Editing Muskellunge

{{Short description|Species of fish}}
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{{redirect|Muskie}}
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{{speciesbox
| name = Muskellunge (Muskie)
| image = Esox masquinongyeditcrop.jpg
| image_caption =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 18 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=NatureServe |date=2013 |title=''Esox masquinongy'' |volume=2013 |page=e.T202401A15363615 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T202401A15363615.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = G5
| status2_system = TNC
| status2_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{cite web|title=Esox masquinongy|url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102081/Esox_masquinongy|website=[[NatureServe]] Explorer|access-date=17 April 2024}}</ref>
| genus = Esox
| species = masquinongy
| authority = [[Samuel Latham Mitchill|Mitchill]], 1824
}}

The '''muskellunge''' ('''''Esox masquinongy'''''), often shortened to '''muskie,''' '''musky, ski,''' or '''lunge''', is a [[species]] of large [[freshwater fish|freshwater]] [[predatory fish]] native to [[North America]]. It is the largest member of the [[Esox|pike]] family, [[Esocidae]].

==Origin of name==
The name "muskellunge" originates from the [[Ojibwe language|Ojibwe]] words ''maashkinoozhe'' meaning "great fish", ''mji-gnoozhe,'' ''maskinoše'', or ''mashkinonge,'' meaning "bad pike", "big pike", or "ugly pike<ref>{{Cite web|author=Pete D.|title=U.S. Angler|url=https://usangler.com/can-you-eat-muskie-fish/|website=USAngler|date=October 11, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216031414/https://usangler.com/can-you-eat-muskie-fish/|archive-date=December 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>" respectively. The [[Algonquin language|Algonquin]] word ''maskinunga'' is [[loanword|borrowed]] into the [[Canadian French]] words ''masquinongé'' or ''maskinongé''.  In [[English language|English]], before settling on the common name "muskellunge", there were at least 94 common names<ref>{{cite web|url=https://muskiescanada.ca/en/document/the-muskellunge-whats-in-a-name/|website=Muskies Canada|title=The muskellunge – What's in a name?|date=2019}}</ref> applied to this species, including but not limited to: ''muskelunge'', ''muscallonge'', ''muskallonge'', ''milliganong'', ''maskinonge'', ''maskalonge'', ''mascalonge'', ''maskalung'', ''muskinunge'' and ''masquenongez''.<ref>{{FishBase|genus=Esox|species=masquinongy|id=2711|month=February|year=2023}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:Great Lakes Muskie.jpg|thumb|right|A spotted muskellunge caught in [[Lake St. Clair]] during winter.]]
Muskellunge closely resemble other [[esocid]]s such as the [[northern pike]] (''Esox lucius'') and [[American pickerel]] (''E. americanus'') in both appearance and behavior. Like the northern pike and other aggressive pikes, the body plan is typical of [[ambush predator]]s with an elongated body, flat head, and dorsal, pelvic, and anal [[Fish anatomy#Fins|fins]] set far back on the body. Muskellunge are typically {{convert|28|-|48|in|cm|round=5|abbr=in|order=flip}} long and weigh {{convert|15|-|36|lb|kg|round=0.5|abbr=on|order=flip}},<ref name="Michigan">{{cite web|url=https://www.michigan.gov/dnr/education/michigan-species/fish-species/muskie |title=DNR - Muskellunge, Esox masquinongy|website=Michigan.gov|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref> though some have reached up to {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on|order=flip}} and almost {{convert|70|lb|kg|-1|abbr=on|order=flip}}.<ref name=fishbase>{{FishBase species|genus=Esox|species=masquinongy|year=2011|month=9}}</ref> Martin Arthur Williamson caught a muskellunge with a weight of {{convert|61.25|lb|kg|1|abbr=in|order=flip}} in November 2000 on [[Georgian Bay]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.fishing-worldrecords.com/scientificname/Esox%20masquinongy/show| title = Martin Arthur Williamson - Muskellunge}}</ref> The fish are a light silver, brown, or green, with dark vertical stripes on the flank, which may tend to break up into spots. In some cases, markings may be absent altogether, especially in fish from [[Turbidity|turbid]] waters. This is in contrast to northern pike, which have dark bodies with light markings. A reliable method to distinguish the two similar species is by counting the [[Canal pore|sensory pores]] on the underside of the [[mandible]]. A muskie will have seven or more per side, while the northern pike never has more than six. The lobes of the caudal (tail) fin in muskellunge come to a sharper point, while those of northern pike are more generally rounded. In addition, unlike pike, muskies have no scales on the lower half of their [[operculum (fish)|opercula]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

[[Angling|Anglers]] seek large muskies as trophies or for sport.<ref name="OL">{{cite web|url=http://www.outdoorlife.com/blogs/gone-fishin/2014/03/muskellunge-how-cast-lures-baits|title=Tactics for Fishing Early-Season Muskies|last=Heiting|first=Steve|date=March 20, 2014|publisher=Outdoor Life Magazine|access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref>  In places where muskie are not native, such as in Maine, anglers are encouraged not to release the fish back into the water because of their negative impact on native populations of trout and other smaller fish species.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eregulations.com/maine/fishing/illegal-fish-introductions/|title=Illegal Fish Introductions in Maine|access-date=April 23, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180222045432/http://www.eregulations.com:80/maine/fishing/illegal-fish-introductions/}}</ref>

==Habitat==
Muskellunge are found in [[Oligotrophic lake|oligotrophic]] and [[mesotrophic lake]]s and large [[river]]s from northern [[Michigan]], northern [[Wisconsin]], and northern [[Minnesota]] through the [[Great Lakes region]], [[Chautauqua Lake]] in western New York, north into [[Canada]], throughout most of the [[Saint Lawrence River|St Lawrence River]] drainage, and northward throughout the upper [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]] valley, although the species also extends as far south as [[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] in the [[Tennessee River]] valley. Also, a small population is found in the [[Broad River (South Carolina)|Broad River]] in [[South Carolina]]. Several North Georgia reservoirs also have healthy stocked populations of muskie. They are also found in the [[Red River of the North|Red River]] drainage of the [[Hudson Bay]] basin. Muskie were introduced to western [[Saint John River (Bay of Fundy)|Saint John River]] in the late 1960s and have now [[Invasive species in the United States|spread to many connecting waterways]] in northern [[Maine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maine.gov/tools/whatsnew/attach.php?id=442557&an=1|title=MUSKELLUNGE MANAGEMENT PLAN|website=Maine.gov|access-date=August 11, 2013}}</ref> The [[Pineview Reservoir]] in Utah is one of three Utah locations where the hybrid [[Tiger muskellunge]] is found.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

They prefer clear waters where they lurk along weed edges, rock outcrops, or other structures to rest. A fish forms two distinct home ranges in summer: a shallow range and a deeper one. The shallow range is generally much smaller than the deeper range due to shallow water heating up. A muskie continually patrols the ranges in search of available food in the appropriate conditions of water temperature.{{citation needed|date=May 2022}}

==Diet==
Muskies are ambush predators who will swiftly bite their prey and then swallow it head first. Muskellunge are the top predator in any body of water where they occur and they will eat larger prey than most other freshwater fish.<ref name=AnimalDiv>{{cite web|url=https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Esox_masquinongy/|title=Esox masquinongy|website=Animal Diveresity}}</ref> They eat all varieties of fish present in their ecosystem (including other muskellunge), along with the occasional [[insect]],<ref name=AnimalDiv /> [[muskrat]], [[rat]], [[mouse]],<ref name=AnimalDiv /> [[frog]], or [[duck]]. They are capable of taking prey up to two-thirds of their body length due to their large stomachs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dnr.wi.gov/topic/fishing/documents/musky/MuskellungeFactSheet2012.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140825201702/http://dnr.wi.gov/topic/Fishing/documents/musky/MuskellungeFactSheet2012.pdf |archive-date=2014-08-25 |url-status=live|title=Muskellunge (''Esox masquinongy'')|last1=Simonson|first1=Tim|website=Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources|access-date=April 17, 2018}}</ref> There have even been reports of large muskellunge attacking small [[dogs]] and even humans, although most of these reports are greatly exaggerated.<ref name=AnimalDiv />

==Length and weight==
[[File:muskellunge weight length graph.jpg|thumb|250px|Graph showing weight–length relationship for muskellunge]]
As muskellunge grow longer they increase in weight, but the relationship between length and weight is not linear. The relationship between them can be expressed by a [[Power law|power-law equation]]:
:<math>W = cL^b\!\,</math>

The exponent b is close to 3.0 for all species, and c is a constant for each species. For muskellunge, b = 3.325, higher than for many common species, and c = {{convert|0.000089|lb/in3|disp=or|abbr=out}}.<ref>{{cite book|first1=Richard O.|last1=Anderson|first2=Robert M. |last2=Neumann|chapter=Length, Weight, and Associated Structural Indices|title=Fisheries Techniques|edition=2|editor-first1=Brian E.|editor-last1=Murphy|editor-first2=David W.|editor-last2=Willis|location=Bethesda, MD|publisher=American Fisheries Society|year=1996|isbn=1-888569-00-X}}</ref>

According to the [[International Game Fish Association]] (IGFA) the largest muskellunge on [[World record|record]] was [[Fishing|caught]] by Cal Johnson in [[Lac Courte Oreilles]] (recognized as Lake Courte Oreilles by the association), [[Hayward, Wisconsin|Hayward]], [[Wisconsin]], [[United States]], on July 24, 1949. The [[fish]] weighed {{convert|67|lb|8|oz|kg|round=0.5|abbr=on|order=flip}} and was {{convert|60.25|in|cm|0|abbr=in|order=flip}} in length, and {{convert|33|-|34|in|cm|0|abbr=in|order=flip}} in girth.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://igfa.org/member-services/world-record/angler/Cal%20Johnson|title=IGFA World Records {{!}} Cal Johnson|publisher=International Game Fish Association|access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.caljohnson.net/CalWr.htm|title=Cal Johnson's World Record Catch|website=www.caljohnson.net|access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musky.com/Features/CalStory.htm|title=Cal Johnson's Own story|website=www.musky.com|access-date=March 9, 2019}}</ref>

==Behavior==
[[File:Muskellunge USFWS.jpg|thumb|250px|Illustration of a Muskellunge]]
Muskellunge are sometimes [[gregarious]], forming small [[Shoaling and schooling|schools]] in distinct territories. Muskellunge feeding behavior is directly synchronized with the lunar cycle. During both full and new moons, an increase in feeding activity can be attributed to the increase of moonlight, as it most similarly simulates daytime feeding.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Vinson |first1=Mark R. |last2=Angradi |first2=Ted R. |title=Muskie Lunacy: Does the Lunar Cycle Influence Angler Catch of Muskellunge (Esox masquinongy)? |journal=PLOS ONE |date=28 May 2014 |volume=9 |issue=5 |pages=e98046 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0098046 |doi-access=free |pmid=24871329 |pmc=4037224 |bibcode=2014PLoSO...998046V |issn=1932-6203}}</ref> They spawn in mid- to late spring, somewhat later than northern pike, over shallow, vegetated areas. A rock or sand bottom is preferred for spawning so the eggs do not sink into the mud and suffocate. The males arrive first and attempt to establish dominance over a territory. Spawning may last from five to 10 days and occurs mainly at night. The eggs are negatively buoyant and slightly adhesive; they adhere to plants and the bottom of the lake. Soon afterward, they are abandoned by the adults. Those [[embryo]]s which are not eaten by fish, insects, or crayfish hatch within two weeks. The larvae live on [[Egg (biology)#Fish eggs|yolk]] until the mouth is fully developed, when they begin to feed on [[copepod]]s and other [[zooplankton]]. They soon begin to prey upon fish. Juveniles generally attain a length of {{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=in|order=flip}} by November of their first year.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Predators==
Adult muskellunge are [[apex predator]]s where they occur naturally. Only humans and (rarely) large birds of prey such as [[bald eagle]]s (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'') pose a threat to an adult.<ref>{{cite web|title=St. Croix surprise: Bald eagle reels in large muskie|url=https://www.twincities.com/2019/08/15/st-croix-surprise-bald-eagle-reels-in-large-muskie/|publisher=Pioneer Press|date=August 16, 2019|access-date=August 9, 2022}}</ref> But juveniles are consumed by other muskies, northern pike, [[Black bass|bass]], [[trout]], and occasionally birds of prey. The muskellunge's low reproductive rate and slow growth render populations highly vulnerable to [[overfishing]]. This has prompted some jurisdictions to institute [[Hatchery#Fish hatcheries|artificial propagation]] programs in an attempt to maintain otherwise unsustainably high rates of angling effort and [[habitat destruction]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Subspecies and hybrids==
Though interbreeding with other pike species can complicate the classification of some individuals, [[Zoology|zoologists]] usually recognize up to three [[subspecies]] of muskellunge.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seagrant.wisc.edu/greatlakesfish/becker.html|title=Fish and Fisheries|last=Grant|first=UW Sea|website=Seagrant.wisc.edu|access-date=December 30, 2017}}</ref>
* The Great Lakes Muskellunge or Spotted Muskellunge (''E. m. masquinongy'') is the most common variety in the Great Lakes basin and surrounding area. The spots on the body form oblique rows.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* The Chautauqua Muskellunge or Barred Muskellunge (''E. m. ohioensis'') is known from the Ohio River system, [[Chautauqua Lake]], [[Lake Ontario]], and the St Lawrence River.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}
* The Clear Muskellunge (''E. m. immaculatus'') is most common in the inland lakes of Wisconsin, Minnesota, northwestern Ontario, and southeastern [[Manitoba]].{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

The [[tiger muskellunge]] (''E. masquinongy'' × ''lucius'' or ''E. lucius'' × ''masquinongy'') is a [[Hybrid (biology)|hybrid]] of the muskie and northern pike. Hybrids are sterile, although females sometimes unsuccessfully engage in spawning motions. Some hybrids are artificially produced and planted for anglers to catch. Tiger muskies grow faster than pure muskies, but do not attain the ultimate size of their pure relatives, as the tiger muskie does not live as long.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}}

==Attacks on humans==
Although very rare, muskie attacks on humans do occur on occasion.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://winnipeg.ctvnews.ca/i-came-back-up-screaming-winnipeg-woman-recovering-after-gruesome-muskie-attack-1.5046045| title = CTV News: 'I came back up screaming': Winnipeg woman recovering after gruesome Muskie attack| date = 31 July 2020|orig-date=Originally published 30 July 2020|last=Unger|first=Danton|website=CTV News|access-date=11 April 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bnhYOH_SiU&feature=youtu.be| archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/4bnhYOH_SiU| archive-date=2021-12-11 | url-status=live|title=Musky Attacks Manitoba Woman (Full Interview)| via=YouTube|date=2020-07-31}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=A boy needed stitches after swimming in a man-made lake in Montreal. Did a fish attack him?|author=Matthew Lapierre|work=CBC News|date=4 July 2024|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/fish-attack-parc-jean-drapeau-1.7254512}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{sister project links|d=Q917705|n=Category:Muskellunge|c=Category:Esox masquinongy|s=no|wikt=yes|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=Esox masquinongy|b=no}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q917705}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muskellunge}}
[[Category:Apex predators]]
[[Category:Esox]]
[[Category:Freshwater fish of the United States]]
[[Category:Fish of Canada]]
[[Category:Fish of the Eastern United States]]
[[Category:Fish of the Great Lakes]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1824]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Samuel L. Mitchill]]
[[Category:Symbols of Wisconsin]]