Editing Muslims

{{Short description|Adherents of Islam}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Muslim|muslin}}
{{other uses}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Oxford spelling|date=April 2025}}
{{infobox religious group
| group = Muslims
| population = {{circa}} '''1.9 billion'''<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion">{{Cite web |title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010-2050 |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/interactives/religious-composition-by-country-2010-2050/ |access-date=9 March 2024 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |date=21 December 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref> <br /> (25% of the global population){{increase}}<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ | title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population | newspaper=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project | date=7 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name="auto2">Lipka, Michael, and Conrad Hackett. [2015] 6 April 2017. "[https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ Why Muslims are the world's fastest-growing religious group] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911221844/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/04/06/why-muslims-are-the-worlds-fastest-growing-religious-group/ |date=11 September 2018 }}" (data analysis). ''Fact Tank''. US: [[Pew Research Center]].</ref> <br /> (Worldwide, 2020 [[Pew Research Center]]) 
| image     = Prayer in Cairo 1865.jpg
 | caption   = ''Prayer in [[Cairo]]'' (1865) by [[Jean-Léon Gérôme]]
 | region1 = {{flag|Indonesia|Islam in Indonesia}}
 | pop1 = 244,410,757
 | ref1 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama| title=Satu Data - Kementerian Agama RI}}</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|Pakistan|Islam in Pakistan   }}
 | pop2 =  231,686,709 
 | ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf|title=Table 9 : Population By Sex, Religion and Rural/Urban, Census - 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212115052/https://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/population/2023/tables/national/table_9.pdf|archive-date=12 December 2024}}</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|India   |Islam in India   }}
 | pop3 = 194,810,000
 | ref3 = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/04/01/the-countries-with-the-10-largest-christian-populations-and-the-10-largest-muslim-populations/ | title=The countries with the 10 largest Christian populations and the 10 largest Muslim populations | publisher=[[Pew Research]]|date=1 April 2019 }}</ref>
 | region4 = {{flag|Bangladesh   |Islam in Bangladesh   }}
 | pop4 = 153,700,000
 | ref4 =<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|date=15 January 2011|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=24 May 2017|language=en-US|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170524215707/http://www.pewforum.org/interactives/muslim-population-graphic/#/Bangladesh|archive-date=24 May 2017}}</ref>

 | region5 = {{flag|Nigeria   |Islam in Nigeria   }}
 | pop5 = 99,100,000
 | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=9 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109223449/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/nigeria|url-status=live}}</ref>

 | region6 = {{flag|Egypt   |Islam in Egypt   }}
 | pop6 = 95,000,000
 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=4 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104191953/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/egypt/|url-status=live}}</ref>

 | region7 = {{flag|Iran   |Islam in Iran   }}
 | pop7 = 82,900,000
 | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=8 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208143639/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/|url-status=live}}</ref>

 | region8 = {{flag|Turkey|Islam in Turkey   }}
 | pop8 = 82,800,000
 | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|title=The World Factbook|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=10 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110073821/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/turkey/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

 | region9 = {{flag|Algeria|Islam in Algeria   }}
 | pop9 = 42,000,000
 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html|title=Refworld - 2010 Report on International Religious Freedom - China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, Macau)|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|website=Refworld|access-date=14 February 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017100901/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/4cf2d0a85c.html|archive-date=17 October 2012}}</ref>

| region10 = {{flag|Sudan|Islam in Sudan}}
| pop10 = 40,400,000
| ref10 = <ref>{{Cite web|date=17 August 2019|title=SUDAN 2019 INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM REPORT|url=https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/SUDAN-2019-INTERNATIONAL-RELIGIOUS-FREEDOM-REPORT.pdf|access-date=15 November 2021|website=[[State Department]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite CIA World Factbook|country=Sudan|access-date=24 September 2022}}</ref>

 | languages =  [[Arabic]] (also [[Sacred language|Sacred]]), [[Languages of South Asia|South Asian languages]], [[Languages of Africa|African languages]], [[Classification of Southeast Asian languages|Southeast Asian languages]], [[Turkic languages]], [[Iranian languages]], and other [[Muslim world]] languages{{sfn|Talbot|Singh|2009|loc=p. 27, footnote 3}}<ref>{{cite report|url=http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |title=Chapter 1: Global Religious Populations, 1910–2010 |last1=Grim |first1=Brian J. |last2=Johnson |first2=Todd M. |date=2013 |publisher=Wiley |access-date=10 March 2017 |page=22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100448/http://media.johnwiley.com.au/product_data/excerpt/47/04706745/0470674547-196.pdf |archive-date=20 October 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/guides/ethnologue200|title=What are the top 200 most spoken languages?|date=3 October 2018|website=Ethnologue|language=en|access-date=7 December 2019|archive-date=12 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112222210/http://www.ethnologue.org/ethno_docs/distribution.asp?by=size|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Al-Jallad|first=Ahmad|title=Polygenesis in the Arabic Dialects|date=30 May 2011|url=http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234348/http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics/polygenesis-in-the-arabic-dialects-EALL_SIM_000030?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-arabic-language-and-linguistics&s.q=neo-arabic|archive-date=15 August 2016}}</ref>
| religions = 87–90% [[Sunni Islam]]<ref name=Sunni /><ref name="Sunni Islam" /><br />10–13% [[Shia Islam]]<ref name="Shia" /><ref name=Pew_2009/><br />~1% Other Islamic traditions, including [[Ahmadiyya]], [[Ibadism]], [[Quranism]]<ref name="ahmadi" /><ref name=affiliation>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|title=Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation|date=9 August 2012|website=The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity|publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]'s Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=4 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226113158/http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity|archive-date=26 December 2016}}</ref>}}

'''Muslims''' ({{langx|ar|المسلمون|translit=al-Muslimūn|lit=submitters [to [[God in Islam|God]]]}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Muslim |url-status=live |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20150907223337/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Muslim |archive-date=7 September 2015 |publisher=etymonline.com }}</ref> are people who adhere to [[Islam]], a [[Monotheism|monotheistic]] religion belonging to the [[Abrahamic religions|Abrahamic]] tradition. They consider the [[Quran]], the foundational religious text of Islam, to be the verbatim word of the [[God in Abrahamic religions|God of Abraham]] (or ''[[Allah]]'') as it was revealed to [[Muhammad]], the last [[Islamic prophet]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|vauthors=Welch, Alford T, Moussalli, Ahmad S, Newby, Gordon D|title=Muḥammad|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World|editor-first=John L.|editor-last=Esposito|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|year=2009|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|quote=The Prophet of Islam was a religious, political, and social reformer who gave rise to one of the great civilizations of the world. From a modern, historical perspective, Muḥammad was the founder of Islam. From the perspective of the Islamic faith, he was God's Messenger (rasūl Allāh), called to be a "warner," first to the Arabs and then to all humankind.|access-date=27 March 2017|archive-date=11 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211050118/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t236/e0550|url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Alongside the Quran, Muslims also believe in previous [[Islamic holy books|revelation]]s, such as the [[Tawrat]] ([[Torah]]), the [[Zabur]] ([[Psalms]]), and the [[Injeel]] ([[Gospel]]). These earlier revelations are associated with [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]], which are regarded by Muslims as earlier versions of Islam.<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Connections . Religion {{!}} PBS |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/globalconnections/mideast/themes/religion/index.html |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=www.pbs.org}}</ref> The majority of Muslims also follow the teachings and practices attributed to Muhammad (''[[sunnah]]'') as recorded in traditional accounts ([[hadith]]).<ref>{{cite book|title=The Qurʼan and Sayings of Prophet Muhammad: Selections Annotated & Explained|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vzx8HlsGnTcC&pg=PR21|access-date=31 August 2013|year=2007|publisher=SkyLight Paths Publishing|isbn=978-1-59473-222-5|pages=21–}}</ref>

With an estimated population of almost 1.9 billion followers as of 2020 year estimation, Muslims comprise around 25% of the world's total population.<ref name="pewresearch.orgReligion"/> In descending order, the percentage of people who identify as Muslims on each continental landmass stands at:<ref name="comps.world">{{Cite web |title=Center of Muslim Population Studies (CoMPS) |url=https://comps.world/ | access-date=23 June 2023}}</ref> 45% of [[Islam in Africa|Africa]], 25% of [[Islam in Asia|Asia]] and [[Islam in Oceania|Oceania]] collectively,<ref name="pewaspa">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Asia-Pacific |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309233927/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center }}</ref> 6% of [[Islam in Europe|Europe]],<ref name="peweur">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Europe |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407080033/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-europe.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center }}</ref> and 1% of the [[Islam in the Americas|Americas]].<ref name="pewame">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Americas |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407082305/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-americas.aspx |archive-date=7 April 2013 |access-date=3 January 2012 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kington |first=Tom |date=31 March 2008 |title=Number of Muslims ahead of Catholics, says Vatican |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/31/religion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902042814/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/mar/31/religion |archive-date=2 September 2013 |access-date=17 November 2008 |website=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Muslim Population |url=http://www.islamicpopulation.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525045557/http://www.muslimpopulation.com/index.html |archive-date=25 May 2013 |access-date=17 November 2008 |publisher=IslamicPopulation.com }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Field Listing Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110604221011/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=4 June 2011 |access-date=17 November 2008 }}</ref> Additionally, in subdivided geographical regions, the figure stands at: 91% of the [[MENA#Religion|Middle East–North Africa]],<ref name="pewmena">{{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |title=Region: Middle East-North Africa |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309233947/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live  |date=27 January 2011}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim22">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Middle East-North Africa |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725215915/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-middle-east.aspx |archive-date=25 July 2013 |access-date=22 December 2011 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=7 October 2009 |title=Middle East-North Africa Overview |language=en-US |work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/ |url-status=live |access-date=18 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170128210559/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population10/ |archive-date=28 January 2017}}</ref> 90% of [[Islam in Central Asia|Central Asia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape|date=December 2012|website=Pew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924113632/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii|title=CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography|last=Rowland|first=Richard H.|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica|language=en|access-date=25 May 2017|volume=2|pages=161–164|archive-date=16 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916105914/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=CENTRAL ASIA ii. Demography |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii |access-date=25 May 2017 |last=Rowland |first=Richard H. |volume=2 |pages=161–164 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916105914/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/central-asia-ii |archive-date=16 September 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref> 65% of the [[Caucasus#Demographics|Caucasus]],<ref name="cia.gov">{{Cite web |title=Middle East :: Azerbaijan — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/ |archive-date=27 January 2021 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref name="eurasianet.org">{{Cite web |title=The Many Languages of Islam in the Caucasus |url=https://eurasianet.org/the-many-languages-of-islam-in-the-caucasus |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721131035/https://eurasianet.org/the-many-languages-of-islam-in-the-caucasus |archive-date=21 July 2020 |access-date=1 December 2019 |website=Eurasianet |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Armenia information">{{cite web |title=Statistical Service of Armenia |url=http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010144321/http://www.armstat.am/file/doc/99475033.pdf |archive-date=10 October 2017 |access-date=20 February 2014 |publisher=Armstat}}</ref><ref name="News.am">{{cite news |title=Armenia Population |agency=countrymeters.info |url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |url-status=live |access-date=24 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626115837/http://countrymeters.info/en/Armenia |archive-date=26 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=humans.txt |title=Azərbaycan əhalisinin sayı 10 milyon nəfərə çatıb |url=http://www.yap.org.az/az/view/news/32999/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-10-milyon-nefere-chatib |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601041031/http://www.yap.org.az/az/view/news/32999/azerbaycan-ehalisinin-sayi-10-milyon-nefere-chatib |archive-date=1 June 2019 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=/ |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Middle East :: Georgia — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/ |archive-date=4 February 2021 |access-date=9 December 2019 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref> 42% of [[Islam in Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|title=Oxford Islamic Studies Online|website=www.oxfordislamicstudies.com|language=en|access-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320170459/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref name="Yusuf">{{Cite journal|last=Yusuf|first=Imtiyaz|title=The Middle East and Muslim Southeast Asia: Implications of the Arab Spring|url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|journal=Oxford Islamic Studies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320170459/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/Public/focus/essay1009_southeast_asia.html|archive-date=20 March 2017|url-status=usurped}}{{cbignore}}</ref> 32% of [[Islam in South Asia|South Asia]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/|title=Region: Asia-Pacific|date=27 January 2011|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171010061404/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-asia/|archive-date=10 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html|title=The moment American Muslims were waiting for|editor-last=Burke|editor-first=Daniel Burke|website=CNN Religion|date=29 July 2016|access-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312235900/http://www.cnn.com/2016/07/29/politics/muslims-moment-khan/index.html|archive-date=12 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> and 42% of [[Sub-Saharan Africa#Religion|sub-Saharan Africa]].<ref name="pewssa">{{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |title=Region: Sub-Saharan Africa |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |date=27 January 2011 |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=3 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309234009/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |archive-date=9 March 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim32">{{cite web |date=27 January 2011 |title=Region: Sub-Saharan Africa |url=http://pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728160720/http://www.pewforum.org/future-of-the-global-muslim-population-regional-sub-saharan-africa.aspx |archive-date=28 July 2013 |access-date=22 December 2011 |website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population |publisher=Pew Research Center}}</ref>

While there are several [[Islamic schools and branches]], as well as [[non-denominational Muslims]], the two largest denominations are [[Sunni Islam]] (87–90% of all Muslims)<ref name="Sunni-eb">* {{cite web |date=7 October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225005131/http://www.pewforum.org/2009/10/07/mapping-the-global-muslim-population/ |archive-date=25 December 2018 |access-date=24 September 2013 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims.}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&dq=Sunni+Islam&pg=PA3 Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200516213612/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3&dq=Sunni+Islam#v=onepage&q=Sunni%20Islam|date=16 May 2020}} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."
* {{cite web |title=Sunni |url=http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141012090751/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/sunni |archive-date=12 October 2014 |access-date=20 December 2012 |publisher=[[Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs]] |quote=Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam, comprising about 85% of the world's over 1.5&nbsp;billion Muslims.}}
* {{cite web |title=Religions |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/religions/ |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 87-90% of the world's Muslim population.}}</ref> and [[Shia Islam]] (10–13% of all Muslims).<ref name="Shia" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Religions - The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/religions/ |access-date=9 February 2025 |website=www.cia.gov}}</ref><ref name=Pew_2009>{{Cite report |date=October 2009 |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |work=[[Pew Research Center]] |url=https://www.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf |access-date=17 January 2022 |page=1 |quotation=Of the total Muslim population, 10-13% are Shia Muslims and 87-90% are Sunni Muslims. Most Shias (between 68% and 80%) live in just four countries: Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq.}}</ref> By sheer numbers, South Asia accounts for the largest portion (31%) of the global Muslim population.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen |url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=kaubzRxh-U0C}} |title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Raj |first2=Selva J. |date=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780415448512 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&pg=PA193 193] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Pillalamarri |first=Akhilesh |date=8 January 2016 |title=How South Asia Will Save Global Islam |language=en-US |newspaper=The Diplomat |url=https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |url-status=live |access-date=7 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327102711/https://thediplomat.com/2016/01/how-south-asia-will-save-global-islam/ |archive-date=27 March 2019}}</ref> By country, [[Islam in Indonesia|Indonesia]] is the largest in the [[Muslim world]], holding around 12% of all Muslims worldwide;<ref name="Islam_by_country" /><ref name="pew2015countries">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|title=10 Countries With the Largest Muslim Populations, 2010 and 2050date=2015-04-02|website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=4 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504075835/http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/muslims/pf_15-04-02_projectionstables74/|url-status=live}}</ref> with [[Pakistan]] having the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia.<ref>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Y P |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbqfCwAAQBAJ&q=pakistan+has+second+largest+muslim+population+in+the+world&pg=PT5 |title=Islam in India and Pakistan – A Religious History |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |year=2016 |isbn=9789385505638 |quote=Pakistan has the second largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia.}}</ref> Outside of the Muslim-majority countries, [[India]] and [[Islam in China|China]] are home to the largest (11%) and second-largest (2%) Muslim populations, respectively.<ref>{{Citation|title=Book review: Russia's Muslim Heartlands reveals diverse population|date=21 April 2018|url=https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|language=en|access-date=13 January 2019|archive-date=14 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190114210257/https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/book-review-russia-s-muslim-heartlands-reveals-diverse-population-1.723230|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="pewmuslim122">{{cite web|url=http://features.pewforum.org/muslim-population/|title=Muslim Population by Country|website=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx|archive-date=9 February 2011|access-date=22 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/features/islam-russia-180307094248743.html&ved=2ahUKEwjnwtPN1OXfAhXNSxUIHQhBA4gQFjAMegQIBhAB&usg=AOvVaw27U7hQK-1THu2LP_Be0os7&ampcf=1&cshid=1547207388328|title=Islam in Russia|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=9 January 2022|archive-date=11 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175543/https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/indepth/features/islam-russia-180307094248743.html%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjnwtPN1OXfAhXNSxUIHQhBA4gQFjAMegQIBhAB%26usg%3DAOvVaw27U7hQK-1THu2LP_Be0os7%26ampcf%3D1%26cshid%3D1547207388328|url-status=dead}}</ref> Due to high [[Muslim population growth]], Islam is the [[Growth of religion|fastest-growing religion]] in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/main-factors-driving-population-growth/|title=Main Factors Driving Population Growth|date=2 April 2015|work=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project|access-date=23 October 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=1 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201205139/https://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/main-factors-driving-population-growth/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|title=The world's fastest-growing religion is ...|last1=Burke|first1=Daniel|date=4 April 2015|access-date=18 April 2015|agency=CNN|archive-date=15 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200515234633/https://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="USNewsLippman2">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god|title=No God But God|author=Lippman, Thomas W.|date=7 April 2008|magazine=U.S. News & World Report|access-date=24 September 2013|quote=Islam is the youngest, the fastest growing, and in many ways the least complicated of the world's great monotheistic faiths. It is based on its own holy book, but it is also a direct descendant of Judaism and Christianity, incorporating some of the teachings of those religions—modifying some and rejecting others.|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116181425/https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/no-god-but-god|url-status=live}}</ref> Muslims have [[Persecution of Muslims|experienced persecution]] of varying severity, especially in China, India, some parts of Africa, and Southeast Asia.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dabashi |first=Hamid |title=Muslim cleansing: A global pandemic? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2018/12/22/muslim-cleansing-a-global-pandemic |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2022 |title=Discrimination and Persecution Against Muslims Worldwide {{!}} Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission |url=http://humanrightscommission.house.gov/events/hearings/discrimination-and-persecution-against-muslims-worldwide |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=humanrightscommission.house.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ochab |first=Dr Ewelina U. |title=Muslims Have Become A Persecuted Minority In India, Experts Warn |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewelinaochab/2022/07/16/muslims-have-become-a-persecuted-minority-in-india-experts-warn/ |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=China: Draconian repression of Muslims in Xinjiang amounts to crimes against humanity |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2021/06/china-draconian-repression-of-muslims-in-xinjiang-amounts-to-crimes-against-humanity/ |access-date=23 May 2024 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{See also|Islam#Etymology}}
The word ''muslim''{{efn|{{langx|ar|مسلم|link=no}}, {{IPA|ar|ˈmʊslɪm|IPA}}; {{IPAc-en|lang|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ɪ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|z|l|ɪ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|s|l|ɪ|m}} {{respell|MUZZ|lim|,_|MUUZ|lim|,_|MUUSS|lim}}}} or ''moslem''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|l|ə|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|l|ə|m}} {{respell|MOZ|ləm|,_|MOSS|ləm}}<ref name="muslim pron" />}} is the [[active participle]] of the same verb of which ''islām'' is a [[verbal noun]], based on the [[triliteral]] ''[[S-L-M]]'' "to be whole, intact".<ref>Burns & Ralph, ''World Civilizations'', 5th ed., p. 371.</ref><ref>Entry for ''šlm'', p. 2067, Appendix B: Semitic Roots, ''The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language'', 4th ed., Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, {{ISBN|0-618-08230-1}}.</ref> A female adherent is a ''muslima'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمة}}; also [[transliteration|transliterated]] as ''muslimah'').<ref>[http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/muslimah Muslimah] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817020605/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/muslimah |date=17 August 2016 }}. ''Oxford Dictionaries''. Oxford University Press. 2016</ref> The plural form in Arabic is ''muslimūn'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمون}}) or ''muslimīn'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمين}}), and its feminine equivalent is ''muslimāt'' ({{lang|ar|مسلمات}}).

The ordinary word in English is "Muslim". For most of the 20th century, the preferred spelling in English was "Moslem", but this has now fallen into disuse. That spelling and its pronunciation was opposed by many Muslims in English-speaking countries because it resembled the Arabic word ''aẓ-ẓālim'' ({{lang|ar|الظَّالِم}}), meaning "the oppressor".<ref name=vanishingmoslems>Baker, Paul, Costas Gabrielatos, and Tony McEnery. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8DUhAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA76 "Muslim or Moslem? Differences between newspapers: Vanishing Moslems"], ''Discourse Analysis and Media Attitudes: The Representation of Islam in the British Press'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 2013, pages 76-78.</ref> In the United States, the [[Associated Press]] instructed news outlets to switch to the spelling "Muslim" in 1991, making it the most common spelling thereafter.<ref>[https://www.newspapers.com/clip/147637700/ "Term 'Moslem' becomes 'Muslim'], ''[[San Angelo Standard-Times]]'', 1 January 1991, page 11A, via [[Newspapers.com]]. See also Newspapers.com search results for the word "Moslem", which show a sharp decline immediately after the AP's decision.</ref><ref>Chen, Yii-Ann Christine. [https://www.historynewsnetwork.org/article/why-do-people-say-muslim-now-instead-of-moslem "Why Do People Say Muslim Now Instead of Moslem?"], [[History News Network]], 8 July 2002, Web. Retrieved 18 May 2024.</ref> The last major newspaper in the United Kingdom to use the spelling "Moslem" was the ''[[Daily Mail]]'', which switched to "Muslim" in 2004.<ref name=vanishingmoslems/>

The word ''Mosalman'' or ''Mussulman'' ({{langx|fa|مسلمان|translit=mosalmân}}, alternatively ''musalmān'') is a common equivalent for ''Muslim'' used in [[Central Asia|Central]] and [[South Asia]]. In English it was sometimes spelled '''Mussulman''' and has become [[Archaism|archaic]] in usage; however, cognates of this word remain the standard term for "Muslim" in various other European languages. Until at least the mid-1960s, many English-language writers used the term ''[[Mohammedan]]s'' or ''Mahometans''.<ref>See for instance the second edition of ''[[Fowler's Modern English Usage|A Dictionary of Modern English Usage]]'' by [[Henry Watson Fowler|H. W. Fowler]], revised by [[Ernest Gowers]] (Oxford, 1965).</ref> Although such terms were not necessarily intended to be [[pejorative]], Muslims argue that the terms are offensive because they allegedly imply that Muslims worship Muhammad rather than God.<ref>{{Cite book| publisher = Oxford University Press| last = Gibb| first = Sir Hamilton| title = Mohammedanism: an historical survey| year = 1969| page=1 | quote=Modern Muslims dislike the terms Mohammedan and Mohammedanism, which seem to them to carry the implication of worship of Mohammed, as Christian and Christianity imply the worship of Christ.}}</ref> Other obsolete terms include ''Muslimite''<ref>{{Cite OED|Muslimite}}</ref> and ''Muslimist''.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Abbas|first1=Tahir|title=Muslim Britain: Communities Under Pressure|url=https://archive.org/details/muslimbritaincom00abba|url-access=registration|date=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/muslimbritaincom00abba/page/n68 50]}}</ref> In medieval Europe, Muslims were commonly called [[Saracens]].

The Muslim philologist [[Ibn al-Anbari]] said:

{{Blockquote|a Muslim is a person who has dedicated his worship exclusively to God, for just as we say in Arabic that something is ‘''salima''’ to a person, meaning that it became solely his own, so in the same way ‘''Islām''’ means making one's religion and faith God's alone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Abdelnour |first1=Mohammed Gamal |title=A Comparative History of Catholic and Aš'arī Theologies of Truth and Salvation |date=25 May 2021 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004461765 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA154 154] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OkwwEAAAQBAJ}}</ref>}}

In several places in the [[Quran]], the word ''muslim'' conveys a universal meaning, beyond the description of the followers of [[Muhammad]], for example:<ref>[[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] (2015), <u>The Study Quran</u>, HarperCollins, footnote p. 146</ref>

{{blockquote |

"Abraham was not a Jew, nor a Christian, but he was a true Muslim [مُّسۡلِمࣰا], and he was not a polytheist." – Quran 3:67 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/67/|title=Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:67|website=www.islamawakened.com}}</ref>

"Then when Jesus perceived their disbelief he said, 'Who will be my helpers of God.' The disciples said 'We will be the helpers of God; we believe in God and bear witness that we are Muslims [مُسۡلِمُونَ].'" – Quran 3:52 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.islamawakened.com/quran/3/52/|title=Ayah al-Imran (The Family of Imran, The House of Imran) 3:52|website=www.islamawakened.com}}</ref>
}}[[Quranic studies]] scholar [[Mohsen Goudarzi]] has argued that in the Quran the word ''[[dīn]]'' means "[[worship]]", the ''[[islām]]'' means "[[monotheism]]" and the ''muslim'' means "monotheist".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Goudarzi |first=Mohsen |date=1 August 2023 |title=Worship (dīn), Monotheism (islām), and the Qurʾān's Cultic Decalogue |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006/html |journal=Journal of the International Qur'anic Studies Association |language=en |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=30–71 |doi=10.1515/jiqsa-2023-0006 |issn=2474-8420|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Until the 8th century, the term ''muslim'' was more inclusive, including anyone who was considered to be submitting to God (e.g. Christians and Jews), and the term ''mu'min'' was instead used to refer to believers in Islam as a distinct religion.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Donner |first=Fred M. |date=23 January 2018 |title=Talking about Islam's origins |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/bulletin-of-the-school-of-oriental-and-african-studies/article/abs/talking-about-islams-origins1/31AC247FCBBE328951FC1FC9A3F9ABED |journal=Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies |language=en |volume=81 |issue=1 |pages=6 |doi=10.1017/S0041977X17001409 |issn=0041-977X|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Qualifier==
{{Islam, iman and ihsan}}
To become a Muslim and to convert to Islam, it is essential to utter the ''[[Shahada]]'' in front of Muslim witnesses,<ref>Galonnier, Juliette. "Moving In or Moving Toward? Reconceptualizing Conversion to Islam as a Liminal Process1." Moving in and out of Islam. University of Texas Press, 2018. 44-66.
</ref> one of the [[Five Pillars of Islam]], a [[declaration of faith]] and trust that professes that there is [[tawhid|only one]] [[God in Islam|God]] ''([[Allah]])'' and that [[Muhammad]] is God's messenger.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pillars of Islam |url=http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859 |website=Oxford Islamic Studies Online |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170426134526/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1859 |archive-date=26 April 2017 |date=26 April 2017 |url-status=usurped}}</ref> It is a set statement normally recited in Arabic: ''ašhadu ʾan-lā ʾilāha ʾillā-llāhu wa ʾašhadu ʾanna muħammadan rasūlu-llāh'' ({{lang|ar|أشهد أن لا إله إلا الله وأشهد أن محمداً رسول الله}})  "I testify that there is no god [worthy of worship] except Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah."<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87|title=Matthew S. Gordon and Martin Palmer, ''Islam'', Info base Publishing, 2009|page=87|access-date=26 August 2012|isbn=9781438117782|last1=Gordon|first1=Matthew|last2=Gordon|first2=Professor of Middle East Islamic History Matthew S|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |archive-date=20 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210320105511/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHG_VulBdd4C&q=convert+islam+shahada&pg=PA87|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Sunni Islam]], the shahada has two parts: ''la ilaha illa'llah'' (there is no god but [[Allah]]), and ''Muhammadun rasul Allah'' ([[Muhammad]] is the messenger of God),<ref name="LS">Lindsay, p.&nbsp;140–141</ref> which are sometimes referred to as the first ''shahada'' and the second ''shahada''.<ref name="Cornell9">Cornell, p.&nbsp;9</ref> The first statement of the shahada is also known as the ''[[tahlil|tahlīl]]''.<ref>{{cite book|author=Michael Anthony Sells|title=Approaching the Qur'an: The Early Revelations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|year=1999|publisher=White Cloud Press|page=151|isbn=9781883991265|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=1 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301182642/https://books.google.com/books?id=EYCFTVDDKmkC|url-status=live}}</ref>

In [[Shia Islam]], the shahada also has a third part, a phrase concerning [[Ali]], the first [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Shia Imam]] and the fourth [[Rashidun|Rashid caliph]] of [[Sunni Islam]]: {{lang|ar|وعليٌ وليُّ الله}} ({{transliteration|ar|DIN|wa ʿalīyyun walīyyu-llāh}}), which translates to "Ali is the ''[[wali]]'' of God".<ref>''The Later Mughals'' by [[William Irvine (historian)|William Irvine]] p.&nbsp;130</ref>

In [[Quranism|Quranist Islam]], the shahada is the testimony that there is no god but [[Allah]] (''la ilaha illa'llah'').{{citation needed|date=June 2022}}

The religious practices of Muslims are enumerated in the [[Five Pillars of Islam]]: the declaration of faith (''[[shahadah]]''), daily prayers (''[[salat|salah]]''), almsgiving (''[[zakat]]''), fasting during the month of [[Ramadan]] (''[[sawm]]''), and the pilgrimage to [[Mecca]] (''[[hajj]]'') at least once in a lifetime.<ref name="WSU" /><ref name="CIA" />

==In Islamic theology==
{{main|Prophets and messengers in Islam}}
The majority of [[Schools of Islamic theology|theological traditions of Islam]] accept that works do not determine if someone is a Muslim or not. God alone would know about the belief of a person. Fellow Muslims can only accept the personal declaration of faith. Only the [[Kharijites|Khawārij]] developed an understanding of Muslim identity based mainly on the adherence to liturgical and legal norms.<ref>Johansen, Baber. Contingency in a sacred law: legal and ethical norms in the Muslim fiqh. Vol. 7. Brill, 1999.</ref>

When asked about one's beliefs, it is recommended to say the ''[[Inshallah|Istit̲h̲nāʾ]]'', for example, "''in-sha'allah'' I am Muslim a believer" (so God will, I am Muslim), since only God knows the future of a person.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Madelung | first=Wilferd | title=Early Sunni Doctrine concerning Faith as Reflected in the "Kitab al-Iman" of Abu 'Ubayd al-Qasim b. Sallam (d. 224/839) | journal=Studia Islamica | issue=32 | date=1970 | pages=233–254 | doi=10.2307/1595222 | jstor=1595222 }}</ref> Among [[Ash'arism|Asharites]], it is also seen as a sign of humility and the individual's longing to improve, because the creature has no assurance of their own state (of belief) until the end of life.<ref>Watt, W. Montgomery. "A Commentary on the Creed of Islam: al-Taftazani on the Creed of al-Nasafi. Translated, with introduction and notes, by Earl Edgar Elder, pp. xxxii+ 187. New York: Columbia University Press (London: Geoffrey Cumberlege). 1950. 30s." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 83.1-2 (1951): 129-129.</ref>

The [[Qur'an]] describes many prophets and messengers within [[Judaism]] and [[Christianity]], and their respective followers, as Muslim. Some of those that were mentioned are: [[Adam (Bible)|Adam]], [[Noah]], [[Abraham in Islam|Abraham]], [[Ishmael in Islam|Ishmael]], [[Jacob]], [[Islamic view of Moses|Moses]], and [[Islamic view of Jesus|Jesus]] and his [[apostles]] are all considered to be Muslims in the Qur'an.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Schimmel |first=Annemarie |title=Islam |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Islam |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=17 September 2021 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> The Qur'an states that these men were Muslims because they submitted to God, preached His message and upheld His values, which included praying, charity, [[fasting]] and pilgrimage. Thus, in Surah 3:52 of the Qur'an, [[Disciples of Jesus in Islam|Jesus' disciples]] tell him, "We believe in God; and you be our witness that we are Muslims (''wa-shahad be anna muslimūn'')." In Islamic belief, before the Qur'an, God had given the [[Tawrat]] ([[Torah]]) to the prophets and messengers among the [[Israelites|Children of Israel]],{{sfn|Lang|2015|p=98}} the [[Zabur]] ([[Psalms]]) to [[David]] and the [[Injil]] ([[Gospel]]) to Jesus, who are all considered important [[Prophets of Islam|Muslim prophets]].<ref name="Books of Islam">{{cite web |title=The Books of Islam |url=https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/ |website=Yusuf / Cat Stevens |access-date=11 November 2021 |archive-date=11 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111044624/https://catstevens.com/think/spiritual-domain/the-books-of-islam/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{main|Islam#Demographics}}
{{See also|Islam by country}}
[[File:Islam percent population in each nation World Map Muslim data by Pew Research.svg|thumb|300px|World Muslim population by percentage (2012)]]
The most populous Muslim-majority country is Indonesia, home to 12.7% of the world's Muslims,<ref name=Distrib>{{cite web|title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|date=October 2009|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=22 February 2017|quote=Of the total Muslim population, 30%-40% are Shia Muslims and 60-70% are Sunni Muslims.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170205171040/http://www.pewforum.org/files/2009/10/Muslimpopulation.pdf|archive-date=5 February 2017}}</ref> followed by Pakistan (11.0%), Bangladesh (9.2%), Nigeria (5.3%) and Egypt (4.9%).<ref name="Islam_by_country" /> About 20% of the world's Muslims live in the Middle East and North Africa. Non-majority India contains 10.9% of the world's Muslims.<ref name="Distrib" /><ref>{{cite book
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-515713-0
| last = Esposito
| first = John L.
| title = What everyone needs to know about Islam
| url = https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo
| url-access = registration
| page = [https://archive.org/details/whateveryoneneed00espo/page/n42 21]
| date = 15 October 2002
}} and {{Cite book
| edition = Rev. 3rd ed., updated with new epilogue.
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| isbn = 978-0-19-518266-8
| last = Esposito
| first = John
| title = Islam : the straight path
| location = New York
| pages = 2, 43
| year = 2005
}}</ref> [[Arab Muslims]] form the [[List of contemporary ethnic groups|largest ethnic group among Muslims]] in the world,<ref>Margaret Kleffner Nydell [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZNoiieefqAcC Understanding Arabs: A Guide For Modern Times], Intercultural Press, 2005, {{ISBN|1931930252}}, page xxiii, 14</ref> followed by [[Bengali Muslims|Bengalis]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard Eaton|editor=Barbara D. Metcalf|title=Islam in South Asia in Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0LzVCpfw8C|date=8 September 2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-3138-8|page=275|chapter=Forest Clearing and the Growth of Islam in Bengal}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=haGORCJRlOUC&pg=PA50 |title=The Bangladesh Reader: History, Culture, Politics |author1=Meghna Guhathakurta |author2=Willem van Schendel |date=30 April 2013 |publisher=Duke University Press |access-date=7 November 2016|isbn=978-0822353188 }}</ref> and [[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabis]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Rajmohan|title=Punjab: A History from Aurangzeb to Mountbatten|year=2013|page=1|publisher=Aleph Book Company|location=New Delhi, India, Urbana, [[Illinois]]|isbn=978-93-83064-41-0}}.</ref>

Over 87–90% of Muslims are [[Sunni]].<ref name=Sunni /><ref name="Sunni Islam" /> The second largest sect, [[Shia]], make up 10–13%,<ref name="Shia" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name="Pew_2009" /> whereas other movements such as the [[Ahmadiyya]], [[Quranism]], [[Ibadism]], collectively count for 1% percent.<ref name="ahmadi" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mawji |first=Omar |date=2016-03-11 |title=Oman: A Beacon of Tolerance in the MENA Region |url=https://www.geopoliticalmonitor.com/oman-a-beacon-of-tolerance-in-the-mena-region/ |access-date=2025-05-28 |website=Geopolitical Monitor |language=en}}</ref> While the majority of the population in the [[Middle East]] identify as either Sunni or Shia, a significant number of Muslims identify as [[non-denominational Muslims|non-denominational]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bujyDwAAQBAJ&dq=non+denominationaL+islam&pg=PT14 | title=Cultural and Heritage Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa: Complexities, Management and Practices | isbn=9781000177169 | last1=Seyfi | first1=Siamak | last2=Michael Hall | first2=C. | date=28 September 2020 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>

With about 1.8 billion followers (2015), almost a quarter of [[world population|earth's population]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|website=Pew Research Center|date=5 April 2017|title=The Changing Global Religious Landscape|access-date=20 October 2018|archive-date=6 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406033738/http://www.pewforum.org/2017/04/05/the-changing-global-religious-landscape/|url-status=live}}</ref> Islam is the [[major religious groups|second-largest]] and the [[Growth of religion|fastest-growing religion in the world]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html|title=The fastest growing religion in the world is ...|last=Burke|first=Daniel|publisher=CNN|access-date=6 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160511135834/http://www.cnn.com/2015/04/02/living/pew-study-religion/index.html|archive-date=11 May 2016}}</ref> primarily due to the young age and high [[fertility rate]] of Muslims,<ref name="pew"/> with Muslims having a rate of 3.1 compared to the world average of 2.5. According to the same study, [[Religious conversion|religious switching]] has no impact on Muslim population, since the number of people who [[Convert to Islam|embrace Islam]] and those who [[Apostasy in Islam|leave Islam]] are roughly equal.<ref name="Global Islam" /><ref name="pew">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2009/10/Muslimpopulation-1.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref>

As of 2010, 49 countries in the world had Muslim majorities, in which Muslims comprised more than 50% of the population.<ref name="Global Islam" /> In 2010, 74.1% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the majority, while 25.9% of the world's Muslim population lived in countries where Muslims are in the minority.<ref name="Global Islam">{{cite report|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2011/01/FutureGlobalMuslimPopulation-WebPDF-Feb10.pdf|title=The Future of the Global Muslim Population|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=27 January 2011}}</ref> A Pew Center study in 2010 found that 3% of the world's Muslim population lives in non-Muslim-majority [[developed countries]].<ref name="Global Islam" /> [[Islam in India|India's Muslim population]] is the world's largest Muslim-minority population in the world (11% of the world's Muslim population).<ref name="Global Islam" /> Followed by Ethiopia (28 million), China (22 million), Russia (16 million) and Tanzania (13 million).<ref name="pew" /> Sizable minorities are also found in [[Islam in the Americas|the Americas]] (5.2 million or 0.6%), [[Islam in Australia|Australia]] (714,000 or 1.9%) and parts of [[Islam in Europe|Europe]] (44 million or 6%).<ref name="Global Islam" />

A Pew Center study in 2016 found that Muslims have the highest number of adherents under the age of 15 (34% of the total Muslim population) of any major religion, while only 7% are aged 60+ (the smallest percentage of any major religion). According to the same study, Muslims have the highest [[fertility rate]]s (3.1) of any major religious group.<ref name="Pew2016">{{cite web |access-date=19 December 2016 |title=Religion and Education Around the World |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=13 December 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222152619/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2016/12/21094148/Religion-Education-ONLINE-FINAL.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2016 }}</ref> The study also found that Muslims (tied with [[Hindus]]) have the lowest average levels of [[education]] with an average of 5.6 years of schooling, though both groups have made the largest gains in educational attainment in recent decades among major religions.<ref name="Pew2016"/> About 36% of all Muslims have no formal schooling,<ref name="Pew2016"/> and Muslims have the lowest average levels of [[higher education]] of any major religious group, with only 8% having [[Academic degree|graduate]] and [[post-graduate]] degrees.<ref name="Pew2016"/>

==Culture==
{{Main|Islamic culture}}
Muslim culture or Islamic culture are terms used to describe the cultural practices common to Muslims and historically Islamic people. The early forms of [[Muslim]] culture, from the [[Rashidun Caliphate]] to early [[Umayyad]] period, were predominantly [[Arab]], [[Byzantine]], [[Persians|Persian]] and [[Levant]]ine. With the rapid expansion of the Arab [[Caliphate|Islamic empire]]s, Muslim culture has influenced and assimilated much from the [[Indonesia]]n, [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] ([[Punjabi Muslims|Punjabi]], [[Pashtuns|Pashtun]], [[Baloch people|Baloch]] [[Kashmiri Muslims|Kashmiri]], [[Sindhis|Sindhi]]), [[Ganga-Jamuni tehzeeb|Hindustani]], [[Bengalis|Bengali]], [[Nigeria]]n, [[Egyptian culture|Egyptian]], [[Persian culture|Persia]]n, [[Turkic people|Turkic]], [[Caucasus|Caucasian]], [[Malay people|Malay]], [[Somali people|Somali]], [[Berber people|Berber]], and [[Moro people|Moro]] cultures.

==See also==
* [[Cultural Muslims]]
* [[Islamic schools and branches]]
* [[Mohammedan]]
* [[Lists of Muslims]]
* [[List of converts to Islam]]
*[[Hispanic and Latino American Muslims|Latino Muslims]]
* [[Islamic holidays]]
* [[Muslim world]]
* [[Mumin]]
* [[Persecution of Muslims]]
* [[Islam by country]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="WSU">{{cite web |url=http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM |title=arkan ad-din the five pillars of religion |publisher=[[Washington State University]] |location=United States |first=Richard |last=Hooker |date=14 July 1999|access-date=17 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203124633/http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/GLOSSARY/5PILLARS.HTM <!--Added by H3llBot--> |archive-date=3 December 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |location=United States |year=2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name="muslim pron">[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muslim "Muslim"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220112121/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muslim |date=20 February 2016 }}. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]'': {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʌ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|z|l|ᵻ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ʊ|s|l|ᵻ|m}}; ''[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moslem moslem] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515200017/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/moslem |date=15 May 2011 }}'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|z|l|ə|m}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|m|ɒ|s|l|ə|m}}</ref>

<ref name="Shia">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Shii/Shii-dynasties |title=Shiʿi, Islam |quote=In the early 21st century some 10–13 percent of the world's 1.6 billion Muslims were Shiʿi. |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=17 January 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name=Sunni>See: 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA51 Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni" 
* [http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran |date=17 March 2012 }} "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population" 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&q=sunni+75%25&pg=PA15 Iran, Israel and the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15&dq=&hl=en&ei=e4XoTt-TDIaL8gOG692iCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=sunni%2075%25&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population" 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |title=Sunnite |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |quote=They numbered about 900 million in the late 20th century and constituted nine-tenths of all the adherents of Islām. |access-date=26 August 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809124159/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/574006/Sunnite |archive-date=9 August 2010 }} 
* {{Cite book |title=Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures |quote=A common compromise figure ranks Sunnis at 90 percent. |year=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=978-0-7614-7926-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260/page/352 352] |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260 |url-access=registration |access-date=19 December 2011 }} 
* {{cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201807/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |url-status=live }} 
* {{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |work=BBC News |quote=The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206173334/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-16047709 |archive-date=6 December 2011 }} 
* {{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0060) |title=Sunni and Shia Islam |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |quote=Sunni constitute 85 percent of the world's Muslims. |access-date=17 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216211306/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+af0060%29 |archive-date=16 February 2013 }} 
* {{cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |work=[[USA Today]] |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=24 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=10 December 2011 }} 
* {{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |access-date=25 August 2010 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population... Shia Islam represents 10–20% of Muslims worldwide... |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }} 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&dq=Sunni+Islam&pg=PA3 Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3&dq=Sunni+Islam&hl=en&sa=X&ei=2DLuTujOEcesrAej29DdCA&ved=0CEsQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Sunni%20Islam&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community." 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20 Inside Muslim minds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4Ts0GkJBKgC&pg=PA20&dq=&hl=en&ei=hf7hTrCmNsvB8QOllfmCBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CE0Q6AEwAw |date=4 September 2015 }} "around 80% are Sunni" 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA103 Who Gets To Narrate the World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=3w_ngX--ji4C&pg=PA103&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "The Sunnis (approximately 80%)" 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265 A world theology] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=vD2TJNc7NE4C&pg=PA265&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFoQ6AEwBTgU |date=4 September 2015 }} N. Ross Reat "80% being the Sunni" 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA32 Islam and the Ahmadiyya jama'at] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q78O1mjX2tMC&pg=PA32&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "The Sunni segment, accounting for at least 80% of the world's Muslim population" 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA252 A dictionary of modern politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni"</ref>
<ref name="Sunni Islam">From [[Sunni Islam]]: See: 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA51 Eastern Europe Russia and Central Asia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=NI1G_9j1AhcC&pg=PA51&dq=&hl=en&ei=yQDiTt_qE9C28QOKn9yMBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAjgK#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "some 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni" 
*{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |title=Religions |website=The World Factbook |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) |quote=Sunni Islam accounts for over 75% of the world's Muslim population |access-date=8 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110609062501/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html |archive-date=9 June 2011 }} 
*[http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran Sue Hellett;U.S. should focus on sanctions against Iran] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317195234/http://www.galesburg.com/newsnow/x917961022/Sue-Hulett-U-S-should-focus-on-sanctions-against-Iran |date=17 March 2012 }} "Sunnis make up over 75 percent of the world's Muslim population" 
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&q=sunni+75%25&pg=PA15 Iran, Israel and the United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=nVcmKRyID2EC&pg=PA15&dq=&hl=en&ei=e4XoTt-TDIaL8gOG692iCg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CFEQ6AEwBTgU#v=onepage&q=sunni%2075%25&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni, accounts for over 75% of the Islamic population" 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&q=world+muslim+80%25+sunni&pg=PA252 A dictionary of modern politics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHXbGOUuF9YC&pg=PA252&dq=&hl=en&ei=5wHiTpzMGMrT8gPIl52FBA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CEMQ6AEwATgU#v=onepage&q=world%20muslim%2080%25%20sunni&f=false |date=4 September 2015 }} "probably 80% of the world's Muslims are Sunni" 
* {{Cite web |url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |title=Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population |access-date=24 August 2010 |website=[[Pew Research Center]] |quote=Of the total Muslim population, 10–13% are Shia Muslims and 87–90% are Sunni Muslims. |date=7 October 2009 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201807/http://www.pewforum.org/muslim/mapping-the-global-muslim-population.aspx |url-status=live }} 
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm |title=Quick guide: Sunnis and Shias |work=[[BBC News]] |quote=The great majority of Muslims are Sunnis – estimates suggest the figure is somewhere between 85% and 90%. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=6 December 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124100835/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6213248.stm |archive-date=24 November 2011 }} 
* {{Cite news |url=https://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |title=Tension between Sunnis, Shiites emerging in USA |work=[[USA Today]] |quote=Among the world's estimated 1.4 billion Muslims, about 85% are Sunni and about 15% are Shiite. |access-date=18 December 2011 |date=24 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111210020455/http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-24-muslim-tension_N.htm |archive-date=10 December 2011 }} 
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&pg=PA3 Sunni Islam: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904002442/https://books.google.com/books?id=D5_N97bAiJ0C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA3 |date=4 September 2015 }} "Sunni Islam is the dominant division of the global Muslim community, and throughout history it has made up a substantial majority (85 to 90 percent) of that community."</ref>

<ref name="ahmadi">See: 
*{{Cite book|title=Breach of Faith|quote=Estimates of around 20 million would be appropriate|publisher=Human Rights Watch|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8|access-date=29 March 2014|date=June 2005|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314122619/https://books.google.com/books?id=yi8ONIe1fv4C&pg=PA8|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72|title=Asian Religions in British Columbia|quote=The community currently numbers around 15 million spread around the world|first1=Larry|last1=DeVries|first2=Don|last2=Baker|first3=Dan|last3=Overmyer|name-list-style=amp|access-date=29 March 2014|isbn=978-0-7748-1662-5|publisher=University of Columbia Press|date=1 January 2011|archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314152120/https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA72|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23|title=Encyclopedia of Islam|quote=The total size of the Ahmadiyya community in 2001 was estimated to be more than 10 million|author=Juan Eduardo Campo|page=24|access-date=29 March 2014|isbn=978-0-8160-5454-1|year=2009|publisher=Infobase |archive-date=14 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170314141228/https://books.google.com/books?id=OZbyz_Hr-eIC&pg=PA23|url-status=live}}
*{{Cite web| url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/| title=Ahmadiyya Muslims| date=20 January 2012| publisher=pbs.org| access-date=6 October 2013| url-status=live| archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20131006204711/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/2012/01/20/january-20-2012-ahmadiyya-muslims/10124/| archive-date=6 October 2013| df=dmy-all}}
*A figure of 10–20 million represents approximately 1% of the Muslim population. See also [[Ahmadiyya by country]].</ref>
<ref name="Islam_by_country">{{cite web|url=https://www.pewforum.org/2011/01/27/the-future-of-the-global-muslim-population/|title=Number of Muslim by country|date=27 January 2011|publisher=nationmaster.com |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209094904/http://www.pewforum.org/The-Future-of-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx |archive-date=9 February 2011 |access-date=4 April 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Sources==
* {{Cite book |last=Lang |first=Isabel |title=Intertextualität als hermeneutischer Zugang zur Auslegung des Korans: Eine Betrachtung am Beispiel der Verwendung von Israiliyyat in der Rezeption der Davidserzählung in Sure 38: 21–25 |date=31 December 2015 |publisher=Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH |isbn=9783832541514 |language=de}}
* {{citation |last1=Talbot |first1=Ian |last2=Singh |first2=Gurharpal |title=The Partition of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-85661-4 |access-date=26 December 2018 |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329121607/https://books.google.com/books?id=utKmPQAACAAJ |url-status=live }}

==External links==
{{wiktionary|مسلمان}}
{{Wiktionary|Wikisaurus:Muslim}}
{{Commons category|Muslims}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.islamicsupremecouncil.org/understanding-islam/legal-rulings/53-ritual-prayer-its-meaning-and-manner.html Ritual Prayer: Its Meaning and Manner] – The Islamic Supreme Council of America.
*[http://teachmiddleeast.lib.uchicago.edu/historical-perspectives/rulership-and-justice/islamic-period/essay/essay-02.html Muhammad and the First Muslim Ummah] – University of Chicago
* [http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/ ''Islamophobia Today'' Newspaper] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922184915/http://www.islamophobiatoday.com/ |date=22 September 2021 }} – An Islamophobia news clearing house
* [https://www.academia.edu/24419416/UNDERSTANDING_and_COUNTERING_ISLAMOPHOBIA Sammy Aziz Rahmatti, ''Understanding and Countering Islamophobia'']
*[[Wiktionary:Wikisaurus:Muslim|WikiSaurus:Muslim]]
* {{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/religion/articles/2008/04/07/understanding-islam |title=Understanding Islam |website=Susan Headden |date=7 April 2008 |access-date=25 August 2010}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816004118/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |url-status=usurped |archive-date=16 August 2000 |title=Major Religions of the World Ranked by Number of Adherents |publisher=Adherents.com |access-date=3 July 2007}}

{{Characters and names in the Quran}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Muslims| ]]
[[Category:Quranic words and phrases]]
[[Category:Religious identity]]