Editing Musaceae

{{Short description|Family of flowering plants}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Santonian|present|[[Santonian]] - recent|ref=<ref name=mobot>{{Cite web |title=Zingiberales|url=http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/orders/zingiberalesweb.htm|access-date=2023-06-18|website=www.mobot.org}}</ref>}}
| image = Musa_paradisiaca_Blanco1.88.png
| image_caption = [[Musa × paradisiaca|''Musa'' × ''paradisiaca'']]
| taxon = Musaceae
| authority = [[Antoine Laurent de Jussieu|Juss.]]<ref name=APGIII2009>{{Cite journal |last=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=161 |issue=2 |pages=105–121 |doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>
| type_genus = ''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]''
| type_genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = * ''[[Ensete]]''
* ''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]''
* ''[[Musella lasiocarpa|Musella]]'' (also treated within ''Ensete'')
| range_map = Map-Musaceae.PNG
| range_map_caption = {{legend|#0000ff|Musaceae distribution}}
}}

'''Musaceae''' is a [[family (biology)|family]] of [[flowering plant]]s composed of three genera with about 91 known species,<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016">{{cite journal |author1=Christenhusz, M. J. M. |author2=Byng, J. W.  |name-list-style=amp | year = 2016 | title = The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase | journal = Phytotaxa | volume = 261 | pages = 201–217 | url = http://biotaxa.org/Phytotaxa/article/download/phytotaxa.261.3.1/20598 | doi = 10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1 | issue = 3 | publisher = Magnolia Press | doi-access = free }}</ref> placed in the [[Order (biology)|order]] [[Zingiberales]]. The family is native to the tropics of Africa and Asia. The plants have a large herbaceous growth habit with leaves with overlapping basal sheaths that form a pseudostem making some members appear to be [[wood]]y trees. In most treatments, the family has three [[Genus (biology)|genera]], ''[[Musa (genus)|Musa]]'', ''[[Musella (plant)|Musella]]'' and ''[[Ensete]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Wilkin|first1=Paul|last2=Demissew|first2=Sebsebe|last3=Willis|first3=Kathy|last4=Woldeyes|first4=Feleke|last5=Davis|first5=Aaron P.|last6=Molla|first6=Ermias L.|last7=Janssens|first7=Steven|last8=Kallow|first8=Simon|last9=Berhanu|first9=Admas|title=Enset in Ethiopia: a poorly characterized but resilient starch staple|journal=Annals of Botany|volume=123|issue=5|pages=747–766|language=en|doi=10.1093/aob/mcy214|year=2019|pmid=30715125|pmc=6526316}}</ref> Cultivated [[banana]]s are commercially important members of the family, and many others are grown as [[ornamental plants]].

==Taxonomy==

The family has been practically universally recognized by taxonomists, although with differing circumscriptions. Older circumscriptions of the family commonly included the genera now included in [[Heliconiaceae]] and [[Strelitziaceae]].

The [[APG III system]], of 2009 (unchanged from the [[APG system]], 1998), assigns Musaceae to the order [[Zingiberales]] in the clade [[commelinids]] in the [[monocots]].

The oldest fossil evidence of the family is thought to possibly be the [[Late Cretaceous]] [[palynotaxon]] ''[[Spirematospermum chandlerae]]'' from [[North Carolina]], unlike most other ''Spirematospermum'' species which are thought to represent members of Zingiberaceae.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Burgos-Hernández |first1=Mireya |last2=Pozo |first2=Carmen |last3=González |first3=Dolores |date=20 December 2018 |title=Evolutionary history of Musaceae: ancient distribution and the rise of modern lineages |url=https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-abstract/189/1/23/5254196 |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=189 |issue=1 |pages=23–25|doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy070 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> In contrast, "''Musa''" ''cardiosperma'' from the [[Maastrichtian]] [[Intertrappean Beds]] of [[India]], formerly considered the earliest record of the genus ''Musa'', is now thought to be a member of the [[Zingiberaceae]] and has been reclassified into the extinct genus ''[[Momordiocarpon]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Selena Y. |last2=Kapgate |first2=Dashrath K. |last3=Robinson |first3=Shannon |last4=Srivastava |first4=Rashmi |last5=Benedict |first5=John C. |last6=Manchester |first6=Steven R. |date=2021-02-01 |title=Fossil Fruits and Seeds of Zingiberales from the Late Cretaceous–Early Cenozoic Deccan Intertrappean Beds of India |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/711474 |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |language=en |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=91–108 |doi=10.1086/711474 |s2cid=231875495 |issn=1058-5893|url-access=subscription }}</ref> The oldest unequivocal fossil of the family is ''[[Ensete oregonense]]'' from the [[Eocene]] [[Clarno Formation]] of [[Oregon]], although its actual placement within the family is uncertain.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Manchester |first1=Steven R. |last2=Kress |first2=W. John |date=1993 |title=Fossil Bananas (Musaceae): Ensete oregonense Sp. Nov. From the Eocene of Western North America and Its Phytogeographic Significance |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2445709 |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=80 |issue=11 |pages=1264–1272 |doi=10.2307/2445709 |jstor=2445709 |issn=0002-9122|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=mobot/>
{{cladogram
| title= {{anchor|CladVI}}Cladogram: [[Phylogeny]] of Zingiberales{{sfn|Sass et al|2016}}
| align=left
| cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:100%;line-height:85%
|label1=[[Zingiberales]]
|1={{clade
 |1={{clade
  |1={{clade
   |label1=[[Zingiberineae]]
   |1={{clade
      |label1=Zingiberariae
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Zingiberaceae]]
         |2=[[Costaceae]]}}
      |label2=Cannariae
      |2={{clade
         |1=[[Cannaceae]]
         |2=[[Marantaceae]]}}}}
   |2={{clade
    |label1=Strelitziineae 
    |1={{clade
       |1= [[Lowiaceae]]
       |2= [[Strelitziaceae]]}}
    |2=[[Heliconiaceae]]}}
}}}}
|2={{clade
|1=Musaceae}}}}}}}}
{{clear left}}

===Genera===

As currently circumscribed the family includes three [[genus|genera]]. All genera and species are native to the [[Old World]] tropics. The largest and most economically important genus in the family is ''Musa'', famous for the [[banana]] and [[Plantain (true)|plantain]]. The genus [[Musa (genus)|''Musa'']] was formally established in the first edition of [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]]' ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753 — the publication that marks the start of the present formal [[botanical nomenclature]]. At the time he wrote ''Species Plantarum'', Linnaeus had first hand knowledge of only one type of banana, which he personally had the opportunity of seeing growing under glass in the garden of Mr. George Clifford near [[Haarlem]] in the Netherlands.

Before 1753, the genus had already been described by the pre-Linnaean [[botanist]] [[Georg Eberhard Rumphius]] and Linnaeus himself had described the banana he had seen as ''Musa cliffortiana'' in 1736 (this might be described as a "pre-Linnaean" Linnaean name). The 1753 name ''Musa paradisiaca'' L. for [[Plantain (true)|plantain]]s and ''Musa sapientum'' L. for dessert [[banana]]s are now known to refer to hybrids, rather than natural species. It is known today that most cultivated [[parthenocarpic|seedless]] bananas are [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrids]] or [[polyploid]]s of two wild banana species - ''[[Musa acuminata]]'' and ''[[Musa balbisiana]]''. Linnaeus' ''Musa sapientum'' is now identified to be the hybrid [[Latundan Banana|Latundan]] cultivar (''M.''&nbsp;×&nbsp;''paradisiaca'' AAB Group 'Silk'), while his ''Musa paradisiaca'' are now known to be hybrids belonging generally to the [[List of banana cultivars#AAB Group|AAB]] and [[List of banana cultivars#ABB Group|ABB]] banana [[cultivar group]]s.<ref name="a5">{{cite web|url= http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~drc/msapientum.htmu/Sorting/Musa.html|title= Musa sapientum|publisher= users.globalnet.co.uk|access-date= 11 January 2011}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name ="b">{{Cite web| url = http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~drc/mparadisiaca.htm| title =Musa paradisiaca| publisher = users.globalnet.co.uk}}</ref> Hybridization and polyploidy was the cause of much confusion in the taxonomy of the genus ''Musa'' that was not resolved until the 1940s and 1950s.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Musa.html|title= Sorting Musa names|author= Michel H. Porcher| author2 = Prof. Snow Barlow| date= 2002-07-19|publisher= The University of Melbourne|access-date=11 January 2011}}</ref>

In this clearing up of the taxonomy, [[Ernest Entwistle Cheesman]] in 1947 revived the genus name ''[[Ensete]]'' which had been published in 1862, by Horaninow, but had not been accepted.

''Musa'' section ''Musella'' Franch. was raised to the rank of genus by H.W. Li in 1978 for the Chinese species ''Musella lasiocarpa'', which was originally described in ''Musa'' in 1889 and transferred to ''Ensete'' by Cheesman in 1948. The species combines characters like the swollen stems of ''Ensete'' with the clonal habit of ''Musa''. Acceptance of ''Musella'' has varied; {{as of|2013|February|lc=yes}}, the [[World Checklist of Selected Plant Families]] considers it a synonym of ''Ensete'',<ref name="WCSP_255045">{{Citation |contribution=Musella|title=World Checklist of Selected Plant Families |publisher=[[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=255045 |access-date=2013-02-07}}</ref> other sources dispute this view.<ref name="Christenhusz-Byng2016"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Sass|first1=C|last2=Iles|first2=WJ|last3=Barrett|first3=CF|last4=Smith|first4=SY|last5=Specht|first5=CD|title=Revisiting the Zingiberales: using multiplexed exon capture to resolve ancient and recent phylogenetic splits in a charismatic plant lineage.|journal=[[PeerJ]]|date=21 January 2016|volume=4|pages=e1584|pmid=26819846|doi=10.7717/peerj.1584|ref={{harvid|Sass et al|2016}}|pmc=4727956|doi-access=free}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://bananas.bioversityinternational.org/files/files/pdf/publications/wildspecies_pollefeys.pdf ''Preliminary analysis of the literature on the distribution of wild Musa species''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011112057/http://bananas.bioversityinternational.org/files/files/pdf/publications/wildspecies_pollefeys.pdf |date=2008-10-11 }}
* [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/zingiberalesweb.htm#Musaceae Musaceae] at the [http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=10588 Musaceae] in the Flora of China
* [http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/musaceae.htm Musaceae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405123407/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/musaceae.htm |date=2007-04-05 }} in L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz (1992 onwards). ''[http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ The families of flowering plants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/angio/ |date=2007-01-03 }}: descriptions, illustrations, identification, information retrieval.'' Version: 27 April 2006. http://delta-intkey.com {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070103200438/http://delta-intkey.com/ |date=2007-01-03 }}.
* [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1200&taxon_id=10588 ''Monocot families'' (USDA)]
* [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Tree&id=4637&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock NCBI Taxonomy Browser]
* [http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Musaceae links at CSDL] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517195149/http://www.csdl.tamu.edu/FLORA/cgi/gateway_family?fam=Musaceae |date=2007-05-17 }}
* The Musaceae - an annotated list of the species [http://www.users.globalnet.co.uk/~drc/musaceae.htm]
*{{Commons category-inline|Musaceae}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Zingiberales}}
{{Angiosperm families}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q156525}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Musaceae| ]]
[[Category:Commelinid families]]