Editing Muscovy duck

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Muscovy duck
| image = Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) male (29039391935).jpg
| image_caption = Male, Transpantaneira, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| image2 = DPP 2199.JPG
| image2_caption = Female, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2018 |title=''Cairina moschata'' |volume=2018 |page=e.T22680061A131911211 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680061A131911211.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}</ref>
| genus = Cairina
| parent_authority = [[John Fleming (naturalist)|Fleming]], 1822
| species = moschata
| authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758)
| display_parents = 2
| synonyms = ''Anas moschata'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small><br/>''Cairina sylvestris'' Stephens, 1824, ''nom. superfl''.
| range_map = Cairina moschata map.svg
| range_map_caption = {{legend|#008000|Natural range}}{{legend|#800080|Introduced feral populations}}
}}

The '''Muscovy duck''' ('''''Cairina moschata''''') is a [[duck]] native to the [[Americas]], from the [[Lower Rio Grande Valley]] of [[Texas]] and [[Mexico]] south to [[Argentina]] and [[Uruguay]]. The species has been [[Domestic Muscovy duck|domesticated]], and [[feral]] Muscovy ducks can be found locally in [[New Zealand]], [[Australia]], the [[United States]], and in Central and Eastern [[Europe]].

== Description ==
[[File:Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) male (48300658492).jpg|left|thumb|Male, showing underwing pattern; Transpantaneira, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil]]
It is a large duck, with the males significantly larger than the females. The males are {{convert|76|–|84|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and weigh up to {{convert|3|–|4|kg|lb|abbr=on}}; females are {{convert|71|–|76|cm|in|abbr=on}} long and {{convert|1.25|kg|lb|abbr=on}} weight, roughly half the weight of the males.<ref name="Peru">{{cite book | last=Schulenberg | first=Thomas S. | title=Field Guide to the Birds of Peru | publisher=Helm | publication-place=London | date=2007 | isbn=978-0-7136-8673-9 | pages=40–41}}</ref><ref name="Wildfowl">{{cite book | last1 = Madge | first1 = Steve | last2 = Burn | first2 = Hilary | year = 1988 | title = Wildfowl An identification guide to the ducks, geese and swans of the world | pages = 184–185 | publisher = Christopher Helm | isbn = 0-7470-2201-1}}</ref><ref name=hbw>{{ cite book | last=Carboneras | first=C. | year=1992 | chapter=Family Anatidae (Ducks, Geese and Swans) | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=1: Ostrich to Ducks | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=84-87334-10-5 | page=594 }}</ref> The wingspan is from {{convert|137|to|152|cm|in|abbr=on}}. The plumage is predominantly black, with large white patches on the wing; the back and wing feathers being iridescent and glossy in males, while the females are more drab. Muscovy ducks have long [[claw]]s on their feet and a wide, flat tail.

On the head, the male has a short crest on the nape. The bill is black with a speckling of pale pink. A blackish or dark red knob can be seen at the bill base, which is similar in colour to the bare skin of the face. The eyes are yellowish-brown. The legs and webbed feet are blackish. The female is similar in plumage, but smaller, with a feathered face and lacking the prominent knob. The juvenile is duller overall, with little or no white on the wing.<ref name=oiseaux/>

The drake has a low breathy call, and the hen a quiet trilling coo.
{{birdsong|url=https://xeno-canto.org/species/Cairina-moschata |species=Muscovy Duck|image=Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) male (29039391935).jpg}}

The [[Domestic Muscovy duck]] is commonly known in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] as the ''pato criollo''. They have been bred since [[Pre-Colombian era|pre-Columbian]] times by [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native Americans]] and are heavier and less able to fly long distances than wild birds. Their plumage is also more variable, often with extensive white. Although the Muscovy duck is a [[Tropics|tropical]] bird, it adapts well to cooler climates, thriving in weather as cold as {{convert|−12|C|F|abbr=on}} and able to survive even colder conditions.<ref>{{harvnb|Holderread|2001|p=17}}</ref><ref name="nis.gsmfc.org"/> In general, '''Barbary duck''' is the term used for ''C. moschata'' in a [[culinary]] context.

==Taxonomy and systematics==
[[File:Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) male (48300537941).jpg|right|thumb|Male, showing upperwing pattern; Transpantaneira, Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil]]
The species was first scientifically described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in his 1758 edition of ''[[Systema Naturae]]'' as ''Anas moschata'',<ref name=Linnaeus1758/> literally meaning "[[musk]] duck". It was later transferred to the genus ''Cairina'', making its current binomial name ''Cairina moschata''. It is the only species in its genus; one other species formerly included, the [[white-winged duck]], has now been transferred to its own genus, as ''Asarcornis scutulata''.<ref name="IOC">{{cite web | title=Screamers, ducks, geese, swans – IOC World Bird List | website=IOC World Bird List – Version 14.2 | date=2025-02-20 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/waterfowl/ | access-date=2025-03-02}}</ref>

The Muscovy duck was formerly placed into the [[paraphyletic]] "[[perching duck]]" assemblage, but subsequently moved to the [[dabbling duck]] [[subfamily]] Anatinae. Analysis of the [[mtDNA]] [[DNA sequence|sequence]]s of the [[cytochrome b|cytochrome ''b'']] and [[NADH dehydrogenase]] [[Protein subunit|subunit]] 2 [[gene]]s,{{sfn|Johnson|Sorenson|1999}} however, indicates that it might be closer to the genus ''[[Aix (genus)|Aix]]'' and better placed in the [[Tadorna|shelduck]] subfamily [[Tadorninae]].

The Muscovy duck is monotypic, with no subspecies;<ref name="IOC"/> domesticated birds are commonly, but not validly, cited as a "subspecies ''domestica''", though this has no taxonomic standing.

==Biology==
The [[karyotype]] of the Muscovy duck is 2n=80, consisting of three pairs of [[macrochromosome]]s, 36 pairs of [[microchromosome]]s, and a pair of [[sex chromosome]]s. The two largest macrochromosome pairs are [[submetacentric]], while all other [[chromosomes]] are [[acrocentric]] or probably [[telocentric]] for the smallest microchromosomes. The submetacentric chromosomes and the [[Z chromosome|Z (female) chromosome]] show rather little [[constitutive heterochromatin]] (C bands), while the [[W chromosome]]s are at least two-thirds heterochromatin.{{sfn|Wójcik|Smalec|2008}}
 
Male Muscovy ducks have [[Helix|helical]] penises that become erect to {{convert|{{round|19.23|0}}|cm|in|abbr=on|0}} in {{Rnd|0.346|1}} [[Second|s]]. Females have vaginas that coil in the opposite direction that appear to have evolved to limit [[Sexual coercion among animals|forced copulation]] by males.<ref name="Brennan Clark Prum pp. 1309–1314">{{cite journal | last1=Brennan | first1=P. L. R. | last2=Clark | first2=C. J. | last3=Prum | first3=R. O. | title=Explosive eversion and functional morphology of the duck penis supports sexual conflict in waterfowl genitalia | journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences | volume=277 | issue=1686 | date=2009-12-23 | issn=0962-8452 | doi=10.1098/rspb.2009.2139 | pmid=20031991 | pages=1309–1314| pmc=2871948 }}</ref><ref name=Sample2009/>

==Etymology==
===Common name "Muscovy"===
"[[Grand Duchy of Moscow|Muscovy]]" is an old name for the region of Russia surrounding Moscow, but these ducks are neither native there nor were introduced there before they became known in Western Europe. It is not quite clear how the term came about; it very likely originated between 1550 and 1600, but did not become widespread until somewhat later.

In one suggestion, it has been claimed that the [[Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands]] traded these ducks to Europe occasionally after 1550;<ref name=holderread2001-7374>{{harvnb|Holderread|2001|pp=73–74}}</ref> this [[chartered company]] became eventually known as the "[[Muscovy Company]]" or "Muscovite Company" so the ducks might thus have come to be called "Muscovite ducks" or "Muscovy ducks" in keeping with the common practice of attaching the importer's name to the products they sold.<ref name=holderread2001-7374 /> But while the Muscovite Company initiated vigorous trade with Russia, they hardly, if at all, traded produce from the Americas; thus, they are unlikely to have traded ''C. moschata'' to a significant extent.

Alternatively, just as in the [[Turkey (bird)|turkey]], which is also from North America, not [[Turkey]], and the [[guineafowl]], which are not limited to [[Guinea]], "Muscovy" might be simply a generic term for an exotic place, in reference to the singular appearance of these birds. This is evidenced by other names suggesting the species came from lands where it is not actually native, but from where much "outlandish" produce was imported at that time (see below).

Yet another view, not incompatible with either of those discussed above, connects the species with the [[Muisca people|Muisca]], a [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] nation in today's Colombia. The duck is native to these lands also, and it is likely that it was kept by the Muisca as a domestic animal to some extent. It is conceivable that a term like "Muisca duck", hard to comprehend for the average European of those times, would be corrupted into something more familiar. Likewise, the [[Miskito people|Miskito Indians]] of the [[Mosquito Coast|Miskito Coast]] in Nicaragua and Honduras heavily relied on it as a domestic species, and the ducks as well may have been named after this region.

===Species name "''moschata''"===
[[File:Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata) male.jpg|thumb|left|Male swimming, with the green iridescence of the plumage showing in good light]]
Linnaeus' description of ''Anas moschata'' only consists of a curt but entirely unequivocal ''[Anas] facie nuda papillosa'' ("A duck with a naked and carunculated face"), and his primary reference is his earlier work ''Fauna Svecica''.<ref name=Linnaeus1746/> But Linnaeus refers also to older sources, wherein much information on the origin of the common name is found.

[[Conrad Gessner]] is given by Linnaeus as a source, but the ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia animalium]]'' mentions the Muscovy duck only in passing.<ref>{{harvnb|Gessner|1555|p=118}}; not p. 122 as per Linnaeus (1741, 1758): see {{harvnb|Aldrovandi|1637|p=192}} and {{harvnb|Willughby|1676|p=295}}</ref> [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]]<ref>{{harvnb|Aldrovandi|1637|pp=192–201}}</ref> discusses the species in detail, referring to the wild birds and its domestic breeds variously as ''anas cairina'', ''anas indica'' or ''anas libyca'' – "duck from [[Cairo]]", "Indian duck" (in reference to the [[West Indies]]) or "[[Libya]]n duck". But his ''anas indica'' (based, like Gessner's brief discussion, ultimately on the reports of [[Christopher Columbus]]'s travels) also seems to have included another [[species]],<ref>{{harvnb|Aldrovandi|1637|pp=192, 194}}: ''Anas indica alia''</ref> perhaps a [[whistling-duck]] (''Dendrocygna''). Already however the species is tied to some more or less nondescript "exotic" locality, "Libya" could still refer to [[Ancient Libya|any place in Northern Africa]] at that time, where it did not occur naturally. [[Francis Willughby]] discusses "The Muscovy duck" as ''anas moschata'' and expresses his belief that Aldrovandi's and Gessner's ''anas cairina'', ''anas indica'' and ''anas libyca'' (which he calls "The Guiny duck", adding another mistaken place of origin to the list) all refer to the same species.<ref>{{harvnb|Willughby|1676|pp=294–295}}</ref> Finally, [[John Ray]] attempts to clear up the confusion by providing an alternative explanation for the name's [[etymology]]:
<blockquote>In English, it is called ''The Muscovy-Duck'', though this is not transferred from Muscovia [the [[Neo-Latin]] name of Muscovy], but from the rather strong musk odour it exudes.<ref name=Ray/></blockquote>

Linnaeus came to witness its "[[Game (food)|gamey]]" aroma first-hand, as he attests in the ''Fauna Svecica'' and again in the [[Travel literature|travelogue]] of this 1746 [[Västergötland]] excursion.<ref name=Linnaeus1746/><ref name=Linnaeus1747/> Similarly, the [[Russian (language)|Russian]] name of this species, ''muskusnaya utka'' (Мускусная утка), means "musk duck", without any reference to Moscow, as do the [[Bokmål]] and [[Danish (language)|Danish]] ''moskusand'', [[Dutch (language)|Dutch]] ''muskuseend'', [[Finnish (language)|Finnish]] ''myskisorsa'', [[French (language)|French]] ''canard musqué'', [[German (language)|German]] ''Moschusente'', [[Italian (language)|Italian]] ''anatra muschiata'', [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]] ''pato almizclado'' and [[Swedish (language)|Swedish]] ''myskand''. In English, however, [[musk duck]] refers to the [[Australia]]n species ''Biziura lobata''.

===Genus name "''Cairina''"===
The currently assigned [[Name of a biological genus|genus name]] '''''Cairina''''', meanwhile, traces its origin to Aldrovandi and the mistaken belief that the birds came from [[Egypt]]: translated, the current scientific name of the Muscovy duck means "the musky one from Cairo".

===Other names===
In some regions the name '''"Barbary duck"''' is used for domestic and "Muscovy duck" for wild birds; in other places, "Barbary duck" refers specifically to the dressed carcass, while "Muscovy duck" applies to living ''C. moschata'', regardless of whether they are wild or domestic. In general, "Barbary duck" is the usual term for ''C. moschata'' in a [[culinary]] context.

==Ecology==
[[File:Muscovy Ducks (Cairina moschata) couple perched for the night ... (27751132099).jpg|left|thumb|Pair roosting in a tree at dusk, French Guyana]]
This [[Bird migration|non-migratory]] species normally inhabits [[forest]]ed [[swamp]]s, [[lake]]s, [[stream]]s and nearby [[grassland]] and farm crops,{{sfn|Accordi|Barcellos|2006}} and often roosts in trees at night. The diet consists of plant material (such as the [[root]]s, [[Plant stem|stem]]s, [[leaves]], and [[seed]]s of [[aquatic plant]]s and [[grass]]es, as well as terrestrial plants, including agricultural [[crop]]s) obtained by grazing or dabbling in shallow water, and small [[fish]], [[amphibian]]s, [[reptile]]s, [[crustacean]]s, [[spider]]s, insects, [[millipede]]s, and [[worm]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/images/Cairina_moschata%20-%20Wild%20Muscovy%20Duck.pdf |title=Cairina moschata (Wild Muscovy Duck)|website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=9 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cairina_moschata/ | title=Cairina moschata (Muscovy duck) | website=[[Animal Diversity Web]] }}</ref><ref name=fws/><ref>{{cite journal | url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/musduc/cur/foodhabits | title=Muscovy Duck (Cairina moschata), version 1.0 | journal=Birds of the World | date=2020 | last1=Eitniear | first1=Jack C. | last2=Bribiesca-Formisano | first2=R. | last3=Rodríguez-Flores | first3=Claudia I. | last4=Soberanes-González | first4=Carlos A. | last5=Arizmendi | first5=Marîa del Coro | doi=10.2173/bow.musduc.01 | url-access=subscription }}</ref> It is an aggressive duck; males often fight over food, territory or mates. The females fight with each other less often. Some adults will peck at the ducklings if they are eating at the same food source.

The Muscovy duck has benefited from nest boxes in [[Mexico]], but it is somewhat uncommon in much of the eastern part of its range due to excessive hunting. It is not considered a globally threatened species by the [[IUCN]], however, as it is widely distributed.<ref name="iucn status 13 November 2021" />

===Reproduction===
{{More citations|date=May 2025}}[[File:Cairina moschata MWNH 1056.JPG|thumb|Egg, collection [[Museum Wiesbaden]]]]
This species, like the [[mallard]], does not form stable pairs. They will mate on land or in water. The female lays a clutch of 8-15 white eggs, usually in a tree hole or hollow, which are [[Avian incubation|incubate]]d for 30-31 days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Muscovy Duck Life History, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology |url=https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Muscovy_Duck/lifehistory |access-date=2025-05-20 |website=www.allaboutbirds.org |language=en}}</ref> The sitting hen will leave the nest once a day from 20 minutes to one and a half hours, and will then defecate, drink water, eat and sometimes bathe. Once the eggs begin to hatch, it may take 24 hours for all the chicks to break through their shells. When feral chicks are born, they usually stay with their mother for about 10–12 weeks. Their bodies cannot produce all the heat they need, especially in temperate regions, so they will stay close to the mother, especially at night.

Often, the drake will stay in close contact with the brood for several weeks. The male will walk with the young during their normal travels in search for food, providing protection. Anecdotal evidence from [[East Anglia]], U.K. suggests that, in response to different environmental conditions, other adults assist in protecting chicks and providing warmth at night. It has been suggested that this is in response to local efforts to cull this feral population, which has led to an atypical distribution of males and females, as well as young and mature birds.

For the first few weeks of their lives, Muscovy chicks feed on grain, corn, grass, insects, and almost anything that moves. Their mother shows them at an early age how to feed.

===Feral birds===
[[File:Anseriformes - Cairina moschata - 4.jpg|thumb|right|A feral Muscovy duck in Ely, England]]
In feral birds with domesticated ancestry, the amount of white on the neck and head is variable, as well as the bill, which can be yellow, pink, black, or any mixture of these colours. It may have white patches or bars on the wings, which become more noticeable during flight. Both sexes have small red [[Wattle (anatomy)|wattle]]s around the bill, those of the male being larger and more brightly colored, and often considerably larger in feral birds.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Muscovy Duck |url=https://ebird.org/species/musduc|access-date=2021-06-17|website=ebird.org|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Muscovy Duck |url=https://txtbba.tamu.edu/species-accounts/muscovy-duck/|access-date=2021-06-17|website=txtbba.tamu.edu}}</ref>

[[Feral]] Muscovy ducks can breed near urban and suburban lakes and on farms, nesting in tree cavities or on the ground, under shrubs in yards, on apartment balconies, or under roof overhangs. Some feral populations, such as that in southern [[Florida]], have a reputation of becoming [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s on occasion.{{sfn|Johnson|Hawk|2009}} At night they often sleep at water, if there is a water source available, to flee quickly from predators if awakened. Small populations of Muscovy ducks can also be found in [[Ely, Cambridgeshire]], [[Calstock, Cornwall]], and [[Lincoln, Lincolnshire]], U.K. Muscovy ducks have also been spotted in the [[Walsall Arboretum]]. There has been a small population in the [[Buxton Pavilion Gardens|Pavilion Gardens]] public park in [[Buxton]], Derbyshire, for many years.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.ispotnature.org/node/325007 | title=Muscovy duck | website=Ispotnature.org | access-date=29 August 2016}}</ref>

In the United States, Muscovy ducks are considered a non-native species, outside of [[Hidalgo County, Texas|Hidalgo]], [[Starr County, Texas|Starr]] and [[Zapata County, Texas|Zapata]] Counties in southernmost Texas, where they are considered indigenous. An owner may raise them for food production only (not for hunting). Similarly, if the ducks have no owner, [[Title 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations|50CFR]] Part 21 (Migratory Bird Permits) allows the removal or destruction of the ducks, their eggs and their nests anywhere in the United States. The population in southern Florida is considered, with numbers in the several thousands, to be established enough to be considered "countable" for bird watchers.<ref name=countable/>

Legal methods to restrict breeding include not feeding these ducks, deterring them with noise or chasing them away.

Although legislation passed in the United States prohibiting trade of Muscovy ducks, the Fish and Wildlife Services intend to revise the regulations. They are not currently implementing them, though release of Muscovy ducks to the wild outside their natural range is prohibited.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fws.gov/forms/3-200-9.pdf|title = U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service - Forms|website=Fws.org}}</ref>

==Domestication==
{{main|Domestic Muscovy duck}}
Muscovy ducks had been domesticated by various [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]] cultures in the [[Americas]] when [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]] arrived in the Bahamas. A few were brought onto Columbus' ship the ''Santa Maria'', they then sailed back to Europe by the 16th century.

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=countable>{{cite web |last=Pranty |first=Bill |url=http://lists.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0105&L=FLORIDABIRDS-L&D=0&T=0&P=27143 |title=Re: Red-crowned Parrot |website=Lists.ufl.edu |date=24 May 2001 |access-date=17 October 2011 |archive-date=10 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610001847/https://lists.ufl.edu/cgi-bin/wa?A2=ind0105&L=FLORIDABIRDS-L&D=0&T=0&P=27143 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name=fws>{{cite journal |title=Migratory Bird Permits; Control of Muscovy Ducks, Revisions to the Waterfowl Permit Exceptions and Waterfowl Sale and Disposal Permits Regulations |author=US Fish and Wildlife Service |url=http://www.fws.gov/policy/library/2009/E9-7650.pdf |page=9316 |journal=Federal Register |volume=75 |issue=39 |date=1 March 2010}}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1746>{{cite book |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |year=1746 |chapter=98 |chapter-url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/img/?IDDOC=255608 |title=Fauna Svecica Sistens Animalia Sveciæ Regni, etc. |edition=1st: 35 |language=la |publisher=Conrad & Georg Jacob Wishoff |location=Leiden ("Lugdunum Batavorum")}}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1747>{{cite book |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |year=1747 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=233372 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130212112745/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=233372 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-02-12 |title=Anas facie nuda papillosa |series=Wästgöta-Resa, etc. 134 |language=sv |publisher=Lars Salvius |location=Stockholm ("Holmius") }}</ref>

<ref name=Linnaeus1758>{{cite book |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |last=Linnaeus |first=Carl |year=1758 |chapter=61.13 |chapter-url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265100 |title=Anas moschata |series=Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis |edition=10th |volume=1 |page=124 |language=la |publisher=Lars Salvius |location=Stockholm ("Holmius") |access-date=2009-01-06 |archive-date=2017-06-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613040751/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=265100 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="nis.gsmfc.org">{{cite web |url=http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=210 |title=Non-Native Aquatic Species in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Regions |publisher=Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission |access-date=6 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412105702/http://nis.gsmfc.org/nis_factsheet.php?toc_id=210 |archive-date=12 April 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name=oiseaux>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oiseaux-birds.com/card-muscovy-duck.html|title=Muscovy Duck|website=Oiseaux-birds.com}}</ref>

<ref name=Ray>[[John Ray|Ray, John]] (Joannis Raii) (1713): [http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=269292 ''Synopsis methodica avium & piscium: opus posthumum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064329/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=269292 |date=2011-07-16 }}, etc. (vol. 1) [in Latin]. William Innys, London, p. 150: ''Anglicē, ''the Muscovy-Duck'' dicitur, non quōd ē Muscovia huc translata esset, sed quōd satis validum moschi odorem spiret.''</ref>

<ref name=Sample2009>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/dec/23/video-genital-warfare-ducks |title=Video reveals twists and turns of genital warfare in ducks |last=Sample |first=Ian |date=23 December 2009 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=23 December 2009}}</ref>
}}

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 |date         = 2006
 |title        = Información sobre la distribución de algunas especies de aves de Ecuador
 |trans-title  = Information on the distribution of some species of birds of Ecuador
 |journal      = Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología
 |volume       = 16
 |issue        = 1
 |pages        = 7–16
 |language     = es
 |url          = http://www.sao.org.co/publicaciones/boletinsao/02CisnerosEcuador.pdf
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927094336/http://www.sao.org.co/publicaciones/boletinsao/02CisnerosEcuador.pdf
 |archive-date = 27 September 2007
 |url-status   = live
}}
* {{cite book
| title      = The Muscovy Duck: Cairina Moschata Domestica: Origins, Dispersal and Associated Aspects of Geography of Domestication
| date       = 1988 
| first1     = R. A.
| last1      = Donkin
| publisher  = Routledge
| isbn       = 978-9061915447
}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Conrad Gessner |last=Gessner |first=Conrad |year=1555 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=279472 |title=Historiae animalium |volume=3 |language=la |publisher=Christoph Froschauer |location=Zürich ("Tigurium") |access-date=2009-01-06 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121205030701/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=279472 |archive-date=2012-12-05 |url-status=dead }} 
* {{cite book |last=Holderread |first=David |year=2001 |title=Storey's Guide to Raising Ducks |publisher=Storey Publishing |location=North Adams, MA |isbn=978-1-58017-258-5 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/storeysguidetora00dave }}
* {{cite thesis
 |first1       = Steve A.
 |last1        = Johnson
 |first2       = Michelle
 |last2        = Hawk
 |date         = 2009
 |url          = http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw299
 |title        = Florida's Introduced Birds: Muscovy Duck (''Cairina moschata'')
 |publisher    = University of Florida
 |access-date  = 2009-06-16
 |archive-date = 2012-02-07
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20120207093948/http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/uw299
 |url-status   = dead
}}
* {{cite journal
| last1      = Johnson
| first1     = Kevin P.
| last2      = Sorenson
| first2     = Michael D.
| date       = 1999
| title      = Phylogeny and Biogeography of Dabbling Ducks (Genus: Anas): A Comparison of Molecular and Morphological Evidence
| journal    = [[Auk (journal)|Auk]]
| volume     = 116
| issue      = 3
| pages      = 792–805
| doi        = 10.2307/4089339
| jstor     = 4089339
| doi-access= free
}}
* {{cite journal
 |first1  = Aurora
 |last1   = Londoño
 |first2  = Paulo C.
 |last2   = Pulgarin-R
 |first3  = Silvia
 |last3   = Blair
 |date    = 2007
 |title   = Blood Parasites in Birds From the Lowlands of Northern Colombia
 |journal = [[Caribbean Journal of Science]]
 |volume  = 43
 |issue   = 1
 |pages   = 87–93
 |doi     = 10.18475/cjos.v43i1.a8
 |s2cid   = 87907947
 |url     = https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228511165
}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Francis Willughby |last=Willughby |first=Francis |year=1676 |url=http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=234289 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209125653/http://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/no_cache/dms/load/toc/?IDDOC=234289 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2012-12-09 |title=Ornithologiae libri tres |language=la |publisher=John Martyn |location=London }}
* {{cite journal
| last1      = Wójcik
| first1     = Ewa
| last2      = Smalec
| first2     = Elżbieta
| date       = 2008
| title      = Description of the Muscovy Duck (''Cairina moschata'') Karyotype
| journal    = Folia Biologica
| volume     = 56
| issue      = 3–4
| pages      = 243–248
| doi        = 10.3409/fb.56_3-4.243-248
| pmid = 19055053
| s2cid = 24245675
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==

{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite web |publisher=Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FFWCC) |year=1999 |url=http://myfwc.com/wildlifehabitats/managed/waterfowl/nuisance/nuisance-muscovies/ |title=Nuisance Muscovy Ducks |access-date=18 November 2008}}
* {{cite journal |author-link=John Maddox |last=Maddox |first=John |year=1988 |title=When to believe the unbelievable |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=333 |number=6176 |page=787 |doi=10.1038/333787a0 |pmid=<!--none-->|bibcode=1988Natur.333Q.787. |s2cid=4369459 |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite book |last=Hilty |first=Steven L. |date=2003 |title=Birds of Venezuela |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-7136-6418-8 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Stiles |first1=F. Gary |last2=Skutch |first2=Alexander F. |date=1989 |title=A Guide to the Birds of Costa Rica |publisher=Comstock Publishing Associates |isbn=978-0-8014-9600-4 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{BirdLife|22680061|Cairina moschata}}
* {{Avibase|name=''Cairina moschata''}}
* {{InternetBirdCollection|muscovy-duck-cairina-moschata|Muscovy duck}}
* {{VIREO|Muscovy+duck}}
* {{IUCN_Map|22680061/131911211|Cairina moschata}}
* {{Xeno-canto species|Cairina|moschata|Muscovy duck}}

{{Odontoanserae|B.|state=collapsed}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q242851}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Ducks]]
[[Category:Birds of the Americas]]
[[Category:Birds of the Rio Grande valleys]]
[[Category:Birds described in 1758]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Cairina]]
[[Category:Invasive bird species]]