal Veil]], [[Oregon]]<ref name="ORSHPO">
{{Cite web
| last         = Oregon Parks and Recreation Department – Closed Until Spring 2018
| author-link  = Oregon State Parks and Recreation Department
| date         = July 16, 2007
| title        = Oregon National Register List
| url          = http://www.oregonheritage.org/OPRD/HCD/NATREG/docs/oregon_nr_list.pdf
| access-date   = March 29, 2008
}}</ref>
| nearest_city    = [[Cascade Locks, Oregon|Cascade Locks]], Oregon
| area            =
| built           = 1915<ref name="ORSHPO"/>
| architect       = [[A. E. Doyle|A.E. Doyle]]<ref name=nrhpreg/>
| architecture    =
| added           = April 22, 1981<ref name="ORSHPO"/>
| visitation_num  =
| visitation_year =
| refnum          = 81000512<ref name="ORSHPO"/>
| mpsub           = 
}}
[[File:Multnomah Falls (3387949550).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Visitors at the falls {{circa}} 1915]]
Beginning in 1884, the [[Oregon Railway and Navigation Company]] operated a stop at Multnomah Falls on their railway, which spanned from Portland to [[Pasco, Washington]]; this stop continued to operate until [[World War II]],<ref>{{cite web|work=Oregon History Project|title=Multnomah Falls|access-date=December 29, 2017|url=https://oregonhistoryproject.org/articles/historical-records/multnomah-falls/#.Wl2pbiOZNao}}</ref> and included a timber [[Tied-arch bridge|bowstring truss bridge]] that spanned the falls at the present bridge's location.<ref name=highway/> Around 1891, the bridge was reinforced, but was dismantled in 1899.<ref name=highway/>

{{anchor|Benson Bridge}}{{anchor|Benson Footbridge}}
On January 28, 1915, [[Samuel C. Lancaster]] recommended to the Progressive Business Men's Club of Portland that a trail be built from the base of Multnomah Falls extending to the top of [[Larch Mountain (Washington County, Oregon)|Larch Mountain]].<ref name=highway/> The Club raised several hundred dollars to finance the trail, and Portland financier [[Simon Benson]] and his son Amos S. Benson pledged an additional $3,000.<ref name=highway/> The [[United States Forest Service]] appropriated a total of $1,500 and agreed to survey and build the trail in addition to the lookout on Larch Mountain. Benson financed Italian stonemasons to construct a bridge at the falls to allow visitor access.<ref name=benson>{{Cite web |url=http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/multnomah_falls.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828192446/http://columbiariverimages.com/Regions/Places/multnomah_falls.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |work=Columbia River Images |title=Multnomah Falls, Oregon, Benson Bridge |access-date=January 9, 2018 |last1=Topinka |first1=Lyn}}</ref> This bridge, named the Benson Footbridge, spans the lower falls at a height of {{convert|105|ft|m}}, and provides an expansive view of the upper falls.<ref name=highway>{{cite web|url=http://columbiariverhighway.com/benson-foot-bridge/|work=Columbia River Highway|title=Benson Footbridge|access-date=December 27, 2017|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127150035/http://columbiariverhighway.com/benson-foot-bridge/|archive-date=November 27, 2015}} {{small|Excerpted from Hadlow, Robert W. (September 1995). ''Historic American Engineering Record'', Multnomah Falls Footbridge.}}</ref>

On Labor Day 1915, Benson donated over {{convert|1400|acres|ha}} of land which included most of the falls as well as nearby [[Wahkeena Falls]], to the city of Portland.<ref name=highway/>  The Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company subsequently donated the land at the base of Multnomah Falls contingent upon their agreement that a [[wikt:lodge|lodge]] would be constructed at the site the same year.<ref name=lodge>{{cite web|url=http://columbiariverhighway.com:80/multnomah-falls-lodge/|work=Columbia River Highway|title=Multnomah Falls Lodge|access-date=December 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127150756/http://columbiariverhighway.com/multnomah-falls-lodge/|archive-date=November 27, 2015|url-status=usurped}} {{small|Excerpted from Hadlow, Robert W. (September 1995). ''Historic American Engineering Record'', Multnomah Falls Lodge.}}</ref>

{{anchor|Multnomah Falls Lodge}}
Late that year, architect [[A. E. Doyle]], who designed Portland's [[Meier & Frank Building]], was commissioned by the city to design the Multnomah Falls Lodge, which was completed in 1925.<ref name=nrhpreg>{{cite web
|url={{NRHP url|id=81000512}}
|title=National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Multnomah Falls Lodge and Footpath
|date=March 11, 1981
|access-date=July 11, 2011
|publisher=[[National Park Service]]
}}</ref> The lodge, built in a "Cascadian" architectural style using native split fieldstone laid irregularly. The building features a steeply-pitched [[Cedar wood|cedar]]-shingled gable roof with [[dormer]]s and large chimneys.<ref name=highway/> In the early through the mid-twentieth century, the lodge provided both meals and lodging to travelers.<ref name=lodge/> Contemporarily, it provides meals, a gift shop, and an interpretive center.<ref name=lodge/> The lodge and footpaths were added to the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1981.<ref name=nrhpreg/>

==Access==
[[File:Multnomah Falls (December 2013) - 09.JPG|thumb|upright|Frozen falls in December]]
[[File:The Shire.jpg|thumb|Onlookers on the north bank of the [[Columbia River]] in [[Washington (state)|Washington]] view Multnomah Falls to the south]]

In contrast to other falls along the Gorge, the Multnomah Falls area is accessible via [[Interstate 84 in Oregon|Interstate 84]] east of [[Troutdale, Oregon]], and is a "designated scenic area" by the state of Oregon.<ref name=usda>{{cite web|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/crgnsa/recarea/?recid=30026|work=United States Department of Agriculture|publisher=United States Forest Service|title=Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area: Multnomah Falls|access-date=January 16, 2018}}</ref> The falls are the most-visited natural recreation area in the [[Pacific Northwest]], with over two million annual visitors.<ref name=usda/> The rest area and tunnel under the road (as well as the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] tracks) allow Interstate travelers from either direction to stop and visit the falls. [[Columbia Area Transit]] operates the [[Columbia Gorge Express]] to Portland and Hood River.

During the summer season and holidays the parking lot along the freeway access can fill up very quickly which prompts a gate to come down and a reader board sign along the freeway before the offramp flashes that the parking lot is full.

Several tour providers offer a variety of ways to access Multnomah Falls from ebike rentals to waterfall shuttles that stop at all of the waterfalls near Multnomah Falls

===Footpaths===
A paved foot trail{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=206}} leads to Benson Footbridge, a 45-foot (14 m)-long [[footbridge]] that allows visitors to cross 105 feet (32 m) above the lower [[waterfall#Types|cascade]]. After a viewpoint of the upper falls, the trail continues to ascend to an elevation of {{convert|785|ft|m}};{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=206}} it consists of eleven switchbacks which reach a forested talus slope {{convert|100|ft|m}} above the falls.{{sfn|Bernstein|Jackman|2000|p=66}} The trail then descends to an [[observation deck]] (elevation {{convert|660|ft|m}}{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=206}}) overlooking the falls' edge,{{sfn|Bernstein|Jackman|2000|p=66}} providing visitors a bird's-eye view of the Columbia Gorge and also of "Little Multnomah", a small cascade slightly upstream from the "upper" falls, which is not visible from ground level.

There are a number of trail junctions along the footpaths ascending to the falls' observation deck, which allow access to a {{convert|5.4|mi|km}}{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=205}} trail loop to other nearby waterfalls.{{sfn|Romano|2011|pages=205–6}} The [[Mark O. Hatfield Memorial Trail]], one of several, starts at the falls and continues through the Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge to [[Starvation Creek State Park|Starvation Creek]].{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=268}}

==Maintenance concerns==
In 1991, a wildfire damaged over {{convert|1600|acres|ha}} near the falls, and resulted in the closing of Perdition Trail, a hiking trail that branched off the main trail to the falls' observation deck.{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=206}} The trail is permanently closed and deemed unsafe for passage.{{sfn|Romano|2011|p=206}}

On [[Labor Day]] in September 1995, a 400-ton boulder, loosened by erosion, fell {{convert|225|ft|m}} from the face of the waterfall into the upper cascade pool, above Benson Footbridge. It caused a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} splash of water and gravel to wash over the footbridge, causing minor injuries to twenty members of a wedding party that happened to be on the bridge posing for photos at the time.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.historicthedalles.org/columbia_gorge_waterfalls.htm |title=Columbia Gorge Waterfalls, Historic The Dalles |access-date=2010-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161117082704/http://www.historicthedalles.org/columbia_gorge_waterfalls.htm |archive-date=2016-11-17 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On January 9, 2014, a falling rock damaged a portion of the bridge walkway and concrete railing, leading the Forest Service to close the bridge until repairs were completed.<ref>
{{Cite web |last1=Blackman |first1=Teresa |title=Large rock falls on iconic bridge at Multnomah Falls |url=http://www.kgw.com/news/Large-rock-falls-on-iconic-bridge-at-Multnomah-Falls-239483641.html |publisher=KGW Newschannel 8, Portland |access-date=10 January 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530222952/http://www.kgw.com/news/Large-rock-falls-on-iconic-bridge-at-Multnomah-Falls-239483641.html |archive-date=May 30, 2014 }}</ref>

In September 2017, the lodge was threatened by the [[Eagle Creek Fire]] in the Columbia River Gorge, which resulted in the lodge and fall access being closed to the public. The lodge reopened on November 29, 2017, though the U.S. Forest Service announced that footpath access to the waterfall would remain closed until an indeterminate date due to concerns over [[landslide]]s.<ref>{{cite web|work=The Oregonian|url=http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-news/index.ssf/2017/11/multnomah_falls_lodge_reopens.html|title=Multnomah Falls Lodge reopens after fire closure|date=November 29, 2017|access-date=December 28, 2017|author=Ryan, Jim}}</ref> The trail to the Benson Bridge reopened in June 2018,<ref>{{cite web|work=The Oregonian|url=https://www.oregonlive.com/travel/index.ssf/2018/06/benson_bridge_reopens_at_multn.html|title=Benson Bridge reopens at Multnomah Falls, upper trail still closed|date=June 28, 2018|access-date=December 7, 2018|author=Hale, Jamie}}</ref> while the remaining trails along upper Multnomah Creek and to Wahkeena Falls, the top of [[Larch Mountain (Multnomah County, Oregon)|Larch Mountain]], [[Devil's Rest]], and [[Angel's Rest]] were repaired and reopened in November 2018.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[United States Forest Service]]|url=https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd561878.pdf|title=Forest Order No. 06-22-01-18-13|date=November 23, 2018|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref>

{{anchor|Multnomah Creek Bridge}}

==Multnomah Creek Bridge==

A five-ribbed [[spandrel]] bridge, the Multnomah Creek Bridge, was built in 1914 to bring what is now the [[Historic Columbia River Highway]] across Multnomah Creek below the falls.  It is {{convert|67|ft|m}} long and is a [[contributing structure]] in the highway's listing on the [[National Register of Historic Places]], and in its designation as a [[National Historic Landmark]].<ref name=nhl>{{cite web |url={{NRHP url|id=83004168}} |title=National Historic Landmark Nomination: Columbia River Highway / Historic Columbia River Highway |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |last1=Hadlow |first1=Robert W. |date=February 4, 2000 |access-date=January 12, 2022}} With {{NRHP url|id=83004168|photos=y|title=accompanying 33 photos}}</ref>

==Gallery==
{{Gallery
|noborder = yes
|state=collapsed
|File:Multnomah Falls (December 2013) - 29.JPG|Multnomah Creek Bridge
|File:Multnomah Falls, Columbia River, Oregon, O.P.N.R.R. C.R. Savage, Photo.jpg|Original timber truss bridge built by the Oregon Railway and Navigation Company, {{circa}} 1888
|File:Union Pacific at Multnomah Falls (2251453140).jpg|A [[Union Pacific Railroad]] locomotive passing the falls
|File:Multnomah Falls, Oregon, October 2011.jpg|Bridge built over the falls
|File:Top of Multnomah Falls (with lodge and parking lot visible).png|Top of Multnomah Falls with lodge and parking lot visible, along with I-84 and the Columbia River)
}}

==See also==
*[[List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Oregon]]
*[[List of bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Oregon]]
*[[List of waterfalls]]
*[[List of waterfalls in Oregon]]
*[[List of waterfalls by type]]
*[[Yosemite Falls]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Works cited==
*{{cite book|last1=Bernstein|first1=Art|last2=Jackman|first2=Andrew|title=Portland Hikes: Day Hikes in Oregon and Washington Within 100 Miles of Portland|publisher=Mountain N' Air Books|year=2000|isbn= 978-1-879-41532-4}}
*{{cite book|last1=Coues|first1=Elliott|title=The History of the Lewis and Clark Expedition|volume=3|publisher=Courier Corporation|year=1979|isbn=978-0-486-21270-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/historyoflewiscl0000lewi}}
*{{cite book|last=McColl|first=R. W.|title=Encyclopedia of World Geography|year=2014|publisher=Infobase Publishing|volume=1|isbn= 978-0-816-07229-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Romano|first=Craig|title=Day Hiking Columbia River Gorge: National Scenic Area/Silver Star Scenic Area/Portland--Vancouver to The Dalles|year=2011|publisher=The Mountaineers Books|isbn=978-1-594-85369-2}} 
*{{cite book|last=Roza|first=Greg|title=Oregon: Past and Present|year=2010|publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn= 978-1-448-80035-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Sternberg|first=Robert J.|title=Cupid's Arrow: The Course of Love Through Time|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521473200|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1998|isbn= 978-0-521-47893-9}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Multnomah Falls}}
*[https://www.fs.usda.gov/recarea/crgnsa/recarea/?recid=30026 Multnomah Falls] - [[United States Forest Service]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070713035639/http://www.traveloregon.com/Explore-Oregon/Mt-Hood-Columbia-River-Gorge/Attractions/Outdoors-and-Nature/Multnomah-Falls.aspx Multnomah Falls] - [[Oregon Tourism Commission]]
*[https://www.loc.gov/pictures/search/?q=oregon--multnomah%20falls Multnomah Falls photographs] - [[Library of Congress]]
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120306064957/http://www.columbiariverhighway.com/coppermine/thumbnails.php?cat=2&album=search&search=multnomah_falls Historic Columbia River Highway]}}
*{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20210124125230/http://www.columbiariverhighway.com/hiking/multnomah_falls.htm Hiking Multnomah Falls]}}
*[[Historic American Engineering Record]] (HAER) documentation, filed under Troutdale, Multnomah County, OR:
**{{HAER |survey=OR-36-H |id=or0368 |title=Historic Columbia River Highway, Multnomah Creek Bridge |photos=2 |cap=1 |link=no}}
**{{HAER |survey=OR-36-I |id=or0369 |title=Historic Columbia River Highway, Multnomah Falls Footbridge |photos=3 |data=19 |cap=1 |link=no}}
*[http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/CoyoteandMultnomahFalls-Wasco.html Native American Legend: Coyote and Multnomah Falls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126161248/http://www.firstpeople.us/FP-Html-Legends/CoyoteandMultnomahFalls-Wasco.html |date=2021-01-26 }}

{{Waterfalls of Oregon}}
{{Protected areas of Oregon}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Columbia River Gorge]]
[[Category:Historic Columbia River Highway]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Multnomah County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Mount Hood National Forest]]
[[Category:Tiered waterfalls]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Multnomah County, Oregon]]
[[Category:Waterfalls of Oregon]]
[[Category:National Register of Historic Places in Multnomah County, Oregon]]