Editing Murad II

{{Short description|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (r. 1421–1444, 1446–1451)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name         = Murad II
| title        = [[Ghazi (warrior)|Ghazi]]
| image        = Paolo Veronese (Nachfolger) - Sultan Murad II. - 2237 - Bavarian State Painting Collections.jpg
| caption      = Painting by [[Paolo Veronese]], {{circa|16th century}}
| succession   = [[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[Padishah]])
| reign        = 26 May 1421 – August 1444
| reign-type   = First reign
| predecessor  = [[Mehmed I]]
| successor    = [[Mehmed II]]
| reign1       = September 1446 – 3 February 1451
| reign-type1  = Second reign
| predecessor1 = Mehmed II
| successor1   = Mehmed II
| spouse       = {{plainlist|
*[[Hatice Halime Hatun]]
*[[Hüma Hatun]]
*[[Mara Branković|Mara Hatun]]
* Yeni Hatun
* Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun
* [[Halime Hatice Hatun#After her death|Hatice Hatun]]}}
| spouse-type  = Consorts
| issue        = [[Mehmed II]]
| issue-link   = #Sons
| issue-pipe   = Among others
| full name    = Murad bin Mehemmed Han<ref>Avery Plaw, (2012), ''The Metamorphosis of War'', p. 128</ref>
| house        = [[Ottoman dynasty|Ottoman]]
| house-type   = Dynasty
| father       = [[Mehmed I]]
| mother       = [[Emine Hatun]]
| birth_date   = June 1404<ref name=tdv>{{TDV Encyclopedia of Islam|title=Murad II|url=https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/murad-ii|last=Inalcik|first=Halil|volume=31|pages=164–172}}</ref>
| birth_place  = [[Amasya]], [[Ottoman Sultanate]]
| death_date   = {{death date and age|1451|2|3|1404|6|16|df=yes}}
| death_place  = [[Edirne]], Ottoman Sultanate
| burial_date  = 
| burial_place = [[Muradiye Complex]], [[Bursa]], Turkey
| signature_type = [[Tughra]]
| religion     = [[Sunni Islam]]
| signature    = Tughra_of_Murad_II.svg
}}

'''Murad II''' ({{langx|ota|مراد ثانى|Murād-ı <u>s</u>ānī}}, {{langx|tr|II. Murad}}; June 1404<ref name=tdv/> – 3 February 1451) was twice the [[sultan of the Ottoman Empire]], from 1421 to 1444 and from 1446 to 1451.

== Early life ==
Murad was born in June 1404 to [[Mehmed I]], while the identity of his mother is disputed according to various accounts. According to 15th century historian [[Şükrullah]], Murad's mother was a concubine. Hüseyin Hüsâmeddin Yasar, an early 20th century historian, wrote in his work ''Amasya Tarihi'' that his mother was Şahzade Hatun, daughter of Divitdar Ahmed Pasha.<ref name=tdv/> According to historians İsmail Hami Danişmend, and [[Heath W. Lowry]], his mother was [[Emine Hatun]], a [[Dulkadirids|Dulkadirid]] princess.<ref>{{cite book|first=Necdet|last=Sakaoğlu|title=Bu Mülkün Sultanları|publisher=Alfa Yayıncılık|year=2015|page=72|isbn=978-6-051-71080-8}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=M. Çağatay Uluçay|title=Padişahların Kadınları ve Kızları|year=1992|pages=27 n. 2|publisher=Ankara : Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevı|isbn=978-9-751-60461-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author= Heath W. Lowry|title= The Nature of the Early Ottoman State|date= 2003|publisher= SUNY Press|place= Albany|isbn= 978-0-7914-8726-6|page= 153}}</ref>

He spent his early childhood in [[Amasya]]. In 1410, Murad came along with his father to the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman capital]], [[Edirne]]. After his father ascended to the Ottoman throne, he made Murad governor of the Amasya [[Sanjak]]. Murad remained at Amasya until the death of [[Mehmed I]] in 1421. He was solemnly recognized as [[sultan]] of the Ottoman Sultanate at sixteen years of age, girded with the [[Sword of Osman]] at [[Bursa]], and the troops and officers of the state willingly paid homage to him as their sovereign.

==Reign==
===Accession and first reign===
[[File:Hunername 138a.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Sultan Murad II at archery practice (miniature painting from 1584)]]

Murad's reign was troubled by insurrection early on. The [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] Emperor, [[Manuel II Palaiologos|Manuel II]], released the 'pretender'<ref>Finkel, C., ''Osman's Dream:The History of the Ottoman Empire'', Osman 2005, p. 43, Basic Books</ref> [[Mustafa Çelebi]] (known as Düzmece Mustafa) from confinement and acknowledged him as the legitimate heir to the throne of [[Bayezid I]] (1389–1402). The Byzantine Emperor had first secured a stipulation that Mustafa should, if successful, repay him for his liberation by giving up a large number of important cities. The pretender was landed by the [[Byzantine]] galleys in the European dominion of the sultan and for a time made rapid progress. Many Ottoman soldiers joined him, and he defeated and killed the veteran general [[Bayazid Pasha]], whom Murad had sent to fight him. Mustafa defeated Murad's army and declared himself Sultan of [[Adrianople]] ([[Edirne]]). He then crossed the [[Dardanelles]] to Asia with a large army but Murad out-manoeuvered Mustafa. Mustafa's force passed over in large numbers to Murad II. Mustafa took refuge in the city of [[Gallipoli]], but the sultan, who was greatly aided by a [[Genoa|Genoese]] commander named Adorno, besieged him there and stormed the place. Mustafa was taken and put to death by the sultan, who then turned his arms against the Roman emperor and declared his resolution to punish the [[Palaiologos]] for their unprovoked enmity by the capture of [[Constantinople]].

[[File:Murad II and Władysław III of Poland.jpg|thumb|Murad II and slain [[Władysław III of Poland]]]]

Murad II then formed a new army called [[Azeb]] in 1421 and marched through the Byzantine Empire and [[Siege of Constantinople (1422)|laid siege to Constantinople]]. While Murad was besieging the city, the Byzantines, in league with some independent [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] [[Anatolia]]n states, sent the sultan's younger brother [[Küçük Mustafa]] (who was only 13 years old) to rebel against the sultan and besiege [[Bursa]]. Murad had to abandon the siege of Constantinople in order to deal with his rebellious brother. He caught Prince Mustafa and executed him. The Anatolian states that had been constantly plotting against him &mdash; [[Aydinids]], [[Germiyanids]], [[Menteshe]] and [[Beylik of Teke|Teke]] &mdash; were annexed and henceforth became part of the [[Ottoman Sultanate]].

Murad II then declared war against [[Republic of Venice|Venice]], the [[Karamanid]] Emirate, [[Serbia]] and [[Hungary]]. The Karamanids were defeated in 1428 and [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] withdrew in 1432 following the defeat at the second [[Siege of Thessalonica (1422–1430)|Siege of Thessalonica]] in 1430. In the 1430s Murad captured vast territories in the [[Balkans]] and succeeded in annexing Serbia in 1439. In 1441 the [[Holy Roman Empire]] and [[Poland]] joined the [[Serbia]]n-Hungarian coalition. Murad II won the [[Crusade of Varna]] in 1444 against [[John Hunyadi]].

===Abdication and second reign===
Murad II relinquished his throne<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murad-II|title=Murad II {{!}} Ottoman sultan|website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> in 1444 to his son [[Mehmed II]], but a [[Janissary]] revolt<ref>Kafadar, Cemal, ''Between Two Worlds'', University of California Press, 1996, p. xix. {{ISBN|0-520-20600-2}}</ref> in the Empire forced him to return.

In 1448 he defeated the Christian coalition at the [[Second Battle of Kosovo]] (the [[Battle of Kosovo|first one]] took place in 1389).<ref>Mesut Uyar and Edward J. Erickson, ''A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman to Atatürk'', (ABC-CLIO, 2009), 29. {{ISBN?}}</ref> When the [[Balkan]] front was secured, Murad II turned east to defeat [[Timur]]'s son, [[Shah Rukh (Timurid dynasty)|Shah Rokh]], and the emirates of [[Karamanid]] and Çorum-Amasya.{{fact|date=July 2023}} In 1450 Murad II led his army into [[Albania]] and unsuccessfully [[Siege of Krujë (1450)|besieged]] the [[Castle of Krujë]] in an effort to defeat the resistance led by [[Skanderbeg]]. In the winter of 1450&ndash;1451, Murad II fell ill, and died in [[Edirne]]. He was succeeded by his son Mehmed II (1451&ndash;1481).

===As ghazi sultan===
[[File:II._Murat.jpg|thumb|Sultan Murad II as portrayed by [[Konstantin Kapıdağlı]]]]
When Murad ascended the throne, he sought to regain lost Ottoman territories that had reverted to autonomy following his grandfather [[Bayezid I]]'s defeat at the [[Battle of Ankara]] in 1402 at the hands of [[Timur]]. He needed the support of both the public and the nobles "who would enable him to exercise his rule", and utilized the old and potent Islamic trope of the ''ghazi king''.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Osman's Dream|last=Finkel|first=Caroline|publisher=Basic Books|year=2007|location=New York and London|pages=39, 41, 46}}</ref>

In order to gain popular international support for his conquests, Murad II modeled himself after the legendary ''Ghazi'' kings of old. The Ottomans already presented themselves as [[Ghazi (warrior)|''ghazis'']], painting their origins as rising from the [[Gaza thesis|''ghazas'' of Osman, the founder of the dynasty]]. For them, ''ghaza'' was the noble championing of Islam and justice against non-Muslims and Muslims alike, if they were cruel; for example, Bayezid I labeled Timur Lang, also a Muslim, an apostate prior to the Battle of Ankara because of the violence his troops had committed upon innocent civilians and because "all you do is to break promises and vows, shed blood, and violate the honor of women."<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=The Ghazi Sultans and the Frontiers of Islam|last=Anooshahr|first=Ali|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|location=New York and London|pages=123, 142–143, 150–151, 164}}</ref>  Murad II only had to capitalize on this dynastic inheritance of doing ''ghaza'', which he did by actively crafting the public image of Ghazi Sultan.

After his accession, there was a flurry of translating and compiling activity where old Persian, Arab, and Anatolian epics were translated into Turkish so Murad II could uncover the ''ghazi king'' legends.<ref name=":1" />  He drew from the noble behavior of the nameless [[Caliphate|Caliphs]] in the ''Battalname'', an epic about a fictional Arab warrior who fought against the Byzantines, and modelled his actions on theirs.<ref name=":1" />  He was careful to embody the simplicity, piety, and noble sense of justice that was part of the ''ghazi king'' persona.

For example, the Caliph in ''Battalname'' saw the battle turning in his enemy's favor, and got down from his horse and prayed, after which the battle ended in a victory for him. In the [[Battle of Varna]] in 1444, Murad II saw the Hungarians gaining the upper hand, and he got down from his horse and prayed just like the Caliph. The tide soon turned in the Ottoman's favor and [[Władysław III of Poland]], [[King of Hungary]], was killed in a charge.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />  Similarly, the Caliph in the epic roused his warriors by saying "Those of you who die will be martyrs. Those of you who kill will be ghazis"; before the Battle of Varna, Murad II repeated these words to his army, saying "Those of us who kill will be ghazis; those of us who die will be martyrs."<ref name=":1" />  In another instance, since the ''ghazi king'' is meant to be just and fair, when Murad took [[Thessaloniki|Thessalonica]] in the [[Balkans]], he took care to keep the troops in check and prevented widespread looting.<ref name=":0" />  Finally, just as the fictional Caliph's ghazas were immortalized in ''Battalname'', Murad II's battles and victories were also compiled and given the title "The ''Ghazas'' of Sultan Murad" (''Gazavat- i Sultan Murad)''.<ref name=":1" />

Murad II successfully painted himself as a simple soldier who did not partake in royal excesses, and as a noble ghazi sultan who sought to consolidate Muslim power against non-Muslims such as the Venetians and Hungarians. Through this self-presentation, he got the support of the Muslim population of not only the Ottoman territories, for both himself and his extensive, expensive campaigns, but also the greater Muslim populations in the [[Divisions of the world in Islam|Dar-al-Islam]] – such as the [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluks]] and the Muslim [[Delhi Sultanate]]s of India. Murad II was basically presenting himself not only as "a ''ghazi king'' who fights caffres [non-muslims], but also serves as protector and master of lesser ''ghazis''."<ref name=":1" />

===Economy===
Murad II's reign saw a period of great economic development, with an increase in trade and a considerable expansion of Ottoman cities. In 1432, the traveller [[Bertrandon de la Broquière]] noted that Ottoman annual revenue had increased to 2,500,000 [[ducats]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600|author=Halil İnalcık|year=1973|pages=21–22|language=en}}</ref>

==Appearance==
Bertrandon de la Broquière met with Murad II in Adrianople, and described him in the following terms:<ref>{{cite book |last1=Vryonis |first1=Speros Jr |title=The Decline of Medieval Hellenism in Asia Minor and the Process of Islamization from the Eleventh through the Fifteenth Century |date=1971 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |page=278 |url=https://archive.org/details/vryonis-1971-dmh/Vryonis_1971_DMH/page/278/mode/2up?q=tartar |language=English}}</ref>
{{blockquote|In the first place, as I have seen him frequently, I shall say that he is a little, short, thick man, with the physiognomy of a [[Tatars|Tartar]]. He has a broad and brown face, high cheek bones, a round beard, a great and crooked nose, with little eyes.}}

==Family==
===Consorts===
Murad II had at least six consorts:<ref>Franz Babinger, ''Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time'', (Princeton University Press, 1978), 14.</ref><ref>Necdet Sakaoğlu, ''Famous Ottoman Women'', (Avea, 2007), 40.</ref><ref>Murat Iyigun, ''War, Peace, and Prosperity in the Name of God'', (University of Chicago Press, 2015), 119.</ref><ref>Peter F. Sugar, ''A History of East Central Europe: Southeastern Europe under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804'', Vol. 5, (University of Washington Press, 1996), 16.</ref>
*[[Hatice Halime Hatun|Tacünnisa Hatice Halime Hatun]] ({{circa|1410}} – {{circa|1440}}), daughter of [[İsfendiyar Bey]], ruler of the [[Beylik of Candar]]. Also known as Alime Hatun or Sultan Hatun. She married Murad in 1425.
*[[Hüma Hatun]] (? – September 1449). Mother of Mehmed II. There are several theories as to her origin, according to differing accounts, she was either of Italian and/or Jewish,<ref>{{Cite book |author=Franz Babinger |title=Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1992 |isbn=978-0-691-01078-6 |pages=11–12}}</ref> Slavic, most likely [[Serbs|Serb]],<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lowry |first=Heath W. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/55896257 |title=The nature of the early Ottoman state |date=2003 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=1-4175-2407-3 |location=Albany |pages=153 |oclc=55896257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Afyoncu |first=Erhan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BYNPAQAAIAAJ |title=Truva'nın intikamı: Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve İstanbul'un fethi'nin bilinmeyen yönleri |date=2009 |publisher=Yeditepe Yayınevi |isbn=978-605-4052-11-0 |pages=150 |language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Li Tang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYaMuV3N5vUC&pg=PA308 |title=From the Oxus River to the Chinese Shores: Studies on East Syriac Christianity in China and Central Asia |author2=Dietmar W. Winkler |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |year=2013 |isbn=978-3-643-90329-7 |page=308}}</ref> or [[Greeks|Greek]] origins.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Hollmann |first=Joshua |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965535039 |title=The religious concordance : Nicholas of Cusa and Christian-Muslim dialogue |date=2017 |isbn=978-90-04-32677-4 |location=Leiden |pages=116 |oclc=965535039 |quote=Mehmed's maternal ancestry is shrouded in mystery. Franz Babinger notes that his mother was a 'slave', which ensures that she was not of Turkish origin, and that she probably was of Greek descent (Franz Babinger, Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time, edited by William C. Hickman and translated by Ralph Manheim, Bollingen Series xcvi (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978), 12).}}</ref>
*[[Mara Branković|Mara Despina Hatun]] ({{circa}} 1420 – 14 September 1487), born Mara Branković, daughter of Despot of Serbia [[Đurađ Branković|Durad Branković]]. She married Murad in September 1435 and was his legal wife. She never converted to Islam and remained a Christian. In Europe she became known as the ''Sultanina'' or ''Sultana Maria''. Considered the "adoptive mother" of Mehmed II, who held her in very high regard and call her "mother" in official documents.
* Yeni Hatun, daughter of Şadgeldi Paşahzade Mustafa Bey of the [[Beyliks of Canik#Tacettinoğulları|Kutluşah]] of [[Amasya]].
* Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun (? – 14 February 1486). According to some sources, she was two distinct consorts.
* [[Hatice Halime Hatun#After her death|Hatice Hatun]], daughter of Taceddin Ibrahim II Bey, son of İsfendiyar Bey (brother of [[Hatice Halime Hatun]]) and his first wife.<ref>The second was [[Selçuk Hatun]], Murad II's half-sister.</ref> She married Murad following her aunt's death and was the mother of Şehzade Küçük Ahmed. After the death of Murad II her son was executed on the orders of Mehmed II. Mehmed subsequently forced her to marry [[Ishak Pasha]], with whom she had others eight children.

=== Sons ===
Murad II was the sultan who conferred on his sons and their male descendants the title of ''[[Şehzade]]'', meaning "''descendant of the Şah''", replacing the simple honorific of ''[[Çelebi#Title|Çelebi]]''. The title of Şehzade remained in use until the abolition of the Ottoman Empire.

Murad II had at least eight sons:

* Şehzade Ahmed (1419–1420), also known as ''Büyük'' Ahmed (Ahmed the Elder). Buried with his father.
* Şehzade Alaeddin Ali (1425 – June 1443) –  with Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun.<ref>According to sources which consider Hundi and Ümmügülsüm to be two distinct consorts, he was the son of Hundi Hatun.</ref> Murad's favorite son, he was [[Sanjak-bey|governor]] of [[Manisa]] and [[Amasya]]. In 1443 he took part in the expedition of [[Karaman]] and died on his way back from a fall from his horse. Buried with his father in [[Muradiye Complex]] of [[Bursa]]. He had a known consort, Yeni Hatun, and two sons: Şehzade Giyaşüddin (1441–1445) and Şehzade Taceddin (1442–1443).
* Şehzade Isfendiyâr (1425–1425) – with Halime Hatun
* Şehzade Hüseyn (? – 1439). Died young
* Şehzade Orhan (? – 1441). Died young
* [[Mehmed II]] (1432–1481) – with Hüma Hatun. Mehmed succeeded his father as [[List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire|Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] and was to become known by the epithet ''Fâtih'' ("the Conqueror") following his successful [[Fall of Constantinople|conquest of Constantinople]] in 1453.
* Şehzade Hasan (? – 1444). Died young
* Şehzade Ahmed (May 1450 – 18 February 1451) – with Hatice Hatun. Also known as ''Küçük'' ''Ahmed'' (Ahmed the Younger). Killed on the orders of Mehmed II while his was mother congratulated Mehmed on his accession to the throne. Mehmed was to subsequently legalize this act with the promulgation of the "Law of Fratricide".

=== Daughters ===
Murad II had at least six daughters:

* Hundi Hatun (1423 – ?) – with Hundi Ümmügülsüm Hatun.<ref>According to sources which consider Hundi and Ümmügülsüm to be two distinct consorts, she was the daughter of Ümmügülsüm Hatun.</ref> Also known as Erhundi Hatun. She first married Mirahur İlyas Bey and later Yaqub Bey, royal tutor of [[Şehzade Cem]], son of Mehmed II. 
* Hatice Hatun (1425 – after 1470) – with Hüma Hatun.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book |last=Alderson |first=A. D. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/8115229 |title=The structure of the Ottoman dynasty |date=1982 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0-313-22522-2 |location=Westport, Conn. |page=xxvi  |oclc=8115229}}</ref> She married Candaroğlu İsmail Kemaleddin Bey and had three sons: Hasan Bey (who married his cousin Kamerhan Hatun, daughter of [[Mehmed II]], and had a daughter, Hanzade Hatun), Yahya Bey and Mahmud Bey. Her descendants were still alive during the reign of [[Abdulmejid I]] in the 19th century. In August 1470, she remarried with Isa Bey. When she died, she was buried with her father. 
* Hafsa Hatun (1426 – ?). She married her cousin Karamanoğlu Kaya Bey, son of her aunt Ilaldi Sultan Hatun, daughter of [[Mehmed I]], by her husband [[Ibrahim II of Karaman]]. They had a son, Karamanoğlu Kasim Bey.
* Fatma Hatun (1430 – after 1464) – with Hüma Hatun.<ref name=":22" /> She married [[Zaganos Pasha]] and had two sons: Hamza Bey and Ahmed Çelebi, who would become an important adviser to his cousin [[Bayezid II]]. After divorced in 1462, she married Mahmud Çelebi.
* Şahzade Selçuk Hatun (1430 – 21 October 1480). She was married twice, first to Güveyi Karaça Paşah (d. 1456) and then to Yusuf Sinaneddin Paşah (d. 1486). She was buried with her father, next to Şehzade Alaeddin Ali. 
* Ilaldi Hatun. She married Kasim Bey, of the ''[[İsfendiyaroğulları]]'' of Sinop.

== Portrayals ==
Murad II is portrayed by İlker Kurt in 2012 film ''[[Fetih 1453]]'', by [[Vahram Papazian]] in the Albanian movie ''[[The Great Warrior Skanderbeg]]'' in 1953, by Tolga Tekin in the 2020 Netflix series ''[[Rise of Empires: Ottoman]]'', and by [[Teoman Kumbaracıbaşı|Teoman Kumbaracibaşı]] in 2024 series ''[[Mehmed: Fetihler Sultanı]]''. 

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Attribution
*{{source-attribution|{{cite book|last=Creasy |first=Edward |author-link=Edward Shepherd Creasy |title=History of the Ottoman Turks; From the beginning of their empire to the present time |url=https://archive.org/details/historyottomant00creagoog |year=1878}} }}

==Further reading==
* {{Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time|edition=1978}}
* Harris, Jonathan, ''The End of Byzantium''. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|978-0-300-11786-8}}
* Imber, Colin, ''The Ottoman Empire''. London: Palgrave/Macmillan, 2002. {{ISBN|0-333-61387-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Murad II}}
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Murad#Murad II|display=Murad § Murad II|volume=19 |page=14 |short=x}}
*[https://archive.today/20121208212614/http://wwwa.britannica.com/eb/article-9054316 Encyclopædia Britannica]

{{s-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ottoman Dynasty|House of Osman]]||1404||3 February 1451}}
{{s-reg|}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mehmed I]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ottoman Sultan]]|years=1421–1444}}
{{s-aft|rows=2|after=[[Mehmed II]]}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Mehmed II]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Ottoman Sultan]]|years=1446–1451}}
{{s-end}}

{{Sultans of the Ottoman Empire}}
{{Sons of the Ottoman Sultans}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murad 2}}
[[Category:1404 births]]
[[Category:1451 deaths]]
[[Category:15th-century sultans of the Ottoman Empire]]
[[Category:Muslims of the Crusade of Varna]]
[[Category:Ottoman people of the Byzantine–Ottoman wars]]
[[Category:People from Amasya]]
[[Category:Sons of sultans]]