Editing Murraya

{{Short description|Genus of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Orange Jasmine (Murraya paniculata).JPG
| image_caption = ''[[Murraya paniculata]]''
| taxon = Murraya
| authority = [[Johann Gerhard Koenig|J.Koenig]] ex [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]<ref name="APC">{{cite web |title=''Murraya'' |url=https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/64327|publisher=Australian Plant Census |access-date= 28 July 2020}}</ref>
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
| synonyms =
* ''Camunium'' <small>[[Adans.]]</small> 
* ''Chalcas'' <small>L. [[nom. illeg.]], nom. superfl.</small>
* ''Murraea'' <small>J.Koenig ex L. [[orth. var.]]</small>
}}

'''''Murraya''''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌr|i|ə}})<ref>{{cite Merriam-Webster|Murraya|access-date=2022-02-07}}</ref> is a [[genus]] of flowering plants in the [[citrus]] family, [[Rutaceae]]. It is distributed in Asia, Australia, and the Pacific Islands.<ref name=china>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121339 ''Murraya''.] Flora of China.</ref> The [[center of diversity]] is in southern [[China]] and [[Southeast Asia]].<ref name=but>But, P. P., et al. (1986). [http://www.plantsystematics.com/qikan/epaper/zhaiyao.asp?bsid=13923 A chemotaxonomic study of ''Murraya'' (Rutaceae) in China.] ''Acta Phytotax. Sin'' 24(3), 186-92.</ref> When broadly [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]], the genus has about 17 species. A narrower circumscription contains only eight species, others being placed in ''[[Bergera]]'' and ''[[Merrillia]]''.

==Description==
Plants in the genus ''Murraya'' are shrubs or trees with [[Pinnation|pinnate]] leaves arranged alternately, usually glandular, aromatic, and leathery to membranous in texture. The leaflets vary in shape and have smooth or toothed edges.<ref name=fb>[http://florabase.dpaw.wa.gov.au/browse/profile/21650 ''Murraya''.] FloraBase. Western Australian Herbarium.</ref> The [[inflorescence]] is a [[panicle]], cyme, or small [[raceme]] of flowers growing at the ends of branches or in the leaf axils;<ref name=china/> some flowers are solitary.<ref name=fb/> The fragrant flowers have 4 or 5 [[sepal]]s and white [[petal]]s and up to 10 straight [[stamen]]s.<ref name=china/><ref name=fb/> The fruit is a fleshy [[Berry (botany)|berry]] with pulp but without the [[juice vesicles]] present in some related fruits.<ref name=china/> It is up to {{convert|1.3|cm}} long and orange, red, or black.<ref name=fb/>

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Murraya'' was first formally described in 1771 by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in ''[[Mantissa Plantarum Altera]]'' from an unpublished description by [[Johann Gerhard König]].<ref name=APNI>{{cite web|title=''Murraya''|url= https://id.biodiversity.org.au/instance/apni/470792|publisher=APNI|access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="L.">{{cite book |last1=von Linné |first1=Carl |title=Mantissa Plantarum Altera |date=1771 |publisher=Impensis Direct. Laurentii Salvii |location=Holmiæ |pages=554–555 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137335#page/422/mode/1up |access-date=28 July 2020}}</ref> The genus name commemorates the 18th-century German-Swedish herbal doctor [[Johan Andreas Murray]], a student of [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]].<ref>[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=286748 Missouri Botanical Garden]</ref> In 1986, Paul P.-H. But and co-authors separated off some species of ''Murraya'' as ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera'' based on chemical evidence.<ref name=ButKongNgChan86/> Evidence from [[pollen]] morphology and multiple [[Molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] studies showed that when broadly [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscribed]], ''Murraya'' was not [[Monophyly|monophyletic]], and treating ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera'' as the separate genus ''[[Bergera]]'' has widespread support.<ref name=MouZhan09/><ref name=MouTuChenZhan17/><ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/><ref name=MouPengLiHu21/>

''Murraya'' is in the [[subfamily]] [[Aurantioideae]], which also includes the genus ''[[Citrus]]''.<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21/> It is in the tribe Clauseneae.<ref name=MouTuChenZhan17/>

===Species list===
Studies have repeatedly shown that two sections into which ''Murraya'' has been divided, ''M.'' sect. ''Murraya'' and ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera'', should be treated as separate genera. ''Murraya'' sensu stricto was revised in 2021, with eight species being accepted:<ref name=MouPengLiHu21>{{Cite journal |last1=Mou |first1=Feng-Juan |last2=Peng |first2=Yun |last3=Li |first3=Yi-Guo |last4=Hu |first4=Xiu |date=2021 |title=Taxonomic revision of ''Murraya'' J. Koenig (Rutaceae) based on the molecular phylogeny and morphological characters |journal=Taiwania |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=387–397 |doi=10.6165/tai.2021.66.387 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>
* ''[[Murraya alata]]'' <small>[[Emmanuel Drake del Castillo|Drake]]</small> – China Southeast, Hainan, Vietnam
* ''[[Murraya elongata]]'' <small>[[A.DC.]] ex [[Hook.f.]]</small> – Myanmar
* ''[[Murraya glenieii]]'' <small>[[George Henry Kendrick Thwaites|Thwaites]] ex [[Oliv.]]</small> – Sri Lanka
* ''[[Murraya lucida]]'' <small>([[G.Forst.]]) [[Mabb.]]</small> – Vanuatu
* ''[[Murraya omphalocarpa]]'' <small>Hayata</small>
* ''[[Murraya paniculata]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[William Jack (botanist)|Jack]]</small> – Tropical Asia to Vanuatu and Australia
* ''[[Murraya sumatrana]]'' <small>Roxb.</small>
* ''[[Murraya zollingeri]]'' <small>(Tanaka) F.J.Mou</small>
Species that have been placed in ''Murraya'' sect. ''Bergera'' belong in ''Bergera'', although {{As of|lc=yes|2021|September}}, names for many have not been published. Further species still accepted in ''Murraya'' by [[Plants of the World Online]] are:<ref name=POWO>{{cite web |title=''Murraya'' |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Murraya |publisher=Plants of the World Online |access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>
* ''[[Murraya caloxylon]]'' <small>[[Ridl.]]</small> – Malayasia, Thailand; synonym of ''[[Merrillia|Merrillia caloxylon]]''
* ''[[Murraya crenulata]]'' <small>([[Turcz.]]) [[Oliv.]]</small> – Taiwan (Lan Yü) to Malesia and SW. Pacific; placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=FOC_121339/>
* ''[[Murraya cyclopensis]]'' <small>[[Inggit Pudji Astuti|Astuti]] & [[Rugayah]]</small> – W. New Guinea
* ''[[Murraya euchrestifolia]]'' <small>[[Bunzō Hayata|Hayata]]</small> – China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Taiwan; placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=FOC_121339/>
* ''[[Murraya exotica]]'' <small>[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]</small> – China South-Central, China Southeast, Hainan, Taiwan
* ''[[Murraya glabra]]'' <small>([[André Guillaumin|Guillaumin]]) [[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]]</small> – Vietnam
* ''[[Murraya heptaphylla]]'' <small>[[Span.]]</small> – Lesser Sunda Islands (Timor)
* ''[[Murraya koenigii]]'' <small>([[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Spreng.]]</small> – Indian Subcontinent to China (S. Yunnan, Guangdong) and Indo-China, S. Hainan; synonym of ''[[Curry tree|Bergera koenigii]]''
* ''[[Murraya kwangsiensis]]'' <small>([[Cheng Chiu Huang|C.C.Huang]]) C.C.Huang</small> – China (SE. Yunnan, W. & SW. Guangxi); placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=MouZhan09/>
* ''[[Murraya macrophylla]]'' <small>(C.C.Huang) F.J.Mou & D.X.Zhang</small> – China
* ''[[Murraya microphylla]]'' <small>([[Merr.]] & [[Woon Young Chun|Chun]]) [[Walter Tennyson Swingle|Swingle]]</small> – China (Guangdong), Hainan; placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=MouZhan09/>
* ''[[Murraya tetramera]]'' <small>[[Cheng Chiu Huang|C.C.Huang]]</small> – China (SE. Yunnan, W. Guangxi); placed in ''M.'' sect. ''Bergera''<ref name=MouZhan09/>

==Uses==
''Murraya'' species are used in [[landscaping]].<ref name=but/> Some species can be [[grafting|grafted]] onto [[citrus rootstock]]s.<ref name=swing/> Species have been used in [[traditional medicine]], with various parts of the plants used to treat [[fever]], pain, and [[dysentery]]. ''M. paniculata'' has been used to [[Labor induction|induce labor]].<ref name=but/> It has been used in [[Cuba]] for painful inflammatory conditions.<ref name=cas>Casado Martín, C. M., et al. (2011). [http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1028-47962011000400012 Acercamiento al género ''Murraya'' (Rutaceae) ya la especie ''Murraya paniculata'' (L.) Jack.] ''Revista Cubana de Plantas Medicinales'' 16(4), 408-18. (Spanish)</ref>

In [[Myanmar]], ''Murraya'' species are used to make [[thanaka]], a cosmetic paste that is typically applied onto the face.<ref name=kollner>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y42DMkS3ZXUC&pg=PA18|author=Köllner, Helmut & Axel Bruns|title=Myanmar (Burma)|year=1998|publisher=Hunter Publishing |isbn=3-88618-415-3|pages=18|access-date=2008-01-21}}</ref>

==Chemistry==
Compounds isolated from ''Murraya'' include many types of [[coumarin]]s and [[alkaloid]]s. The novel alkaloid [[yuehchukene]] was found in ''M. paniculata'', and it has since been isolated from other ''Murraya''. It is found in red-fruited species with larger petals, but not in black-fruited species with smaller petals. Some species also contain the [[carbazole]] girinimbine.<ref name=but/>

==Spelling competition==
In July 2021, 14-year old Zaila Avant-garde of [[Harvey, Louisiana]], won the final of the 2021 [[Scripps National Spelling Bee]] by correctly spelling the word "Murraya", and was the first African American to win the 96-year-old event.<ref name=Time />

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=AppeBaylHeslGrop21>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Appelhans |first1=Marc S. |last2=Bayly |first2=Michael J. |last3=Heslewood |first3=Margaret M. |last4=Groppo |first4=Milton |last5=Verboom |first5=G. Anthony |last6=Forster |first6=Paul I. |last7=Kallunki |first7=Jacquelyn A. |last8=Duretto |first8=Marco F. |date=2021 |title=A new subfamily classification of the ''Citrus'' family (Rutaceae) based on six nuclear and plastid markers |journal=Taxon |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1035–1061 |doi=10.1002/tax.12543 |s2cid=237693195 |name-list-style=amp |hdl=11343/288824 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name=ButKongNgChan86>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=But |first1=Paul Pui-Hay |last2=Kong |first2=Yun-Cheng, Ng Kam-Hung, Chang Hung-Ta, Li Qian, Yu Si-Xao, Waterman Peter G. |last3=Ng |first3=Kam-Hung |last4=Chang |first4=Hung-Ta |last5=Li |first5=Qian |last6=Yu |first6=Si-Xao |last7=Waterman |first7=Peter G. |date=1986 |title=A Chemotaxonomic Study of ''Murraya'' (Rutaceae) in China |journal=Journal of Systematics and Evolution |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=186–192 |url=https://www.jse.ac.cn/EN/article/downloadArticleFile.do?attachType=PDF&id=15882 |access-date=2021-09-21 |language=zh, en |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=FOC_121339>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |first1=Dianxiang |last1=Zhang |first2=Thomas G. |last2=Hartley |contribution=Murraya |contribution-url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=121339 |access-date=2021-09-21 |editor-last=Wu |editor-first=Zhengyi |editor2-last=Raven |editor2-first=Peter H. |editor3-last=Hong |editor3-first=Deyuan <!--|year=1994 onwards--> |title=Flora of China ''(online)'' |publisher=eFloras.org |url=http://www.efloras.org/flora_page.aspx?flora_id=2 |name-list-style=amp }}
</ref>

<ref name=MouTuChenZhan17>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Mou |first1=Fengjuan |last2=Tu |first2=Tieyao |last3=Chen |first3=Yi-Zhang |last4=Zhang |first4=Dianxiang |last5=Zhang |first5=Dianxiang |date=2017 |title=Phylogenetic relationship of Clauseneae (Rutaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear DNA data and taxonomic implication for some major taxa |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=1–12 |doi=10.1111/njb.01552 |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=MouZhan09>{{Citation |mode=cs1 |last1=Mou |first1=Feng-Juan |last2=Zhang |first2=Dian-Xiang |date=2009 |title=Pollen morphology supports the reinstatement of ''Bergera'' (Rutaceae) |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |volume=27 |issue=4 |pages=298–304 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.2009.00369.x |name-list-style=amp }}</ref>

<ref name=swing>Swingle, W. T., rev. P. C. Reece. [http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter3.html Chapter 3: The Botany of ''Citrus'' and its Wild Relatives.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719055159/http://websites.lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter3.html |date=2011-07-19 }} In: ''The Citrus Industry'' vol. 1. Webber, H. J. (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. 1967.</ref>
<ref name=Time>{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=Janell |title=Zaila Avant-garde Knows the Troubling History Behind Her Historic Spelling Bee Win |url=https://time.com/6080654/zaila-avant-garde-spelling-bee-equality/ |access-date=18 November 2021 |work=Time Magazine |publisher=TIME USA |date=8 July 2021}}</ref>
}}

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[[Category:Murraya| ]]
[[Category:Aurantioideae genera]]