Editing National library

{{Short description|Library specifically established by the government}}
{{For|the list|List of national and state libraries}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
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| caption1          = [[British Library]] in London
| image2            = Biblioteca Nazionale Firenze 2008.jpg
| caption2          = Italian [[National Central Library (Florence)|National Central Library]] in Florence
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| caption3          = The [[Biblioteca Nacional de Chile]] or The National Library of Chile in [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]
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| caption4          = The [[National Library of Brazil]] is the largest library in Latin America.
| image5            = Thomas Jefferson Building Aerial by Carol M. Highsmith.jpg
| caption5          = The [[Thomas Jefferson Building]] of the [[Library of Congress]] in Washington, DC
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A '''national library''' is a [[library]] established by a government as a country's preeminent repository of information.<ref>Krummel, D. W. “Guides to National Bibliographies: A Review Essay.” ''Libraries & Culture'' 24, no. 2 (1989): 217–30.</ref> Unlike [[public library|public libraries]], these rarely allow citizens to borrow books. Often, they include numerous rare, valuable, or significant works. A national library is that library which has the duty of collecting and preserving the literature of the nation within and outside the country. Thus, national libraries are those libraries whose community is the nation at large. Examples include the [[British Library]] in London, and the {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}} in Paris.<ref name="Line, Maurice B. 2011 pp. 317">Line, Maurice B.; Line, J. (2011). "Concluding notes". ''National libraries'', Aslib, pp. 317–318</ref><ref name="ifla.org">Lor, P. J.; Sonnekus, E. A. S. (2010). [http://www.ifla.org/VII/s1/gnl/index.htm "Guidelines for Legislation for National Library Services"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813200532/http://www.ifla.org/VII/s1/gnl/index.htm |date=13 August 2006 }}, [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions|IFLA]]. Retrieved on 10 January 2010.</ref>

There are wider definitions of a national library which put less emphasis on the repository character.<ref name="Line, Maurice B. 2011 pp. 317"/><ref name="ifla.org"/>

National libraries are usually notable for their size, compared to those of the other libraries in the same country. Some subnational states that wish to preserve their particular cultures have established comparable libraries with all the attributes of national libraries, such as with [[legal deposit]].

Many national libraries cooperate within the National Libraries Section of the [[International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions]] (IFLA) to discuss their common tasks, define and promote common standards and carry out projects helping them to fulfill their duties. National libraries of Europe participate in [[The European Library]]. This is a service of The Conference of European National Librarians (CENL).

==History==
===Origins===
[[Image:LindisfarneFol27rIncipitMatt.jpg|thumb|200x200px|The [[Lindisfarne Gospels]] is but one of the treasures collected by [[Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington|Sir Robert Cotton]].]]
The first national libraries had their origins in the royal collections of the sovereign or some other supreme body of the state.

One of the first plans for a national library was devised by the English mathematician [[John Dee]], who in 1556 presented [[Mary I of England]] with a visionary plan for the preservation of old books, manuscripts and records and the founding of a national library, but his proposal was not taken up.<ref>Fell-Smith, Charlotte (1909) ''John Dee: 1527–1608''. London: Constable and Company [http://www.johndee.org/charlotte/ Available online]</ref>

In England, Sir [[Richard Bentley]]'s ''Proposal for Building a Royal Library'' published in 1694 stimulated renewed interest in the subject. [[Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington]], a wealthy [[antiquarian]], amassed the richest private collection of [[manuscript]]s in the world at the time and founded the [[Cotton Library]]. After the [[Dissolution of the Monasteries]], many priceless and ancient manuscripts that had belonged to the monastic libraries began to be disseminated among various owners, many of whom were unaware of the cultural value of the manuscripts.  Sir Robert's genius was in finding, purchasing and preserving these ancient documents.<ref>[[John Aikin]]. ''The Lives of John Selden, Esq., and Archbishop Usher; With Notices of the Principal English Men of Letters with Whom They Were Connected''. 1812. p. 375.</ref> After his death his grandson donated the library to the nation as its first national library. This transfer established the formation of the British Library.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/reshelp/findhelprestype/manuscripts/cottonmss/cottonmss.html |title=Cotton Manuscripts |publisher=[[British Library]] |date=2003-11-30 |access-date=2014-07-22}}</ref><ref>'An Act for the better settling and preserving the Library kept in the House at Westminster called Cotton House in the Name and Family of the Cottons for the Benefit of the Publick [Chapter VII. Rot. Parl. 12 § 13 Gul. III. p. 1. n. 7.]', Statutes of the Realm: volume 7: 1695-1701 (1820), pp. 642–643. URL: http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=46991</ref>

===National libraries===

==== United Kingdom ====
[[File:Sir Hans Sloane, an engraving from a portrait by T. Murray.jpg|thumb|upright|Sir [[Hans Sloane]]'s collection of books and manuscripts was bequeathed to the [[British Museum]].]]
The first true national library was founded in 1753 as part of the [[British Museum]].
This new institution was the first of a new kind of museum – national, belonging to neither church nor king, freely open to the public and aiming to collect everything.<ref name="world and its people">{{Cite book|last=Dunton|first=Larkin|title=The World and Its People|url=https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop05duntgoog|publisher=Silver, Burdett|year=1896|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldanditspeop05duntgoog/page/n46 38]}}</ref> The museum's foundations lay in the will of the physician and naturalist [[Hans Sloane|Sir Hans Sloane]], who gathered an enviable [[cabinet of curiosities|collection of curiosities]] over his lifetime which he bequeathed to the nation for £20,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html|title=Creating a Great Museum: Early Collectors and The British Museum|publisher=Fathom|access-date=4 July 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102202555/http://www.fathom.com/course/21701728/session1.html|archive-date=2 January 2010}}</ref>
[[File:Cape Town City Centre, Cape Town, 8001, South Africa - panoramio.jpg|thumb|[[National Library of South Africa]], Cape Town branch]]

Sloane's collection included some 40,000 printed books and 7,000 [[manuscript]]s, as well as [[Old master print|prints]] and drawings.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx|title=General history|work=British Museum|date=14 June 2010|access-date=4 July 2010}}</ref> The [[British Museum Act 1753]] also incorporated the [[Cotton library]] and the [[Robert Harley, 1st Earl of Oxford and Mortimer|Harleian library]]. These were joined in 1757 by the Royal Library, assembled by various [[British monarchy|British monarchs]].<ref>Letter to Charles Long (1823), BMCE115/3,10. Scrapbooks and illustrations of the Museum. (Wilson, David, M.) (2002). The British Museum: A History. London: The British Museum Press, pg 346</ref>

The first exhibition galleries and reading room for scholars opened on 15 January 1759,<ref>[http://www.historytoday.com/MainArticle.aspx?m=33121&amid=30262261 The British Museum Opened], History Today</ref> and in 1757, King [[George II of Great Britain|George II]] granted it the right to a copy of every book published in the country, thereby ensuring that the museum's library would expand indefinitely.

[[File:The North Prospect of Mountague House JamesSimonc1715.jpg|thumb|[[Montagu House, Bloomsbury|Montagu House]], seat of the [[British Museum|British Library]], founded in 1753]]

[[Anthony Panizzi]] became the Principal Librarian at the British Museum in 1856, where he oversaw its modernization. During his tenure, the library's holdings increased from 235,000 to 540,000 volumes, making it the largest library in the world at the time. Its famous circular [[British Museum Reading Room|Reading Room]] was opened in 1857. Panizzi undertook the creation of a new catalogue, based on the "Ninety-One Cataloguing Rules" (1841) which he devised with his assistants. These rules served as the basis for all subsequent [[library catalog|catalogue]] rules of the 19th and 20th centuries, and are at the origins of the [[International Standard Bibliographic Description|ISBD]] and of digital cataloguing elements such as [[Dublin Core]].

==== France ====
In France, the first national library was the {{Lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque Mazarine]]|italic=no}}, which evolved from its origin as a royal library founded at the [[Louvre Palace]] by [[Charles V of France|Charles V]] in 1368. At the death of [[Charles VI of France|Charles VI]], this first collection was unilaterally bought by the English regent of France, the [[John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford|Duke of Bedford]], who transferred it to England in 1424. It was apparently dispersed at his death in 1435.<ref name=priebe/><ref name=ea>{{Americana|wstitle=National Library of France|inline=1}}</ref> The invention of printing resulted in the starting of another collection in the Louvre inherited by [[Louis XI of France|Louis XI]] in 1461.<ref name=staikos2012>{{Citation |isbn = 978-1-58456-182-8 |publication-place = New Castle, DE |publisher= Oak Knoll Press |year= 2012 |title = History of the Library in Western Civilization: From Petrarch to Michelangelo |author = Konstantinos Staikos }}</ref> [[Francis I of France|Francis I]] transferred the collection in 1534 to [[Fontainebleau]] and merged it with his private library.

[[File:Jacques Auguste de Thou.jpg|thumb|right|200x200px|As librarian of the {{Lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque Mazarine]]|italic=no}}, [[Jacques Auguste de Thou]] transformed it into the largest library in the world at the time.]]

The appointment of [[Jacques Auguste de Thou]] as librarian in the 17th century, initiated a period of development that made it the largest and richest collection of books in the world.<ref name=ea/> The library opened to the public in 1692, under the administration of [[Camille le Tellier de Louvois|Abbé Louvois]], Minister Louvois's son. Abbé Louvois was succeeded by the [[Jérôme Bignon|Abbé Bignon]], or Bignon II as he was termed, who instituted a complete reform of the library's system. Catalogues were made which appeared from 1739 to 1753 in 11 volumes. The collections increased steadily by purchase and gift to the outbreak of the [[French Revolution]], at which time it was in grave danger of partial or total destruction, but owing to the activities of Antoine-Augustin Renouard and [[Joseph Van Praet]] it suffered no injury.<ref name=ea/>

The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during the [[Legislative Assembly (France)|radical phase]] of the [[French Revolution]] when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergymen were seized. After the establishment of the [[French First Republic]] in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the ''Bibliotheque du Roi'' to be national property and the institution was renamed the ''[[Bibliothèque nationale de France|Bibliothèque Nationale]]''. After four centuries of control by the Crown, this great library now became the property of the French people."<ref name=priebe>Paul M. Priebe. "From Bibliothèque du Roi to Bibliothèque Nationale: The Creation of a State Library, 1789–1793." The Journal of Library History, Vol. 17, No. 4 (Fall, 1982)</ref>

==== Spain ====

The library was founded by King [[Philip V of Spain|Philip V]] in 1711 as the Royal Library or Palace Public Library. The Royal Letters Patent that he granted, the predecessor of the current legal deposit requirement, made it mandatory for printers to submit a copy of every book printed in Spain to the library. In 1836, the [[Monarchy of Spain|Crown]] transferred the library to the [[Ministry of Governance]] and it was renamed as [[National Library of Spain]]. A year later, women were allowed access to the library for the first time, after a petition from writer [[Antonia Gutiérrez]] was granted by Queen Regent [[Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies|Maria Christina]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/03/07/actualidad/1362683501_440362.html |title=Leer era cosa de hombres |trans-title=Reading Was a Man's Thing |first=Tereixa |last=Constenla |newspaper=[[El País]] |place=Madrid |language=es |date=2013-03-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311085033/http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2013/03/07/actualidad/1362683501_440362.html |archive-date=2013-03-11 |url-status=deviated |access-date=2023-09-25}}</ref>

==== Poland ====

The [[National Library of Poland]] continues the tradition of the [[Załuski Library]].<ref name="bn-history"/> The Załuski Library was opened to readers in [[Warsaw]] on 8 August 1747, thanks to [[Józef Andrzej Załuski|Józef Załuski's]] cooperation with his brother [[Andrzej Stanisław Załuski|Andrzej Załuski]], but the idea of the Library dates back to 1732 (presented in ''Programma literarium'' by Józef Załuski).<ref name="mak2021" /><ref name="szwac2014" /> The library was one of the first national libraries and largest public libraries of eighteenth-century Europe.<ref name="mak2021" /><ref name="kord2022" /> Following the death of its founders the library became the property of the Polish state and from 1774 was named the Library of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth ({{Langx|pl|Biblioteka Rzeczypospolitej}}).<ref name="mak2021" /><ref name="szwac2014" /> In 1780 the [[Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] granted the Library the right to receive a free [[legal deposit]] copy of every book printed in the country.<ref name="bn-history"/>  Following the failed [[Kościuszko Uprising]], on the eve of [[Third Partition of Poland]] and the collapse of Polish statehood, the Library of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was closed down and taken to [[St Petersburg]] in 1794, on the decision of Empress [[Catherine II]], where it formed the basis of the [[National Library of Russia]].<ref name="mak2021" /><ref name="kord2022" />  Before taken to Russia the collections numbered about 400,000 volumes, including about 13,000 medieval and modern manuscripts.<ref name="bn-history" />

Between 1795 and 1918 no central institution existed collecting printed and handwritten
works from the lands that had once formed Poland.<ref name="mak2021" /> Some smaller libraries aimed to fill the gap it left, albeit on a smaller scale.<ref name="mak2021" /> The National Library of Poland was re-founded after Poland regained its independence in 1918, and formally opened in 1928 under the Decree of the President of the [[Second Polish Republic|Republic of Poland]].<ref name="mak2021" /><ref name="bn-history" /> Following the [[Treaty of Riga]] of 1921, most of the manuscripts of Zaluski Library and a large proportion of the prints were returned to Warsaw from [[Soviet Russia]].<ref name="szwac2014" /> National Library of Poland also included the collections of other Warsaw-based libraries and the collections from [[Polish Museum, Rapperswil|Rapperswil]] and Paris created by Polish émigré communities.<ref name="bn-history" /> During [[World War II]] the most valuable part of the National Library's holdings – almost 800,000 registered items (including {{Circa|50,000}} manuscripts destroyed by German Nazis) – were lost forever.<ref name="bn-history" />

===Expansion===
The first national library to establish in the Americas became the [[National Library of Colombia]] having been founded on 9 January 1777, as the ''Real Biblioteca'' by [[Manuel Antonio Flórez]], the [[Viceroyalty of New Granada|Viceroy of New Granada]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bibliotecanacional.gov.co/es-co/Footer/biblioteca-nacional-de-colombia/quienes-somos/historia|title = Historia}}</ref>

In the newly formed American republic, [[James Madison]] first proposed instituting a congressional library in 1783.<ref>Murray, Stuart. ''The Library: An Illustrated History'' (New York, Skyhouse Publishing, 2012): 155.</ref> The [[Library of Congress]] was established on 24 April 1800, when [[President of the United States|president]] [[John Adams]] signed an [[act of Congress]] providing for the transfer of the seat of government from [[Philadelphia]] to the new capital city of Washington. Part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 "for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress ... and for fitting up a suitable apartment for containing them." Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and three maps, was housed in the new [[United States Capitol|Capitol]].<ref name="loc history">{{cite web|title=Jefferson's Legacy • A Brief History of the Library of Congress|publisher=Library of Congress|url=https://www.loc.gov/loc/legacy/loc.html|date=6 March 2006|access-date=14 January 2008}}</ref>

[[File:Vogel Załuski Library.jpg|left|thumb|250px|The [[Załuski Library]] of Poland was taken by Russia after the [[Partitions of Poland|country's partition]], and the collection formed the nucleus of the Russian [[National Library of Russia|Imperial Public Library]], established in 1795.]]
The [[National Library of Russia|Imperial Public Library]] was established in 1795 by [[Catherine the Great]], whose private collections included the domestic libraries of [[Voltaire]] and [[Diderot]], which she had purchased from their heirs. Voltaire's personal library is still one of the highlights of the collection. The plan of a Russian public library was submitted to Catherine in 1766 but the Empress did not approve the project for the imperial library until {{OldStyleDate|27 May|1795|16 May}}, eighteen months before her death. The cornerstone of the foreign-language department came from the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] in the form of [[Załuski's Library]] (420,000 volumes), nationalized by the Russian government at the [[Partitions of Poland|time of the partitions]].<ref>Малый энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона, published in the [[Imperial Russia]] in the early 1900s</ref> The Polish-language books from the library (numbering some 55,000 titles) were returned to [[Poland]] by the [[Russian SFSR]] in 1921.<ref name="GSE">[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]], 3rd. edition</ref>

Although Germany was only constituted as a state in 1871, the first national library was set up in the context of the [[Revolutions of 1848 in the German states|German revolutions of 1848]]. Various booksellers and publishers offered their works to the [[Frankfurt Parliament]] for a parliamentary library. The library, led by Johann Heinrich Plath, was termed the ''Reichsbibliothek'' ("[[Reich]] library"). After the failure of the revolution the library was abandoned and the stock of books already in existence was stored at the [[Germanisches Nationalmuseum]] in Nuremberg.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=Reichsbibliothek von 1848 |title=Handbuch der historischen Buchbestände in Deutschland |editor-first=Bernhard |editor-last=Fabian |publisher=Olms Neue Medien |location=Hildesheim |year=2003 |url=http://fabian.sub.uni-goettingen.de/?Reichsbibliothek_Von_1848}}</ref> In 1912, the town of Leipzig, seat of the annual Leipzig Book Fair, the [[Kingdom of Saxony]] and the Börsenverein der Deutschen Buchhändler (Association of German booksellers) agreed to found a [[German National Library]] in Leipzig. Starting 1 January 1913, all publications in German were systematically collected (including books from Austria and Switzerland).

==Legal deposit and copyright==
{{Main|Legal deposit}}
[[File:National Library of Finland.jpg|right|thumb|[[National Library of Finland]], [[Helsinki]]]]
[[File:National Library, Calcutta 2007.jpg|right|thumb|[[National Library of India]], [[Kolkata]]]]
[[File:National Library at Dusk.jpg|right|thumb|[[National Library of Australia]] as viewed from [[Lake Burley Griffin]], [[Canberra]]]]
[[File:Biblioteka Narodowa Warsaw 2022 aerial.jpg|thumb|[[National Library of Poland]] in [[Warsaw]]]]
[[File:National_Library_Ljubljana_2010.jpg|thumb|[[National Library of Slovenia]] in [[Ljubljana]]]]

The principle of '''legal deposit''' applies in some countries.

In the United Kingdom, the [[Legal Deposit Libraries Act 2003]] restates the [[Copyright Act 1911]], that one copy of every book published there must be sent to the national library (the [[British Library]]); five other libraries (the [[Bodleian Library]] at Oxford University, the [[Cambridge University Library]], the [[National Library of Scotland]], the [[Trinity College Library, Dublin]], and the [[National Library of Wales]]) are entitled to request a free copy within one year of publication. The international nature of the book publishing industry ensures that all significant English language publications from elsewhere in the world are also included.

In the Republic of Ireland, the [[Copyright and Related Rights Act 2000]] specifies that one copy of every book published is to be delivered to the [[National Library of Ireland]], the Trinity College Library, Dublin, the library of the [[University of Limerick]], the library of [[Dublin City University]], and the [[British Library]]. Four copies are to be delivered to the [[National University of Ireland]] for distribution to its constituent universities. Further, on demand in writing within twelve months of publication a copy is to be delivered to the Bodleian Library, Cambridge University Library, the National Library of Scotland, and the National Library of Wales.

In Australia, the [[Copyright law of Australia|Copyright Act 1968]] and other state acts require that a copy of every book published in Australia be deposited with the [[National Library of Australia]], the relevant state library for the state in which the book was published, and some states other libraries such as parliamentary and university libraries.

A similar system also exists in Canada with respect to its national library, known as [[Library and Archives Canada]], and in Québec with respect to the [[Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec|National Library and Archives of Québec]].

Since 1537, all works published in France must be deposited with the {{lang|fr|[[Bibliothèque nationale de France]]|italic=no}}. Since 1997, it has also received deposits of digital works.

Since 1661, the [[Swedish Royal Library]] has been entitled to a copy of all works published in Sweden.

In [[Singapore]], the [[National Library Board Act]] requires all publishers in Singapore to deposit two copies of every publication to the [[National Library Board]] at their own expense within four weeks from the publication date.

Other countries, like the United States, do not follow this requirement. The United States does, however, require that any publisher submit two copies of a copyrightable work to [[United States Copyright Office]] at the [[Library of Congress]] – this is known as ''mandatory deposit''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.copyright.gov/help/faq/mandatory_deposit.html |title=U.S. Copyright Office - Mandatory Deposit (FAQ) |publisher=Copyright.gov |access-date=2014-07-22}}</ref> – but the Library is selective about which works it retains. The international nature of the book publishing industry ensures that all significant English language publications from elsewhere in the world are also included. It also has the [[Federal depository library|Federal depository libraries]], which must receive a copy of all of the publications of the [[United States Government Publishing Office|Government Printing Office]].

In addition to having a law requiring publishers to deposit books, those countries with legal deposits usually have many other incentives for a proper and speedy deposit, such as a tie-in with laws affecting [[copyright]] of the same documents, and/or a cataloguing-in-publication (CIP) service.

Approximately three million new English-language books are retained by the [[British Library]] and [[Library of Congress]] each year.

==National bibliographic control==
[[File:National Library of Ireland 2011.JPG|left|thumb|[[National Library of Ireland]], [[Dublin]]]]
[[File:Singapore National Library-2009-06-12.jpg|left|thumb|[[National Library, Singapore|National Library Building]] in [[Singapore]]]]One of the main goals of a national library is fulfilling their nation's part of the common international goal of [[union catalog]]uing and/or [[universal bibliographic control]], by ensuring the [[bibliographic control]] of all the books or book-like documents published in that particular country or talking about that particular country, in any way.

The first part of the goal is usually achieved through the means of legal deposit laws or (as is the case of the United States) by a host of different programs such as a cataloguing in publication service. By this service, the Library of Congress gives a complete [[library catalog|catalogue]] entry of a book to any publisher who sends a final draft or some form of galley proof of a book currently in production.  Other national libraries offer similar services or enforce mandatory practices similar to this.

The second part of the goal is achieved by thorough acquisition programs and [[collection development]] policies which target book markets in other nations, and which foster international agreements with other countries with national libraries who have national bibliographic control as one of their goals.  Exchange and access protocols are defined permitting these countries to read each other's catalogues, and to standardize catalogue entries, thus making it easier for each national library to become aware of every possible published document which might concern their country.

==International bibliographic control==
Another one of the main goals of many a national library is the "export aspect" and the collaborative sides of the universal bibliographic control of all the books in the world. This is done by the exchanges and accords mentioned in the previous section, and also by fostering the creation of standard conceptual tools such as [[library classification]] systems and cataloguing rules. The most commonly used of these tools is the [[International Standard Bibliographic Description]] or ISBD, which has served as a basis for national and international cataloguing codes, such as [[AACR2]].

==See also==
*[[List of national and state libraries]]
*[[Library assessment]]

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="kord2022">{{cite journal |last1=Kordel |first1=Jacek |title=The decimation of Polish Libraries in the Second World War |journal=Polish Libraries |date=2022 |volume=10 |issue=10 |pages=6–25 |doi=10.36155/PLib.10.00001 |url=https://polishlibraries.bn.org.pl/upload/pdf/05486_PL10_01kordel.pdf |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=National Library of Poland |issn=2353-1835}}</ref>

<ref name="mak2021">{{cite journal |last1=Makowski |first1=Tomasz |title=Principles for Developing the Collections at the National Library of Poland |journal=Polish Libraries |date=2021 |volume=9 |issue=9 |pages=272–296 |doi=10.36155/PLib.9.00009 |url=https://polishlibraries.bn.org.pl/upload/pdf/95168_PL9_09makowski.pdf |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=National Library of Poland |issn=2353-1835}}</ref>

<ref name="szwac2014">{{cite journal |last1=Szwaciński |first1=Tomasz  |title=An Important Milestone in Research on the Manuscripts from the Załuski Library and their Documentation |journal=Polish Libraries |date=2014 |volume=2 |pages=242–24 |url=https://polishlibraries.bn.org.pl/upload/pdf/00295_Tomasz_Szwacinski_An_Important_Milestone_in_Research_on_the_Manuscripts_from_the_Zaluski_Library_and_their_Documentation.pdf |access-date=20 June 2023 |publisher=National Library of Poland |issn=2353-1835}}</ref>

<ref name="bn-history">{{Cite web |url = https://www.bn.org.pl/en/about-us/history |title = History |work = The National Library of Poland |access-date = 2023-06-16}}</ref>

}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |first=K. W. |last=Humphreys |title=A National Library in Theory and in Practice |series=[[Panizzi Lectures]] 1987 |year=1988 |location=London |publisher=British Library |isbn=9780712301534 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|National libraries}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081013193603/http://www.ifla.org./VII/s1/index.htm National Libraries Section of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA)] (archived 13 October 2008)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050908211041/http://consorcio.bn.br/cdnl/ Conference of Directors of National Libraries (CDNL)] (archived 8 September 2005)
* [https://www.cenl.org/ Conference of European National Librarians (CENL)]

{{Libraries and library science}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:National libraries| ]]
[[Category:Types of library]]
[[Category:Government buildings]]