Editing Nahf

{{Short description|Arab town in northern Israel}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                   = Nahf
| native_name            = {{Hlist
 | {{Lang|he|{{Script/Hebrew|נַחְף}}|rtl=yes}}
 | {{Lang|ar|نحف|rtl=yes}}
 }}
| settlement_type        = [[Local council (Israel)|Local council]] 
| translit_lang1         = Hebrew
| translit_lang1_type1   = [[ISO 259]]
| translit_lang1_info1   = Náḥep
| translit_lang1_type3   = Also spelled
| translit_lang1_info3   = {{br separated entries|Nahef (official)| Naḥf (unofficial) }}
| image_skyline          = File:נחף2.JPG
| pushpin_map_alt        = 
| pushpin_map            = Israel northwest
| pushpin_mapsize        = 250
| pushpin_label_position = top	
| grid_position          = 179/260 [[Palestine grid|PAL]]
| pushpin_map_caption    = 
| coordinates            = {{coord|32|55|54|N|35|19|11|E|region:IL|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type       = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name       = {{ISR}}
| subdivision_type1      = 
| subdivision_name1      = 
| subdivision_type2      = [[Districts of Israel|District]]
| subdivision_name2      = [[Northern District (Israel)|Northern]]
| unit_pref              = dunam
| area_total_dunam       = {{formatnum:6077|R}}
| population_footnotes   = {{Israel populations|reference}}
| population_total       = {{Israel populations|Nahef}}
| population_as_of       = {{Israel populations|Year}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1     = Ethnicity
| demographics1_footnotes = {{Israel populations|reference}}
| demographics1_title1    = [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arabs]]
| demographics1_info1     = 99.8%
| demographics1_title2    = [[Israeli Jews|Jews and others]]
| demographics1_info2     = 0.2%
}}

'''Nahf''' ({{langx|ar|نحف}}, ''Naḥf'' or ''Nahef''; {{langx|he|נַחְף}})<ref>Palmer, 1881, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/64/mode/1up 64], [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/92/mode/1up 92]</ref> is an [[Arab citizens of Israel|Arab]] [[local council (Israel)|town]] in the Northern District of [[Israel]]. It is located in between the [[Lower Galilee|lower]] and [[upper Galilee]], about {{convert|23|km|mi}} east of [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Nahef}}.{{Israel populations|reference}} Archaeologists believe that the area was an important center for viticulture in the Hellenistic period and possibly the Early Bronze Age IB period (ca. 3100 BC).<ref>{{cite journal | pmc=4146609 | year=2014 | last1=Koh | first1=A. J. | last2=Yasur-Landau | first2=A. | last3=Cline | first3=E. H. | title=Characterizing a Middle Bronze Palatial Wine Cellar from Tel Kabri, Israel | journal=PLOS ONE | volume=9 | issue=8 | pages=e106406 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0106406 | pmid=25162228 | bibcode=2014PLoSO...9j6406K | doi-access=free }}</ref>

==History==
Remains have been found from  [[Bronze Age#Near East timeline|Early Bronze IB]],  EB II,  [[Bronze Age#Near East timeline|Middle Bronze Age II]] and [[Iron Age#Near East timeline|Iron Age II]],<ref name=Smithline2005>Smithline, 2005, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=137&mag_id=110 Nahf]</ref><ref name=Cinamon2012>Cinamon, 2012, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2083&mag_id=119 Nahf]</ref>  as well as coins from the [[Ptolemaic dynasty]] and  [[Antiochus III the Great|Antiochus III]].<ref name=Tepper2007>Tepper, 2007, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?search=&id=573&mag_id=112 Nahf (East)]</ref> Tombs from the 2nd to the 4th centuries have been found.<ref>Dauphin, 1998, p. 640</ref>  Nahf contains  [[Achaemenid Empire|Persian]], [[Hellenistic]] and [[Roman Empire|Roman]]  remains.<ref name=Smithline2005/><ref name=Tepper2007/><ref name=Cinamon2012/>

From archaeological finds, it is assumed that blown glass vessels were produced in the village during the  [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]]  era. A bath, containing a [[hypocaust]] from the same period has also been excavated. Dating from the late Byzantine era, it was in continuous use in the early [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] era.<ref>Abu Raya, 2013, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2265&mag_id=120 Nahf]</ref>

In the  [[Crusader states|Crusader era]] it was known as "Nef."<ref name=Pringle114>Pringle, 1997,  p.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC&pg=PA114     114]</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/255/mode/1up  255]. Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 239]</ref> In 1249  [[John Aleman]] transferred land, including the  [[casalia]] of  [[Beit Jann]],  [[Sajur]],  [[Majd al-Krum]] and Nahf to the [[Teutonic Knights]].<ref>Strehlke, 1869, pp. [https://archive.org/stream/tabulaeordinist00stregoog#page/n94/mode/1up 78]-79, No. 100; cited in Röhricht, 1893, RHH,  p. [https://archive.org/stream/regestaregnihie00rhgoog#page/n314/mode/1up  308], No. 1175; cited in Frankel, 1988, pp. 254, 265</ref><ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881,  SWP I, p.  [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/208/mode/1up 208]</ref>

Remains, including potsherds of bowls,  plates and jars, all from [[Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)|Mamluk]] era, (fourteenth–fifteenth centuries CE), have been found in archaeological excavations.<ref>Lerer, 2009, [http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1118&mag_id=115 Nahf]</ref><ref name=Cinamon2012/>

===Ottoman era===
In 1517, the village was incorporated into the [[Ottoman Empire]] with the rest of [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]], and in 1596, ''Nahaf'' appeared in Ottoman [[Defter|tax registers]] as being in  ''[[nahiya]]'' (subdistrict) of [[Akka, Palestine|Akka]], part of  [[Sanjak Safad]].  It had a population of 108 households and 9 bachelors, all [[Muslim]]s. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 25% on wheat, barley, summer crops, fruit trees, goats and/or beehives, in addition to occasional revenues; a total of 6,629 [[akçe]].<ref>Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 192</ref>

A map from 1799 by [[Pierre Jacotin]]  showed the place, named as "Nafeh".<ref>Karmon, 1960, p. [http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf 166], Cited in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 239]</ref> When [[Victor Guérin]] visited Nahf in 1875, he described the village as containing 400 [[Muslim]]s and some [[Greek Orthodox]] families,<ref>Guérin, 1880,  pp. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n464/mode/1up 451] - [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n465/mode/1up 452] Cited partially in Conder and Kitchener, 1881,  SWP I,  p.  [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/255/mode/1up  255]. Translation in Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 239]</ref> while in 1881 Nahf was described as a village of 200 Muslims living in houses built of stone surrounded by  [[olive]] groves and arable land.<ref>Conder and Kitchener, 1881,  SWP I,  p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/203/mode/1up 203]</ref>

A population list from 1887 showed that  Nahf  had about 475 inhabitants;  all  Muslims.<ref>Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n199/mode/1up 174]</ref>

===British Mandate era===
In the [[1922 census of Palestine]] conducted  by the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate authorities]], Nahf had a population of 818, 2 [[Jews]], 6 [[Christians]] and  810  [[Muslim]]s.<ref name="Census1922">Barron, 1923,  Table XI, [[Acre Subdistrict, Mandatory Palestine|Sub-district of Acre]], p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n38/mode/1up   36]</ref>  where all the Christians were [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]].<ref>Barron, 1923, Table XVI, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n52/mode/1up    50]</ref>  At the time of the [[1931 census of Palestine|1931 census]] the population had increased to 994, all Muslims, in 194 houses.<ref name=Census1931>Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas  102]</ref>

In the  [[Village Statistics, 1945|1945 statistics]]  the population of Nahf was 1,320, all Muslims,<ref name=DoS1945p4>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. [http://users.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bdm/yabber/census/VSpages/VS1945_p04.jpg 4]</ref>  who owned 15,745 [[dunam]]s of land  according to an official land and population survey.<ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi,  1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20I/Acre/Page-041.jpg  41]</ref> 1,088 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 4,571 used for cereals,<ref name=DoS1945p4/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi, 1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20II/Acre/Page-081.jpg 81]</ref> while 44 dunams were built-up (urban) land.<ref name=DoS1945p4/><ref>Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. ''Village Statistics, April, 1945.'' Quoted in  Hadawi,  1970, p. [http://www.palestineremembered.com/download/VillageStatistics/Table%20III/Acre/Page-131.jpg  131]</ref>

===State of Israel===
[[File:Lower Galil Looking Towards the Upper Galil.JPG|200px|thumb|View of Nahf]]
Nahf was captured by Israel on 18 July 1948 during [[Operation Dekel]] led by the Sheva (Seventh) Brigade. Its defenders included the town's local [[militia]] as well as [[Arab Liberation Army]] volunteers. The town was left intact and most residents did not flee their homes.  According to Benny Morris, Israeli troops may have used undue force to compel residents  to hand over weapons, which sparked an irate response from the military commander who said those who committed such acts would be prosecuted and punished.<ref>Rogan and Shlaim, 2001, pp.  [https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8cmbTa6qMC&pg=PA54 54]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8cmbTa6qMC&pg=PA55 55]</ref>  The population remained under [[Martial law#Israel|Martial Law]] until 1966.

In and around Nahf, there are a number of [[archaeological]] remains dating from the [[Middle Ages]], including mosaics and a cemetery. In a nearby location lies the shrines of Muslim leaders Sheik Muhammad Rabiah and Sheik Mahmud who fought against the Crusaders. The Auba cave, which dates from the time of the [[ancient Assyrians|Assyrians]], is also located here.<ref>[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Nahf/index.html Welcome To Nahf<!--Bot-generated title-->]</ref>

==Notable structures==
The largest medieval structure in the village is a roughly 10 meter long wall, made of large drafted blocks with a rubble core, which may be of Crusader origin.<ref name=Pringle114/><ref name=Petersen239>Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21620056/Gazetteer_5_K-R 239]</ref>

The [[Maqam (shrine)]] of Shaykh Rabi is located on a steep hill above the village, surrounded by a [[cemetery]]. It is a [[dome]]d  [[rectangular]] building, with an entrance from the east. A deep ''[[mihrab]]'' ("Islamic prayer [[niche (architecture)|niche]]") is located inside, in the middle of the south side. By the north wall is the elongated [[cenotaph]] of Shaykh Rabi.<ref name=Petersen239/>

==See also==
* [[Arab localities in Israel]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |last=Abu Raya|first=Rafeh  |date= 2013-06-09 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2265&mag_id=120    |title=  Nahf |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=125}}
*{{cite book | editor =Barron, J.B. | title = Palestine: Report and General Abstracts of the Census of 1922 |url=https://archive.org/details/PalestineCensus1922 |publisher = Government of Palestine | year = 1923}}
*{{cite journal |last=Cinamon|first=Gilad  |date= 2012-09-19 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=2083&mag_id=119   |title=  Nahf |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=124}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Conder|first1=C.R.|author-link1=Claude Reignier Conder
|last2=Kitchener|first2=H.H.|author-link2=Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener
|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp01conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology|location=London|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]|volume=1}} 
*{{cite book 
|last= Dauphin |first = C.|author-link= Claudine Dauphin
| title = La Palestine byzantine, Peuplement et Populations 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FC1mAAAAMAAJ 
|volume = III : Catalogue | series = BAR International Series 726 | year = 1998 | publisher = Archeopress 
| location = Oxford|language =fr
|isbn= 0-860549-05-4}}   
*{{cite journal |
 first1=Rafael | last1=Frankel 
| title=Topographical notes on the territory of Acre in the Crusader period 
| journal= [[Israel Exploration Journal]] | volume=38 | number= 4 
| year=1988 
| pages= 249–272}}
*{{cite book
|title=Village Statistics, April, 1945 |url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/Hebrew/library/Pages/BookReader.aspx?pid=856390|author=Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics|year=1945}}  
*{{cite book
|last=Guérin|first=V.|author-link=Victor Guérin
|title=Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine
|url=https://archive.org/details/descriptiongogr01unkngoog|volume=3: Galilee, pt. 1|year=1880|publisher= L'Imprimerie Nationale|location=Paris|language=fr}} 
*{{cite book
|title=Village Statistics of 1945: A Classification of Land and Area ownership in Palestine
|url=http://www.palestineremembered.com/Articles/General-2/Story3150.html
|first=S.|last=Hadawi|author-link=Sami Hadawi
|year=1970
|publisher=Palestine Liberation Organization Research Center}}
*{{cite book 
| last1= Hütteroth|first1=W.-D.|author-link1=Wolf-Dieter Hütteroth
|last2=Abdulfattah|first2=K. |author-link2=Kamal Abdulfattah 
| title = Historical Geography of Palestine, Transjordan and Southern Syria in the Late 16th Century |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wqULAAAAIAAJ  | year = 1977 | publisher = Erlanger Geographische Arbeiten, Sonderband 5. Erlangen, Germany: Vorstand der Fränkischen Geographischen Gesellschaft|isbn= 3-920405-41-2}}
*{{cite journal |author =Karmon, Y. |title = An Analysis of Jacotin's Map of Palestine|url=http://www.jchp.ucla.edu/Bibliography/Karmon,_Y_1960_Jacotin_Map_(IEJ_10).pdf |journal = [[Israel Exploration Journal]]| volume = 10 |issue = 3,4 |year = 1960 |pages = 155–173; 244–253}}  Cited in Petersen, 2001
*{{cite journal |last=Lerer |first=Yoav |date= 2009-06-08 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=1118&mag_id=115  |title=  Nahf |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=121}}
*{{cite book | editor = Mills, E. | title = Census of Palestine 1931. Population of Villages, Towns and Administrative Areas |url=https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas | publisher = Government of Palestine | location = Jerusalem | year = 1932}}
*{{cite book|last=Palmer|first=E.H.|author-link=Edward Henry Palmer|year=1881|url=https://archive.org/details/surveyofwesternp00conduoft|title=The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E.H. Palmer|publisher=[[Palestine Exploration Fund|Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund]]}}  
*{{cite book|title=A Gazetteer of Buildings in Muslim Palestine (British Academy Monographs in Archaeology)|url=https://www.academia.edu/21620056|volume= I|first=Andrew|last=Petersen|year=2001|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-727011-0}}  
*{{cite book|title= Secular buildings in the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: an archaeological Gazetter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_NbE5obqRMC|last= Pringle |first= D.|author-link=Denys Pringle|year=1997|isbn=0521-46010-7|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}
*{{cite book|title=The War for Palestine: Rewriting the History of 1948|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oi8cmbTa6qMC  |first1=E.|last1=Rogan|author-link1=Eugene Rogan|first2=A.|last2=Shlaim|author-link2=Avi Shlaim|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=0-521-79476-5}}   
*{{cite book
|last=Röhricht|first=R. |author-link=Reinhold Röhricht
|title= (RRH) Regesta regni Hierosolymitani (MXCVII-MCCXCI)|url=https://archive.org/details/regestaregnihie00rhgoog|year=1893|publisher=Libraria Academica Wageriana|location=Berlin
|language=la}} 
*{{cite journal
 | last = Schumacher | first =G.| author-link = Gottlieb Schumacher 
 | title = Population list of the Liwa of Akka 
 |  journal = Quarterly Statement - Palestine Exploration Fund | volume = 20 | pages = 169–191
 | url =https://archive.org/details/quarterlystateme19pale | year = 1888}} 
*{{cite book
|editor-last=Strehlke | editor-first = E.| editor-link = Ernst Strehlke
|title=Tabulae Ordinis Theutonici ex tabularii regii Berolinensis codice potissimum
|url=https://archive.org/details/tabulaeordinist00stregoog|year=1869|publisher=  Weidmanns|location=Berlin}}    
*{{cite journal |last=Smithline |first=Howard  |date= 2005-03-30 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.aspx?id=137&mag_id=110  |title=  Nahf |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=117}}   
*{{cite journal 
 |last=Tepper |first=Y. |author-link=Yotam Tepper
 |date=2007-08-16 |url=http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?search=&id=573&mag_id=112 |title=Nahf (East) Final Report |journal=Hadashot Arkheologiyot – Excavations and Surveys in Israel |number=119 |access-date=2010-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515214758/http://www.hadashot-esi.org.il/report_detail_eng.asp?search=&id=573&mag_id=112 |archive-date=2012-05-15 |url-status=dead }} 
{{Refend}}

==External links==
*[http://www.nahif.co.il/ Official website] {{in lang|ar|he}}
*[http://www.palestineremembered.com/Acre/Nahf/index.html Welcome To Nahf]
*Survey of Western Palestine, Map 4: [http://www.iaa-archives.org.il/zoom/zoom.aspx?folder_id=93&type_id=6&id=8367   IAA], [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Survey_of_Western_Palestine_1880.04.jpg Wikimedia commons] 
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{{North District (Israel)}}
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[[Category:Arab localities in Israel]]
[[Category:Local councils in Northern District (Israel)]]