Editing NEC V20

{{Short description|A 16-bit microprocessor introduced by NEC in 1984}}
{{use dmy dates|date=January 2022|cs1-dates=y}}
{{use list-defined references|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox CPU
| name           = NEC V20 (μPD70108)
| image          = KL NEC V20.jpg
| alt            =
| caption        = 8&nbsp;MHz V20 in plastic DIP package
<!----------------- General Info ----------------->
| produced-start = {{Start date and age|1984|03}}<ref name="x86guide-v20-5"/>
| produced-end   = <!-- {{End date and age|19yy|mm}} -->
| soldby         =
| designfirm     =
| manuf1         = [[NEC]] (μPD70108)
| manuf2         = [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] (LH70108)
| manuf3         = [[Sony]] (CXQ70108)
| manuf4         = [[Zilog]] (Z70108)
| cpuid          =
| code           =
<!----------------- Performance ------------------>
| slowest        =
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| slow-unit      =
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| qpi-slowest    =
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| qpi-fast-unit  =
| dmi-slowest    =
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| dmi-slow-unit  =
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| data-width     = [[16-bit computing|16 bits]]
| address-width  =
| virtual-width  =
<!------- Architecture and classification -------->
| application    =
| size-from      =
| size-to        =
| arch1          =
| microarch      =
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| instructions   =
| extensions     =
<!----------- Physical specifications ------------>
| transistors    = 63000
| numcores       = 1
| gpu            =
| co-processor   = {{ubl|Intel 8087|NEC μPD72091}}
| pack1          = <!-- pack1..9 -->
| sock1          = <!-- sock1..9 -->
<!--------- Products, models, variants ----------->
| core1          = <!-- core1..9 -->
| pcode1         = <!-- pcode1..9 -->
| model1         = <!-- model1..9 -->
| brand1         = <!-- brand1..9 -->
| variant        =
<!------------------  History  ------------------->
| predecessor    =
| successor      = [[NEC V60]]
}}

The '''NEC V20''' is a [[microprocessor]] that was designed and produced by [[NEC]]. It is both [[Pin compatibility|pin compatible]] and [[Binary-code compatibility|object-code compatible]] with the [[Intel 8088]], with an [[instruction set architecture]] (ISA) similar to that of the [[Intel 80188]] with some extensions.<ref name="cpu-world"/> The V20 was introduced in March 1984.<ref name="x86guide-v20-5"/><ref name="cpu-world"/>

== Features ==
The V20's [[Die (integrated circuit)|die]] comprised 63,000 [[transistor]]s; more than double the 29,000 of the 8088 CPU.<ref name="x86guide-v20-5"/> The chip was designed for a clock [[duty cycle]] of 50%, compared to the 33% duty cycle used by the 8088.<ref name="pcm-dec1985"/> The V20 has two 16-bit wide internal databuses, allowing two data transfers to occur concurrently.<ref name="ieeem-nov2021"/> Differences like that meant that a V20 could typically complete more instructions in a given time than an Intel 8088 running at the same frequency.<ref name="cpu-world"/>

The V20 was fabricated in 2-micron CMOS technology.<ref name="shmj"/><ref name="pcm-dec1985"/> Early versions ran at speeds of 5, 8, and 10&nbsp;[[MHz]].<ref name="chipdb"/>{{rp|2}} In 1990, an upgrade to the fabrication process technology resulted in the V20H and V20HL, with improved performance and reduced power consumption.<ref name="shmj"/> Later versions added speeds of 12 and 16&nbsp;MHz. The V20HLs were also completely static, allowing their clock to be stopped.

The V20 was described as [[16-bit computing|16-bit]]s wide internally. It used an 8-bit external data bus that was multiplexed onto the same pins as the low byte of the address bus. Its 20-bit wide address bus was able to address 1&nbsp;MB of memory.

The V20 was reported to have been compatible with the Intel 8087 [[floating-point unit]] (FPU) coprocessor.<ref name="tpc-v20"/> NEC also designed their own FPU, the {{ill|μPD72091|jp|NEC Vシリーズ#NEC_uPD72091}}, which was cancelled before reaching production. They followed this with a revised design, the μPD72191, but it is unclear how many, if any, of this second part were produced.<ref name="tcs-necfpu"/>

The V30, a nearly identical CPU with a 16-bit wide external data bus, debuted on March 1, 1984.<ref name="x86guide-v30-10"/><ref name="shmj"/> It was pin and object-code compatible with the [[Intel 8086]].

==ISA extensions==
[[File:Sony CXQ70108D 8 1.jpg|thumb|Sony CXQ70108D 8&nbsp;MHz]]
The V20's ISA includes several instructions not executed by the 8088, with instructions for bit manipulation, packed BCD operations, multiplication, and division. They also include new real-mode instructions from the Intel 80286.<ref name="pcm-jun1988"/>

The <code>ADD4S</code>, <code>SUB4S</code>, and <code>CMP4S</code> instructions were able to add, subtract, and compare huge packed [[binary-coded decimal]] numbers stored in memory. Instructions <code>ROL4</code> and <code>ROR4</code> rotate four-bit [[nibble]]s. Another family consisted of the <code>TEST1</code>, <code>SET1</code>, <code>CLR1</code>, and <code>NOT1</code> instructions, which test, set, clear, and invert single bits of their operands, but are far less efficient than the later [[i386|i80386]] equivalents <code>[[BT (x86 instruction)|BT]]</code>, <code>[[BTS (x86 instruction)|BTS]]</code>, <code>[[BTR (x86 instruction)|BTR]]</code>, and <code>[[BTC (x86 instruction)|BTC]]</code>; neither are their encodings compatible. There were two instructions to extract and insert bit fields of arbitrary lengths (<code>EXT</code>, <code>INS</code>). And finally, there were two additional repeat prefixes, <code>REPC</code> and <code>REPNC</code>, which amended the original <code>[[REP (x86 instruction)|REPE]]</code> and <code>[[REP (x86 instruction)|REPNE]]</code> instructions for scanning a string of bytes or words (with instructions <code>[[SCAS (x86 instruction)|SCAS]]</code> and <code>[[CMPS (x86 instruction)|CMPS]]</code>) while a less or not less condition remained true.<ref name="nec-um"/>

The V20 offered a mode that emulated an [[Intel 8080]] CPU. A <code>BRKEM</code> instruction is issued to start 8080 emulation. The operand of the instruction specifies an interrupt number whose vector contains the segment:offset where emulation is to begin. To end, a <code>RETEM</code> instruction is issued in 8080 code. One feature not often employed is the <code>CALLN</code> (call native) which issues an 8086-type interrupt call that enables x86 code (which returns using an <code>IRET</code>) to be mixed in with 8080 code.

Another mode put the processor into a power-saving state via a <code>HALT</code> instruction.<ref name="chipdb"/><ref name="tpc-v20"/>

== Lawsuits ==
In 1982, Intel sued NEC over the latter's μPD8086 and μPD8088. This suit was settled out of court, with NEC agreeing to license the designs from Intel.<ref name="zdnet-jun1998"/>

In late 1984, Intel again filed suit against NEC, claiming that the microcode in the V20 and V30 infringed its patents for the 8088 and 8086 processors.<ref name="iw-fb1989"/> NEC software engineer Hiroaki Kaneko had studied both the hardware design of the Intel CPUs and the original Intel microcode.

In its ruling, the court determined that the microcode in the control store constitutes a computer program, and so is protected by copyright.<ref name="hjlt-spring1990"/> They further found Intel to have forfeited their copyright by neglecting to ensure that all second-source chips were suitably marked. The court also determined that NEC did not simply copy Intel's microcode, and that the microcode in the V20 and V30 was sufficiently different from Intel's to not infringe Intel's copyright.

The judge in the case accepted NEC's ''[[Clean room design|cleanroom]]'' evidence. He also approved of NEC's use of [[reverse engineering]] with respect to the creation of NEC's Rev.2 microcode, without commenting on it with respect to the Rev.0 code.<ref name="hjlt-spring1990"/>{{rp|212–221}}

==Variants and successors==
[[File:NEC V20 CPU chip.jpg|thumb|V20 on a motherboard]]
[[File:KL NEC V30.jpg|thumb|NEC V30 (μPD70116), 10&nbsp;MHz]]
[[File:NEC V33A μPD70136AL-16 CPU (16471052995) (cropped).jpg |thumb|NEC V33A (μPD70136AL)]]
[[File:NEC V40.png|thumb|NEC V40 (μPD70208)]]
[[File:UPD70236 01.jpg|thumb|NEC V53A (μPD70236A)]]

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! width="100"|Product
! width="80"|Part no.
! width="1200"|Details
|-
|'''NEC V30'''
| μPD70116
| Essentially an NEC V20 with a 16-bit external data bus, the V30 was pin compatible with the [[Intel 8086]]. The V30 was a factory upgrade from the 8086 used in the [[GTD-5 EAX]] Class 5 central office switch. It was also used in the [[Psion Series 3]], the [[NEC PC-9801]]VM, the [[Olivetti]] PCS86, the [[Applied Engineering]] "PC Transporter" card for the [[Apple II]] series of computers, and in various arcade machines (particularly ones made by [[Irem]]) in the late 1980s. Years later, a low-voltage V30 MZ version was used in [[Bandai]]'s handheld [[WonderSwan]] game console.
|-
| '''NEC V20HL'''
| μPD70108H
| High-speed (up to 16&nbsp;MHz), low-power version of the V20.
|-
| '''NEC V30HL'''
| μPD70116H
| High-speed (up to 16&nbsp;MHz), low-power version of the V30.
|-
| '''[[NEC V25]]'''
| μPD70320
| A [[microcontroller]] version of the NEC V20.
|-
| '''NEC V25HS'''
| μPD79011
| A version of the V25 with the [[RX116]] RTOS in the internal ROM.
|-
| '''NEC V25+'''
| μPD70325
| High-speed version of the V25.
|-
| '''NEC V33'''
| μPD70136
| A version of the V30 with separate address and data buses and with instruction decode done by hardwired logic rather than a microprogrammed control store. Throughput is twice as high as a V30 for the same clock frequency. The V33 has performance equivalent to [[Intel 80286]]. Memory address space is increased to 16M bytes. Two additional instructions, <code>BRKXA</code> and <code>RETXA</code>, support the extended addressing mode. 8080 emulation is not supported.
|-
| '''NEC V33A'''
| μPD70136A
| Differs from the V33 in that it has interrupt vector numbers compatible with Intel's 80X86 processors.
|-
| '''NEC V35'''
| μPD70330
| A microcontroller version of the NEC V30.
|-
| '''NEC V35HS'''
| μPD79021
| A version of the V35 with the RX116 RTOS in the internal ROM.
|-
| '''NEC V35+'''
| μPD70335
| A high-speed version of the V35.
|-
| '''NEC V40'''
| μPD70208
| An embedded version of the V20, integrated Intel-compatible [[Intel 8251|8251]] [[USART]], [[Intel 8253|8253]] programmable interval timer, and [[Intel 8255|8255]] parallel port interface. Used in the Olivetti Prodest PC1, Olivetti M200, Olivetti ETV 2700, Olivetti ETV 2900, Olivetti VM 2000, Digisystems Jetta XD, the [[Sharp PC-4500]] and the [[Zenith Eazy PC]].
|-
| '''NEC V40HL'''
| μPD70208H
| A high-speed, low-voltage version of the V40.
|-
| '''NEC V50'''
| μPD70216
| An embedded version of the V30. It is the main CPU in the [[Akai S1000]] and S1100, and the [[Korg M1]].<ref name="korgm1-sm"/><ref name="mz5606-korg-m1r" />
|-
| '''NEC V50HL'''
| μPD70216H
| A high-speed, low-voltage version of the V50.
|-
| '''NEC V41'''
| μPD70270
| Integrates a V30HL core and [[IBM Personal Computer XT|PC-XT]] peripherals: [[Intel 8255|8255]] parallel port interface, [[Intel 8253|8254]] programmable interval timer, [[Intel 8259|8259]] PIC, [[Intel 8237|8237]] [[Direct memory access|DMA]] controller and [[Intel 8042|8042]] keyboard controller. Also integrates full DRAM controller.
|-
| '''NEC V51'''
| μPD70280
| Integrates a V30HL core and [[IBM Personal Computer XT|PC-XT]] peripherals: [[Intel 8255|8255]] parallel port interface, [[Intel 8253|8254]] programmable interval timer, [[Intel 8259|8259]] PIC, [[Intel 8237|8237]] DMA controller and [[Intel 8042|8042]] keyboard controller. Also integrates full DRAM controller. Was used in the [[Olivetti Quaderno]] PT-XT-20.
|-
| '''NEC V53'''
| μPD70236
| Integrates a V33 core with 4-channel DMA (μPD71071<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bitsavers.informatik.uni-stuttgart.de/components/nec/_dataBooks/1990_NEC_16-bit_V-Series_Microprocessor_Data_Book.pdf#page=316 |title=pPD70236 (V53) 16-Bit Microprocessor: High-Speed, High-Integration, CMOS |page=316(3f1)|accessdate=2024-01-05}}</ref>/i8237), [[UART]] (μPD71051/i8251), three timer/counters (μPD71054/[[Intel 8253|i8254]]) and [[interrupt controller]] (μPD71059/[[Intel 8259|i8259]]). It was used in the [[Akai MPC|Akai MPC3000]]<ref name="MPC3000"/><ref name="aj-mpc3000"/> and [[Akai SG01v]].
|-
| '''NEC V53A'''
| μPD70236A
| Integrates some peripherals with a V33A core. Used in [[Sharp Zaurus|Sharp Zaurus PI-B304/B308]]
|-
| '''NEC {{ill|V55PI|jp|V55PI}}'''
| μPD70433
| The V55PI has extended segment registers called DS2 and DS3, and by shifting the register value by 8 bits to the left and adding an offset value, it is possible to access the entire 16MB address space.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.renesas.com/us/en/document/dst/upd70433-data-sheet#page=23 |title=V55PI 16-BIT MICROPROCESSOR |pages=21-22 |accessdate=2024-01-18}}</ref>
|-
| '''NEC V55SC'''
| μPD70423
| The V55SC not only comes with extended segment registers, called DS2 and DS3, but is also furnished with a two-channel Multi Protocol Serial Controller (MPSC) which is subset of μPD72001/72002.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://datasheet.datasheetarchive.com/originals/scans/Scans-054/DSAIH000102047.pdf |title=NEC V55SC 16-bit Microprocessor Preliminary Data Sheet (O.D.No ID-8206A, March 1993) |pages=1,22 |accessdate=2024-01-21}}</ref>
|-
| '''[[Vadem]] VG230'''
|
| A single-chip PC platform.<ref name="vadem-dm"/> The VG230 contained a 16&nbsp;MHz NEC V30HL processor and IBM PC/XT-compatible core logic, LCD controller (CGA/AT&amp;T640x400) with touch-plane support, keyboard matrix scanner, dual [[PCMCIA]] 2.1 card controller, [[Expanded memory|EMS]] 4.0 hardware support for up to 64&nbsp;MB, and built-in timer, PIC, DMA, UART and RTC controllers. It was used in the [[HP OmniGo 100]], [[HP OmniGo 120|120]] and [[IBM Simon]].<ref name="ibm-simon"/>
|-
| '''[[Vadem]] VG330'''
|
| Successor to the VG230, it contained a 32&nbsp;MHz NEC V30MX processor and IBM PC/AT-compatible core logic with dual PICs, LCD controller (640x480), keyboard matrix scanner, [[PC Card]] ExCA 2.1 controller and SIR port.
|-
| '''[[NEC V60]]'''
| μPD70616
| With the V60 processor, NEC departed from the x86 design and launched a new, 32-bit [[Complex instruction set computer|CISC]] architecture. The V60 and the V70, which differed mainly in the widths of their respective external address and data busses, both included a V20/V30 emulation mode.<ref name="V60-Prog-Ref-Man"/>{{rp|§10}}<ref name="tcs-necfpu"/>
|}

<gallery caption="Die photos" mode=packed heights=200px>
Image:NEC_V30_die.JPG|NEC V30
Image:NEC_V50_die.JPG|NEC V50
Image:NEC_V53_die.JPG|NEC V53
</gallery>

== See also ==
* [[NEC RX116]], dedicated [[ITRON]]-1-based 16-bit RTOS
* {{ill|NEC μPD9002|jp|NEC_Vシリーズ#その他のV30系}}, a Z80 and x86 compatible CPU
* [[VIA Technologies]] [[Alternate Instruction Set]], a CPU implementing a similar scheme to enter and exit into an alternate instruction set mode

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="x86guide-v20-5">{{cite web |url=http://www.x86-guide.net/en/cpu/Nec-V20-5MHz-CDIP-cpu-no927.html |title=8088 & V20 |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2018-11-17 |website=X86 CPU's Guide}}</ref>

<ref name="cpu-world">{{cite web |url=http://www.cpu-world.com/CPUs/V20/ |title=NEC V20 processor family |first=Shvets |last=Gennadiy |website=CPU-World}}</ref>

<ref name="pcm-dec1985">{{cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=Stephen R. |title=Turbocharging Your PC with the V-Series |journal=PC Magazine |date=December 24, 1985 |volume=4 |issue=26 |pages=181-186 |url=https://archive.org/details/PCMAG/PC-Mag-1985-12-24/page/184/mode/2up |access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>

<ref name="ieeem-nov2021">{{cite journal |last=Chodorek |first=Robert Ryszard |date=November–December 2021 |title=NEC V20: Inspiring, Inconspicuous |url=https://www.computer.org/csdl/magazine/mi/2021/06/09623441/1yJTuoB0mm4 |journal=IEEE Micro |volume=41 |issue= 6|pages=158–159 |doi=10.1109/MM.2021.3115870 |access-date=|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="shmj">{{cite web |url=http://www.shmj.or.jp/museum2010/exhibi703.htm |script-title=ja:1983年 — 16bitマイクロプサッサV30の開発(NEC) |trans-title=1983 — Development of the V30 16-bit Microprocessor (NEC) |language=ja |date=2010-10-23 |access-date=2020-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713102406/http://www.shmj.or.jp/museum2010/exhibi703.htm |archive-date=2019-07-13}}</ref>

<ref name="chipdb">{{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=μPD70108 — V20 16-/8-bit Microprocessor |url=http://datasheets.chipdb.org/NEC/V20-V30/NEC_uPD70108.pdf |publisher=[[NEC]] |date=June 1994}}</ref>

<ref name="tpc-v20">{{cite web |url=https://www.pcorner.com/list/MISC/NEC-V20.ZIP/NECV20B.ALL/ |title=Output of file: NECV20B.ALL contained in archive: NEC-V20.ZIP |last=Mahoney |first=Bob |date=1985-10-16 |website=The Programmer's Corner}}</ref>

<ref name="tcs-necfpu">{{cite web |url=https://www.cpushack.com/2021/09/01/necs-forgotten-fpus/ |title=NEC's Forgotten FPUs |last=Culver |first=John |date=1 September 2021 |website=The CPU Shack |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="x86guide-v30-10">{{cite web |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=2020-07-15 |url=http://www.x86-guide.net/en/cpu/Nec-V30-D70116C-10-cpu-no1059.html |title=Nec V30 D70116C-10 |website=X86 CPUS' GUIDE}}</ref>

<ref name="pcm-jun1988">{{cite magazine |last=Hummel |first=Robert L. |title=PC Tutor — Mixing Processors |magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |date=1988-06-14 |pages=377–378}}</ref>

<ref name="nec-um">{{cite web |title=NEC User's Manual, 16-Bit V Series, 16-/8- and 16-bit microprocessors, Instruction |access-date=2014-11-25 |date=September 2000 |url=http://datasheets.chipdb.org/NEC/V20-V30/U11301EJ5V0UMJ1.PDF}}</ref>

<ref name="zdnet-jun1998">{{cite web |last=Lemos |first=Robert |date=1998-06-08 |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/nec-case-opened-up-market-for-cloning/ |title=NEC case opened up market for cloning |website=[[ZDNet]]}}</ref>

<ref name="iw-fb1989">{{cite magazine |last=Parker |first=Rachel |date=1989-02-13 |title=Judge Declares Microcode Copyrightable |magazine=[[InfoWorld]] |page=8}}</ref>

<ref name="hjlt-spring1990">{{cite journal |last1=Contreras |first1=Jorge |last2=Handley |first2=Laura |last3=Yang |first3=Terrence |date=March–May 1990 |title=NEC v. Intel: Breaking New Ground in the Law of Copyright |url=http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/articles/pdf/v03/03HarvJLTech209.pdf |journal=Harvard Journal of Law and Technology |volume=3 |pages=209–222}}</ref>

<ref name="korgm1-sm">[https://www.scribd.com/doc/51642975/Korg-M1-Service-Manual Korg M1 Service Manual]</ref>

<ref name="mz5606-korg-m1r">{{cite magazine |last=Russ |first=Martin |date=July 1989 |title=Korg M1R |pages=48–52 |url=http://www.muzines.co.uk/articles/korg-m1r/5606 |magazine=Sound On Sound |publisher= |location=United Kingdom |access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref>

<ref name="vadem-dm">[http://cdn.durdom.com/ibm-simon/230dm.pdf Vadem VG230 Developer's Manual]</ref>

<ref name="ibm-simon">{{cite web |url=https://habr.com/en/companies/ibm/articles/184490/ |title=IBM Simon — первый в мире смартфон. Что внутри? |trans-title=The IBM Simon is the world's first smartphone. What is inside? |language=ru |last=Nochkin |first=Alexander |date=10 July 2013 |website=habr.com |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC3000">{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/mamedev/mame/blob/251b11266dcd394741e6b48c00a5c9131ef68673/src/mame/drivers/mpc3000.cpp |title=Mame/Mpc3000.CPP at 251b11266dcd394741e6b48c00a5c9131ef68673 · mamedev/Mame|website=[[GitHub]] |date=23 November 2022 }}</ref>

<ref name="aj-mpc3000">{{cite web |url=https://audiojive.com/akai-mpc-3000/ |title=AKAI MPC 3000: The Best Drum Machine of All Time |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=9 December 2020 |website=Audio Jive |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

<ref name="V60-Prog-Ref-Man">{{cite book |author= |title=μPD70616 Programmer's Reference Manual |date=November 1986 |publisher=NEC |edition=PRELIMINARY |url=https://archive.org/details/NEC_V60pgmRef|quote= }}</ref>

}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=October 1986 |title=V20/V30 User's Manual |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/nec/V20_V30_Users_Manual_Oct86.pdf |url-status= |location= |publisher=NEC |isbn= |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20130108000000/http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/nec/V20_V30_Users_Manual_Oct86.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-08}} [https://archive.org/details/bitsavers_necV20V30U_11351331 Alt URL]
* {{cite news |last=Davis |first=Randy |date=December 1985 – January 1986 |title=The New NEC Microprocessors - 8080, 8086, Or 8088? |newspaper=[[Micro Cornucopia]] |issn=0747-587X |number=27 |publication-place=Bend, Oregon, USA |location=Greenville, Texas, USA |pages=4–7 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/microCornucopia/Micro_Cornucopia_%2327_Dec85.pdf |access-date=2020-02-11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200211154002/https://usermanual.wiki/Document/MicroCornucopia2327Dec85.771194843.pdf |archive-date=2020-02-11}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.buchty.net/casio/files/ |title=Casiorama |last=Buchty |first=Rainer |website=www.buchty.net}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.cpu-collection.de/?l0=co&l1=NEC&l2=V20 |title=NEC V20 |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=cpu-collection.de}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Hinckley |first=Robert C. |date=January 1987 |title=NEC v. Intel: Will Hardware Be Drawn into the Black Hole of Copyright Editors' |url=http://digitalcommons.law.scu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1031&context=chtlj |magazine=Santa Clara High Technology Law Journal |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=23–72}}

{{NEC Corporation}}

[[Category:NEC V20]]
[[Category:NEC x86 microprocessors|V20]]
[[Category:16-bit microprocessors]]
[[Category:Computer-related introductions in 1984]]