Editing Murex

{{Short description|Genus of gastropods}}
{{Other uses}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|125.45|0|[[Cretaceous]] - Recent}}
| image = Murex pecten shell 3.jpg
| image_caption = Apertural view of the shell of [[Venus comb murex]], ''Murex pecten'', anterior end towards the bottom of the page
| taxon = Murex
| authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]
| type_species= ''Murex tribulus'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> 
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS" /> 
| synonyms = 
* ''Acupurpura'' <small>[[Félix Pierre Jousseaume|Jousseaume]], 1880</small>
* ''Aranea'' <small>[[George Perry (naturalist)|Perry]], 1810</small> (<small>Invalid: junior homonym of Aranea [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]] [Arachnida]</small>)
* ''Murex (Murex)'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758·</small> accepted, alternate representation
* ''Murex (Promurex)'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small>· accepted, alternate representation
* ''Murex (Tubicauda)'' <small>Jousseaume, 1880</small> junior subjective synonym
* † ''Muricites'' <small>Schlotheim, 1820</small>  (Invalid under Art. 20: name established for fossils, formed by adding the suffix -ites to the genus name Murex.)
* ''Tubicauda'' <small>[[Félix Pierre Jousseaume|Jousseaume]], 1880</small>
}}

'''''Murex''''' is a [[genus]] of medium to large sized [[predatory]] tropical [[sea snail]]s. These are [[carnivore|carnivorous]] [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusc]]s in the family [[Muricidae]], commonly called "murexes" or "rock snails".<ref name="WoRMS">Houart, R.; Gofas, S. (2010). Murex Linnaeus, 1758. In: Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S.; Rosenberg, G. (2010) World Marine Mollusca database. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138196 on 2011-04-09</ref>

The common name '''murex''' is still used for many species in the family [[Muricidae]] which were originally given the Latin generic name ''Murex,'' but have more recently been regrouped into newer genera. ''Murex'' was used in antiquity to describe spiny sea snails, especially those associated with the production of purple dye''. Murex'' is one of the oldest classical seashell names still used by the scientific community.

Aristotle described these mollusks in his ''History of Animals'' using the Greek term '''πορφύρα''' (''porphyra'').<ref>{{Cite book |last=Aristotle. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.19197 |title=History of animals in ten books |date=1902 |publisher=G. Bell |location=London}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The term '''murex''' originates from the Latin word ''mūrex,'' likely related to the Greek word '''μύαξ''' (''myax''), meaning [[Mussel|sea mussel]]. The connection between these terms suggests a shared linguistic root, possibly linked to the Greek word '''μῦς''' (''mys''), meaning "mouse," due to the perceived resemblance between the shape of certain mollusks and mice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=murex {{!}} Etymology of murex by etymonline |url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/murex |access-date=2024-11-28 |website=www.etymonline.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Fossil records==
This genus is known in the fossil records from the [[Cretaceous]] to the [[Quaternary]] (age range: from 125.45 to 0.0 million years ago). Fossils of species within this genus have been found all over the world. There are about 25 known extinct species.<ref name=AA>[https://paleobiodb.org/classic/checkTaxonInfo?taxon_no=11385 Fossilworks]</ref>
[[File:Murex altispira 001.jpg|thumb|''Murex altispira'']]
[[File: Muricidae - Murex spinicosta-000.JPG|thumb|220px|right|Fossil shell of ''Murex spinicosta'' from [[Pliocene]] of Italy]]

==Distribution==
''Murex'' is solely an [[Indo-Pacific]] genus, as demonstrated by [[Winston Ponder|Ponder]] & Vokes (1988). The species from the western [[Atlantic]] that were formerly considered to belong to the genus ''Murex'' are now placed in the genus ''[[Haustellum]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Habitat==
Most ''Murex'' species live in the [[intertidal]] or shallow subtidal zone, among rocks and corals.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Shell description==
This genus includes many showy members, their elongate shells highly [[sculpture (mollusc)|sculptured]] with spines or fronds. The inner surfaces of their ornate shells are often brightly colored.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

==Human use==
Costly and labor-intensive dyes [[Tyrian purple]] (or "royal purple") and [[tekhelet]] were historically made by the ancient [[Phoenicians]], using mucus from the [[hypobranchial gland]] of two species commonly referred to as "murex", ''Murex brandaris'' and ''Murex trunculus'', which are the older names for ''[[Bolinus brandaris]]''  and ''[[Hexaplex trunculus]]''.<ref name="sukenik21">{{cite journal |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0245897|title=Early evidence of royal purple dyed textile from Timna Valley (Israel)|year=2021|last1=Sukenik|first1=Naama|last2=Iluz|first2=David|last3=Amar|first3=Zohar|last4=Varvak|first4=Alexander|last5=Shamir|first5=Orit|last6=Ben-Yosef|first6=Erez|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=16|issue=1|pages=e0245897|pmid=33507987|pmc=7842898|bibcode=2021PLoSO..1645897S|doi-access=free}}</ref> This dye is a rare animal-produced [[organobromine compound]], which the snails make using a specific [[bromide peroxidase]] enzyme that operates on dissolved [[bromide]] in sea water.<ref>Jannun R., Nuwayhid N. and Coe E. (1981) Biological bromination – bromoperoxidase activity in the Murex sea-snail. FASEB. J. 40, 1774.</ref>
 
This dye was used in [[monarchy|royal]] robes, other kinds of special [[ceremonial]] or ritual garments, or garments indicating high [[imperial, royal and noble ranks|rank]].  It is hypothesised that the dye was the same dye as that which featured prominently in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem, the clothing of the [[High Priest of Israel]] officiating there; it is sometimes still used by Jews today in the ritual fringes ([[tzitzit]]) on four-cornered garments.<ref>[http://www.tekhelet.com Tekhelet - Biblical Blue Dye for Tzitzit]</ref>  A consensus has yet to be reached regarding the Biblical source of the "blue" dye, though the latest archeological research on dyes in this region indicates that it was indeed the Murex trunculus snail that was used for the famous [[tekhelet]] ancient dye.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Newman |first=Marissa |title=Linking ancient snails to an Israeli flag in space, a common thread |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/linking-ancient-snails-to-an-israeli-flag-in-space-a-common-thread/ |access-date=2025-02-02 |website=www.timesofisrael.com |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Species ==
The genus ''Murex'', as originally defined by [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], encompassed many taxa that are now placed elsewhere in the superfamily [[Muricoidea]]. During the 19th century, the definition  of ''Murex'' was restricted by [[Jean-Baptiste Lamarck|Lamarck]] and his contemporaries first to species in the family Muricidae, and then was limited even further to the subfamilies [[Muricinae]] and [[Ocenebrinae]]. Malacologists of the 19th century including [[Louis Charles Kiener|Kiener]], [[Lovell Augustus Reeve|Reeve]], Küster & [[Wilhelm Kobelt|Kobelt]] and Sowerby treated all muricoid forms as belonging to ''Murex''. This is the main reason why ''Murex'' has so many synonyms.

The [[World Register of Marine Species]] (WoRMS) lists the following species  with accepted names within the genus ''Murex''. The subgenera are considered alternate representations.<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=138196 WoRMS : Murex] 23 December 2010</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
* ''[[Murex acanthostephes]]'' <small>Watson, 1883</small><ref>{{WRMS species|398813|''Murex acanthostephes'' Watson, 1883||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex aduncospinosus]]'' <small>G.B. Sowerby II, 1841</small>:<ref>^[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215644 Houart, R. (2009). Murex aduncospinosus Sowerby, 1841. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=215644 on 2010-08-06]</ref> 
* ''[[Murex africanus]]'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404972|''Murex africanus'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex altispira]]'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small><ref>{{WRMS species|398836|''Murex altispira'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref> [[Caltrop murex]]
* ''[[Murex antelmei]]'' <small>Viader, 1938</small>
* † ''[[Murex bonneti]]'' <small>Cossmann, 1903</small> 
* ''[[Murex brevispina]]'' <small>Lamarck, 1822</small> [[Short-spined murex]]
* † ''[[Murex camplytropis]]'' <small>Tate, 1888</small> 
* ''[[Murex carbonnieri]]'' <small>(Jousseaume, 1881)</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404223|''Murex carbonnieri'' (Jousseaume, 1881)||25 April 2010}}</ref> [[Carbonnier's murex]]
* ''[[Murex concinnus]]'' <small>Reeve, 1845</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404264|''Murex concinnus'' Reeve, 1845||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex coppingeri]]'' <small>E. A. Smith, 1884</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404266|''Murex coppingeri'' E. A. Smith, 1884||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* † ''[[Murex crassiliratus]]'' <small>Tate, 1888</small> 
* ''[[Murex djarianensis]]'' <small>Martin, 1895</small>
** ''[[Murex djarianensis poppei]]''<ref>[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404977  Houart, R. (2009). Murex djarianensis poppei Houart, 1979. Accessed through the World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=404977 on 2010-08-06]</ref> (synonym : ''Murex (Murex) poppei'' Houart, 1979)
* ''[[Murex echinodes]]'' <small>Houart, 2011</small>
* ''[[Murex falsitribulus]]'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404363|''Murex falsitribulus'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex forskoehlio]]'' <small>Röding, 1798</small><ref>{{WRMS species|463926 |''Murex forskoehli'' Röding, 1798||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* † ''[[Murex grooti]]'' <small>H. M. Jenkins, 1864</small> 
* † ''[[Murex guppyi]]'' <small>Ladd, 1977</small> 
* † ''[[Murex halli]]'' <small>d'Archiac & Haime, 1854</small> 
* ''[[Murex huangi]]'' <small>Houart, 2010</small>
* ''[[Murex hystricosus]]'' <small>Houart & Dharma, 2001</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404504|''Murex hystricosus'' Houart & Dharma, 2001||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex indicus]]'' <small>Houart, 2011</small>
* † ''[[Murex irregularis]]'' <small>Tate, 1888</small> 
* ''[[Murex kerslakae]]'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988<ref>{{WRMS species|404526|''Murex kerslakae'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* † ''[[Murex lyelli]]'' <small>d'Archiac & Haime, 1854</small> (accepted > unreplaced junior homonym)
* ''[[Murex megapex]]'' Neubert, 1998<ref>{{WRMS species|404619|''Murex megapex'' Neubert, 1998||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* † ''[[Murex minutus]]'' <small>R. M. Johnston, 1880</small> 
* † ''[[Murex nasongoensis]]'' <small>Ladd, 1977</small> 
* † ''[[Murex noae]]'' <small>Holten, 1802</small> 
* ''[[Murex occa]]'' <small>G.B. Sowerby II, 1834</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404659|''Murex occa'' Sowerby, 1834||25 April 2010}}</ref> Harrowed murex
* † ''[[Murex paradoxicus]]'' H. <small>M. Jenkins, 1864</small> 
* ''[[Murex pecten]]'' <small>Lightfoot, 1786</small><ref>{{WRMS species|215663|''Murex pecten'' Lightfoot, 1786||25 April 2010}}</ref> ': [[Venus comb murex]]
** ''[[Murex pecten soelae]]''
* ''[[Murex philippinensis]]'' <small>Parth, 1994</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404697|''Murex philippinensis'' Parth, 1994||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex protocrassus]]'' <small>Houart, 1990</small>
* ''[[Murex queenslandicus]]'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404728|''Murex queenslandicus'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* † ''[[Murex roemeri]]'' <small>d'Archiac & Haime, 1854</small> 
* ''[[Murex salomonensis]]'' <small>Parth, 1994</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404800|''Murex salomonensis'' Parth, 1994||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex scolopax]]'' <small>Dillwyn, 1817</small><ref>{{WRMS species|215637|''Murex scolopax'' Dillwyn, 1817||25 April 2010}}</ref> [[False venus comb]], woodcock murex
* ''[[Murex somalicus]]'' <small>Parth, 1990</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404826|''Murex somalicus'' Parth, 1990||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex spectabilis]]'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404829|''Murex spectabilis'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex spicatus]]'' <small>Ponder & Vokes, 1988</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404832|''Murex spicatus'' Ponder & Vokes, 1988||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex spinastreptos]]'' <small>Houart, 2010</small>
* † ''[[Murex spinicosta]]'' <small>Bronn, 1831</small> 
* ''[[Murex surinamensis]]'' <small>Okutani, 1982</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404850|''Murex surinamensis'' Okutani, 1982||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex suttipraneeae]]'' <small>Gra-tes, 2023</small>
* † ''[[Murex tchihatcheffi]]'' <small>d'Archiac & Haime, 1854</small> 
* ''[[Murex tenuirostrum]]'' <small>Lamarck, 1822</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404859|''Murex tenuirostrum'' Lamarck, 1822||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex ternispina]]'' <small>Lamarck, 1822</small><ref>{{WRMS species|215662|''Murex ternispina'' Lamarck, 1822||25 April 2010}}</ref>
* ''[[Murex trapa]]'' <small>Roding, 1798</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404879|''Murex trapa'' Roding, 1798||25 April 2010}}</ref> [[Rare-spined murex]]
* ''[[Murex tribulus]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758</small>, [[10th edition of Systema Naturae|1758]]:<ref>{{WRMS species|215641|''Murex tribulus'' Linnaeus, 1758||25 April 2010}}</ref> [[Murex tribulus|Caltrop murex]]
** ''[[Murex tribulus|Murex tribulus spicatus]]''
** ''[[Murex tribulus| Murex tribulus tenuirostrum]]''
** ''[[Murex tribulus| Murex tribulus tenuirostrum africanus]]''
** ''[[Murex tribulus|Murex tribulus ternispina]]''
* ''[[Murex troscheli]]'' <small>Lischke, 1868</small><ref>{{WRMS species|404897|''Murex troscheli'' Lischke, 1868||25 April 2010}}</ref> Troschel's murex
{{div col end}}

;Species mentioned as species in current use in the Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database (OBIS) :
* ''[[Murex singaporensis]]'' <small>A.Adams, 1853</small><ref>[http://clade.ansp.org/obis/search.php/78425 Indo-Pacific Molluscan Database :    Murex (Murex) singaporensis]</ref>

;Species brought into synonymy :
* ''Murex aedonius'' Watson, 1896:<ref>{{WRMS species|404033|''Murex aedonius'' Watson, 1896||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Coralliophila aedonia]]'' (Watson, 1885)
* ''Murex afer'' Gmelin, 1791: synonym of ''[[Afer afer]]'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Murex alocatus'': synonym of ''[[Pterymarchia barclayana]]'' (H. Adams, 1873)
* ''Murex antillarum'' : [[Antilles murex]]: synonym of ''[[Siratus articulatus]]'' (Reeve, 1845)
* ''Murex argo'' Clench & Farfante, 1945:<ref>{{WRMS species|404013|''Murex argo'' Clench & Farfante, 1945||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Chicoreus spectrum|Chicoreus (Triplex) spectrum]]'' (Reeve, 1846)
* ''Murex belcheri'' <small>Hinds, 1843</small> : synonym of ''[[Forreria belcheri]]'' <small>(Hinds, 1843)</small> 
* ''Murex bellus'' Reeve, 1845: synonym of ''[[Vokesimurex bellus]]'' (Reeve, 1845) 
* ''Murex blakeanus'' <small>Vokes, 1967</small>:<ref>{{WRMS species|404052|''Murex blakeanus'' Vokes, 1967||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Vokesimurex blakeanus]]'' <small>(Vokes, 1967)</small>
* ''Murex brandaris'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''[[Bolinus brandaris]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Murex canaliculatus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''[[Busycotypus canaliculatus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758) 
* ''Murex capitellum'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''[[Vasum capitellum]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Murex corallinus'' Scacchi, 1836: synonym of ''[[Ocinebrina aciculata]]'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Murex corneus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''[[Euthria cornea]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758) 
* ''Murex coronatus'' Born, 1778: synonym of ''[[Pseudovertagus aluco]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758) 
* ''Murex edwardsii'':<ref>{{WRMS species|404328|''Murex edwardsi'' ||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Ocinebrina edwardsii]]'' (Payraudeau, 1826)
* ''Murex garciai'' Petuch, 1987: synonym of ''[[Vokesimurex garciai]]'' (Petuch, 1987) 
* ''Murex gubbi'' Reeve, 1849:<ref>{{WRMS species|404485|''Murex gubbi'' Reeve, 1849||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Chicocenebra gubbi]]'' (Reeve, 1849)
* ''Murex inconspicuus'' G.B. Sowerby II, 1841: synonym of ''[[Ocinebrina aciculata]]'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Murex intertextus'' Helbling, 1779:<ref>{{WRMS species|447212|''Murex intertextus'' Helbling, 1779||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of'' [[Cumia reticulata]]''
* ''Murex jickelii'' Tapparone Canefri, 1875: synonym of ''[[Naquetia jickelii]]'' (Tapparone Canefri, 1875) 
* ''Murex lindajoycae'' Petuch, 1987: synonym of ''[[Vokesimurex lindajoycae]]'' (Petuch, 1987) 
* ''Murex longicornis'' <small>Dunker, 1864</small>: synonym of ''[[Chicoreus longicornis]]'' <small>(Dunker, 1864)</small> 
* ''Murex maroccensis'' Gmelin, 1791:<ref>{{WRMS species|447206|''Murex maroccensis'' Gmelin, 1791||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of [[Fusinus maroccensis]]
* ''Murex monodon'' Sowerby, 1825:<ref>{{WRMS species|404048|''Murex monodon'' Sowerby, 1841||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Chicoreus cornucervi|Chicoreus (Chicoreus) cornucervi]]'' (Röding, 1798)
* ''Murex nassa'' Gmelin, 1791:<ref>{{WRMS species|447213|''Murex nassa'' Gmelin, 1791||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Leucozonia nassa]]'' (Gmelin, 1791)
* ''Murex nebula'' <small>Montagu, 1803</small>: synonym of ''[[Bela nebula]]'' <small>(Montagu, 1803)</small>
* ''Murex peritus'' Hinds, 1844a:<ref>{{WRMS species|404692|''Murex peritus'' Hinds, 1844a||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Favartia perita|Favartia (Favartia) perita]]'' (Hinds, 1844)
* ''Murex pistacia'' Reeve, 1845: synonym of ''[[Ocinebrina aciculata]]'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Murex purpuroides'' Dunker:<ref>{{WRMS species|215660|''Murex purpuroides'' Dunker||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Vaughtia purpuroides]]'' (Reeve, 1845)
* ''Murex recurvirostris'':<ref>{{WRMS species|404738|''Murex recurvirostris'' ||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Vokesimurex recurvirostrum]]'' (Broderip, 1833)
* ''Murex rota'' Sowerby:<ref>{{WRMS species|215633|''Murex rota'' Sowerby||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Homalocantha anatomica]]'' (Perry, 1811)
* ''Murex rubidus'':<ref>{{WRMS species|404752|''Murex rubidus'' ||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Vokesimurex rubidus]]'' (F.C. Baker, 1897)
* ''Murex serratospinosus'' Dunker, 1883: synonym of  ''[[Vokesimurex mindanaoensis]]'' (G.B. Sowerby II, 1841)
* ''Murex subaciculatus'' Locard, 1886: synonym of ''[[Ocinebrina aciculata]]'' (Lamarck, 1822)
* ''Murex taxus'' Dillwyn, 1817: synonym of ''[[Clavatula taxea]]'' (Röding, 1798)
* † ''Murex textilis'' Brocchi, 1814:<ref>{{WRMS species|408592|''Murex textilis'' Gabb, 1873||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of † ''[[Rimosodaphnella textilis]]'' (Brocchi, 1814) 
* ''Murex triqueter'':<ref>{{WRMS species|404016|''Murex triqueter'' ||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of'' [[Naquetia triqueter]]'' (Born, 1778)
* ''Murex tulipa'' Linnaeus, 1758:<ref>{{WRMS species|447198|''Murex tulipa'' Linnaeus, 1758||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Fasciolaria tulipa]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Murex turbinellus'' Linnaeus, 1758: synonym of ''[[Vasum turbinellus]]'' (Linnaeus, 1758)
* ''Murex vittatus'' Broderip, 1833:<ref>{{WRMS species|404941|''Murex vittatus'' Broderip, 1833||25 April 2010}}</ref> synonym of ''[[Favartia vittata|Favartia (Favartia) vittata]]'' (Broderip, 1833)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

* Merle, D., Garrigues, B. & Pointier, J.-P. 2011. Fossil and Recent Muricidae of the World, Part Muricinae. 648 pp., 182 colour plates, Hackenheim. {{ISBN|978-3-939767-32-9}}.
* Ponder, W.F. & E.H. Vokes. 1988. A revision of the Indo-West Pacific fossil and Recent species of Murex s.s. and Haustellum (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Muricidae). ''Records of the Australian Museum'', Supplement 8. 160 pp.

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Murex}}
* [http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/history_anim.4.iv.html Aristotle, 350 B.C.E. ''A history of animals'']
* [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15936976 Sowerby, G. B. II. (1874). Monograph of the genus Mitra. In G. B. Sowerby II (ed.), Thesaurus conchyliorum, or monographs of genera of shells. Vol. 4 (31-32): 1–46, pls 352–379. London, privately published]

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[[Category:Murex| ]]
[[Category:Muricinae]]
[[Category:Extant Cretaceous first appearances]]
[[Category:Gastropod genera]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]