Editing Mutual Security Act

{{Short description|American foreign aid law}}
{{Infobox U.S. legislation
| shorttitle        = Mutual Security Act
| othershorttitles  =
| longtitle         = An Act to maintain the security and promote the foreign policy and provide for the general welfare of the United States by furnishing assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security.
| colloquialacronym = MSA
| nickname          = Mutual Security Act of 1951
| enacted by        = 82nd
| effective date    = October 10, 1951
| public law url    = http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-65/pdf/STATUTE-65-Pg373.pdf
| cite public law   = 82-165
| cite statutes at large = {{usstat|65|373}}
| acts amended    = 
| acts repealed   = 
| title amended   = [[Title 22 of the United States Code|22 U.S.C.: Foreign Relations and Intercourse]]
| sections created = {{Usc-title-chap|22|22}} § 1651 et seq.
| sections amended = 
| leghisturl      = 
| introducedin    = House
| introducedbill  = {{USBill|82|H.R.|5113}}
| introducedby    = [[James P. Richards]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]–[[South Carolina|SC]])
| introduceddate  = August 14, 1951
| committees      = [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|House Foreign Affairs]], [[United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations|Senate Foreign Relations]], [[United States Senate Committee on Armed Services|Senate Armed Services]]
| passedbody1     = House
| passeddate1     = August 17, 1951
| passedvote1     = [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/82-1951/h85 260-101]
| passedbody2     = Senate
| passedas2       = <!-- used if the second body changes the name of the legislation -->
| passeddate2     = August 31, 1951
| passedvote2     = [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/82-1951/s150 61-5]
| conferencedate  = September 18, 1951
| passedbody3     = Senate
| passeddate3     = October 2, 1951
| passedvote3     = [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/82-1951/s187 56-21]
| agreedbody3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreeddate3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedvote3     = <!-- used when the other body agrees without going into committee -->
| agreedbody4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreeddate4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| agreedvote4     = <!-- used if agreedbody3 further amends legislation -->
| passedbody4     = House
| passeddate4     = October 5, 1951
| passedvote4     = [https://www.govtrack.us/congress/votes/82-1951/h93 235-98]
| signedpresident = [[Harry S. Truman]]
| signeddate      = October 10, 1951
| unsignedpresident = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| unsigneddate    = <!-- used when passed without presidential signing -->
| vetoedpresident = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| vetoeddate      = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote1 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenbody2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddendate2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| overriddenvote2 = <!-- used when passed by overriding presidential veto -->
| amendments      = 
| SCOTUS cases    = 
}}
The '''Mutual Security Act''' of 1951 launched a major American foreign aid program, 1951–61, of grants to numerous countries. It largely replaced the [[Marshall Plan]].  The main goal was to help underdeveloped US-allied countries develop and to [[containment|contain]] the spread of [[communism]]. It was signed on October 10, 1951, by President [[Harry S. Truman]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.trumanlibrary.gov/library/public-papers/250/statement-president-upon-signing-mutual-security-act |title=Harry S. Truman: "Statement by the President Upon Signing the Mutual Security Act.," October 10, 1951 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}</ref> Annual authorizations were about $7.5 billion ($ {{Inflation|US|7500000000|1951|r=0|fmt=c}} today), out of a GDP of $340bn in 1951, for military, economic, and technical [[foreign aid]] to American allies. The aid was aimed primarily at shoring up Western Europe, as the [[Cold War]] developed.  In 1961 it was replaced by a new foreign aid program, the [[Foreign Assistance Act|Foreign Assistance Act of 1961]], which created the [[United States Agency for International Development|Agency for International Development]] (AID), and focused more on Latin America.<ref>Aurelius Morgner, "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," ''Review of Politics'' (1967) 29#1 pp. 65-75 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405813 in JSTOR]</ref>

The Mutual Security Act also abolished the Economic Cooperation Administration, which had managed the [[Marshall Plan]] and transferred its functions to the newly established [[Mutual Security Agency]] (MSA).  The Agency was established and continued by acts of October 10, 1951 (65 Stat. 373) and June 20, 1952 (66 Stat. 141) to provide military, economic, and technical assistance to friendly nations in the interest of international peace and security, but was abolished by Reorganization Plan No. 7 of 1953, effective August 1, 1953, and its functions were transferred to the [[United States Foreign Operations Administration|Foreign Operations Administration]].<ref>[http://archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/469.html Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1948-1961], [[United States National Archives]], Administrative History, Records of the Mutual Security Agency (MSA) 1949-56, History</ref>  The act however, was extended by appropriators each fiscal year until the early 1960s.<ref name="ClerkMSA'51">Office of the Clerk, US House of Representatives,[http://clerk.house.gov/art_history/highlights.html?action=view&intID=175 The Mutual Security Act of 1951]</ref>

As the Marshall Plan was ending, Congress was in the process of piecing together a new foreign aid proposal designed to unite military and economic programs with technical assistance.  In the words of Secretary of State [[Dean Acheson]], who testified before Congress, Western Europe needed assistance against Soviet "encroachment."  The measure was intended to signal Washington's resolve to allies and to the Kremlin that the United States was capable of and committed to containing communism globally, even while it fought a protracted land war in Korea. The measure took about two months to work its way through the House, meeting resistance from fiscal conservatives along the way. Republicans were divided about the cost of the expenditures; nevertheless nearly half (80) joined the overwhelming majority of Democrats to pass the measure 260 to 101 on August 17.  [[John M. Vorys]] of Ohio summed up GOP support for the measure, noting that military aid to "nations who will fight on our side" is "sound economy." Representative [[James P. Richards]] of South Carolina, chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee, noted that the Mutual Security Act was intended "not to fight a war" but "to prevent a war."<ref name="ClerkMSA'51"/>

==Background and follow-on==
The Mutual Security Act of 1951 was the successor to the [[Mutual Defense Assistance Act]] and the Economic Cooperation Act of 1949, which administered the Marshall plan. It became law on 10 October 1951, and created a new, independent agency, the Mutual Security Administration, to supervise all foreign aid programs including military assistance and economic programs that bolstered the defense capability of U.S. allies globally.

Submitted on 24 May 1951, President [[Harry S. Truman]]'s omnibus foreign aid bill got a hostile reception on Capitol Hill. Rapid expansion of national security expenditures during the [[Korean War]] had produced alarm over high taxes, large deficits, government controls, and a possible "garrison state" among such prominent conservatives as Senator [[Robert A. Taft]] (R‐Ohio). Truman's decision to send U.S. troops to Europe as part of a standing [[NATO]] force further antagonized congressional conservatives and exacerbated their fears that European nations were not doing enough for their own defense. Congress thus reduced the administration's request for Mutual Security funds by 15 percent and authorized $5.998 billion and $1.486 billion, respectively, for military and economic assistance. The deepest cuts were in economic aid, thus ensuring its subordination to military assistance as "defense support."<ref name="ChambMSA">John Whiteclay Chambers II, [http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O126-MutualSecurityAct.html Mutual Security Act] The Oxford Companion to American Military History. 2000. Retrieved January 02, 2011 from Encyclopedia.com</ref>

The Mutual Security Act was renewed each year until 1961,<ref>{{cite web|title=Historical Highlights: The Mutual Security Act of 1951|author=US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|url=http://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-Mutual-Security-Act-of-1951/|website=history.house.gov|language=en}}</ref> and it annually produced struggles over the size of the foreign aid budget, and the balance between military and economic aid.   The US foreign aid program was then reorganized  under new [[Kennedy Administration]] legislation, with signing of the [[Foreign Assistance Act]] and [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 10973 on 3 November 1961, which established the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID).<ref>[http://www.thecre.com/fedlaw/legal20/eo10973.htm Executive Order 10973, 3 November 1961, Administration of Foreign Assistance and Related Functions]</ref>

==Amendments to 1951 Act==
{{collapse top|width=85%|clear=none|padding=0px|U.S. Statutes regarding Mutual Security Act, 1951}}
{|style="border:1px solid gray; align:left; width:100%" cellspacing=3 cellpadding=0
|-style="font-weight:bold; text-align:center; background:#bbddff; color:black;"
! style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black"|Date of Enactment
! style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black"|Public Law No.
! style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black"|U.S. Statute
! style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black"|U.S. Bill No.
! style=" border-bottom:1.5px solid black"|U.S. Presidential Administration
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|June 20, 1952
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 82-400
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|66|141}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|82|H.R.|7005}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Harry S. Truman
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|July 16, 1953
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 83-118
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|67|152}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|83|H.R.|5710}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|August 26, 1954
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 83-665
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|68&nbsp;[[United States Statutes at Large|Stat.]]&nbsp;[https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-68/pdf/STATUTE-68-Pg832-2.pdf 832-2]
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|83|H.R.|9678}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|July 8, 1955
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 84-138
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|69|283}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|84|S.|2090}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|July 18, 1956
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 84-726
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|70|555}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|84|H.R.|11356}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|August 14, 1957
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 85-141
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|71|355}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|85|S.|2130}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|June 30, 1958
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 85-477
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|72|261}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|85|H.R.|12181}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5;"|July 24, 1959
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 86-108
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|73|246}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|86|H.R.|7500}}
| style="border-bottom:1px solid gray; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|-
| style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5;"|May 14, 1960
| style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|P.L. 86-472
| style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{usstat|74|134}}
| style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|{{USBill|86|H.R.|11510}}
| style="border-bottom:1.5px solid black; background:#F5F5F5; text-align:center;"|Dwight D. Eisenhower
|}
{{collapse bottom}}

==See also==
* [[Development Loan Fund]]
* [[World Bank]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Morgner, Aurelius. "The American Foreign Aid Program: Costs, Accomplishments, Alternatives?," ''Review of Politics'' (1967) 29#1 pp.&nbsp;65–75 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1405813 in JSTOR]

==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=13793 |title=Harry S. Truman: "Special Message to the Congress on the Mutual Security Program.," May 24, 1951 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14424 |title=Harry S. Truman: "Special Message to the Congress on the Mutual Security Program.," March 6, 1952 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14426 |title=Harry S. Truman: "Radio and Television Address to the American People on the Mutual Security Program.," March 6, 1952 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14431 |title=Harry S. Truman: "Message to the Congress Transmitting first Report on the Mutual Security Program.," March 7, 1952 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14199 |title=Harry S. Truman: "Letter to Members of the Public Advisory Board for Mutual Security Requesting a Study of foreign Trade Policies.," July 13, 1952 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=14342 |title=Harry S. Truman: "Message to the Congress Transmitting Second Report on the Mutual Security Program.," November 18, 1952 |author1=Peters, Gerhard |author2=Woolley, John T |publisher=University of California - Santa Barbara |work=The American Presidency Project}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1951 in American law]]
[[Category:United States foreign relations legislation]]
[[Category:1951 in international relations]]
[[Category:82nd United States Congress]]