Editing Natural Born Killers

{{short description|1994 crime film by Oliver Stone}}
{{Distinguish|Natural Born Killaz}}
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{{Infobox film
| name           = Natural Born Killers
| image          = Natural Born Killers.jpg
| alt            = In black-and-white, a bald man sporting a leather jacket wears red sunglasses that contain the reflection of a blonde woman on both lenses, the movie's title is visible.
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = [[Oliver Stone]] 
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* David Veloz
* Richard Rutowski
* Oliver Stone
}}
| story          = [[Quentin Tarantino]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jane Hamsher]]
* [[Don Murphy]]
* [[Clayton Townsend]]
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Woody Harrelson]]
* [[Juliette Lewis]]
* [[Robert Downey Jr.]]
* [[Tommy Lee Jones]]
* [[Tom Sizemore]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]]
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* [[Hank Corwin]]
* [[Brian Berdan]]
}}
<!-- Do not add anything for music here, IMDb incorrectly credited Brent Lewis as the composer for this film, his songs were written before this movie, most music used are pre-existing except for "Burn" by Nine Inch Nails. -->
| studio         = {{Plainlist|
* [[Regency Enterprises]]
* Alcor Films
* Ixtlan Productions
* New Regency
* JD Productions}}
| distributor    = [[Warner Bros. Pictures|Warner Bros.]]
| released       = {{film date|1994|08|26}}
| runtime        = {{Plainlist| 
* 119 minutes<!--Theatrical runtime: 118:47--><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 20, 1994 |title=''NATURAL BORN KILLERS'' |url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/natural-born-killers-1970-1 |access-date=September 25, 2014 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |archive-date=November 21, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141121210550/http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/natural-born-killers-1970-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>}}
| country        = United States
| language       = English
| budget         = $34 million<ref name="boxofficemojo.com">{{Cite web |date=1994-10-18 |title=Natural Born Killers (1994) |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=naturalbornkillers.htm |access-date=2016-01-06 |website=Box Office Mojo |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219014520/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=naturalbornkillers.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| gross          = $110 million<ref name=SI>{{cite magazine|magazine=[[Screen International]]|date=August 30, 1996|pages=14–15|title=Planet Hollywood}}</ref>
}}

'''''Natural Born Killers''''' is a 1994 American [[Romantic film|romantic]] [[crime action film]]<ref name="boxofficemojo.com" /> directed by [[Oliver Stone]] and starring [[Woody Harrelson]], [[Juliette Lewis]], [[Robert Downey Jr.]], [[Tommy Lee Jones]], and [[Tom Sizemore]]. The film tells the story of two victims of traumatic childhoods who become lovers and [[mass murder]]ers, and are irresponsibly glorified by the mass media.

The film is based on an [[Quentin Tarantino's unrealized projects#The Open Road|original screenplay]] by [[Quentin Tarantino]] that was heavily revised by Stone, writer David Veloz, and associate producer Richard Rutowski. Tarantino received a story credit though he subsequently disowned the film. [[Jane Hamsher]], [[Don Murphy]], and Clayton Townsend produced the film, with [[Arnon Milchan]], [[Thom Mount]], and Stone as executive producers.

''Natural Born Killers'' was released on August 26, 1994 in the United States, and screened at the [[51st Venice International Film Festival|Venice Film Festival]] on August 29, 1994. It was a box office success, grossing $110 million against a production budget of $34 million, but received polarized reviews. Some critics praised the plot, acting, humor, and combination of action and romance, while others found the film overly violent and graphic. Notorious for its violent content and inspiring [[Natural Born Killers copycat crimes|"copycat" crimes]], the film was named the eighth most controversial film in history by ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' in 2006.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20141006124153/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1202224_4,00.html 25 Most Controversial Movies Ever], Entertainment Weekly, 9 June 2006</ref>

== Plot ==
Mickey Knox and his wife Mallory stop at a diner in the [[New Mexico]] desert. A duo of [[rednecks]] arrive and begin [[sexual harassment|sexually harassing]] Mallory as she dances by a jukebox. She initially encourages it before beating one of the men viciously. Mickey joins her, and the couple murder everyone in the diner, save one customer, to whom they proudly declare their names before leaving. The couple camp in the desert, and Mallory reminisces about how she met Mickey, a meat deliveryman who serviced her family's household. After a whirlwind romance, Mickey is arrested for [[Motor vehicle theft|grand theft auto]] and sent to prison; he escapes and returns to Mallory's home. The couple murders Mallory's [[child sexual abuse|sexually abusive]] father and neglectful mother, but spare the life of Mallory's little brother, Kevin. The couple then have an unofficial marriage ceremony on a bridge.

Later, Mickey and Mallory hold a woman hostage in their hotel room. Angered by Mickey's desire for a threesome, Mallory leaves, and Mickey rapes the hostage. Mallory drives to a nearby gas station, where she flirts with a mechanic. They begin to have sex on the hood of a car, but after Mallory suffers a [[Flashback (psychology)|flashback]] of being raped by her father, and the mechanic recognizes her as a wanted murderer, Mallory kills him. The pair continue their killing spree, ultimately claiming 52 victims in New Mexico, [[Arizona]] and [[Nevada]]. Pursuing them is detective Jack Scagnetti, who became obsessed with mass murderers at the age of eight after having witnessed the murder of his mother at the hand of [[Charles Whitman]]. Beneath his heroic façade, he is also a violent psychopath and has murdered prostitutes in his past. Following the pair's murder spree is self-serving tabloid journalist Wayne Gale, who profiles them on his show ''American Maniacs'', soon elevating them to cult-hero status.

Mickey and Mallory become lost in the desert after taking [[psilocybin|psychedelic mushrooms]], and they stumble upon a ranch owned by Warren Red Cloud, a [[Navajo people|Navajo]] man who provides them food and shelter. As Mickey and Mallory sleep, Warren, sensing evil in the couple, attempts to [[exorcism|exorcise]] the demon that he perceives in Mickey, chanting over him as he sleeps. Mickey, who has nightmares of his abusive parents, awakens during the exorcism and shoots Warren to death. As the couple flee, they feel inexplicably guilty and come across a giant field of [[rattlesnake]]s, where they are badly bitten. They reach a drugstore to purchase [[Antivenom|snakebite antidote]], but the store is sold out. A pharmacist recognizes the couple and triggers an alarm before Mickey kills him. Police arrive shortly after and accost the couple and a shootout ensues. The police end the showdown by beating the couple while a news crew films the action.

One year later, the imprisoned Mickey and Mallory are thought to be [[criminally insane]] and are scheduled to be transferred to [[psychiatric hospital]]s, with Scagnetti overseeing their transfer. Warden Dwight McClusky tells the detective that he should kill the Knoxes during their transfer and claim they had tried to escape.

Meanwhile, Gale has persuaded Mickey to submit to a live interview that will air after the [[Super Bowl]]. During the interview, Mickey declares himself a "natural born killer", inspiring the other inmates to start a [[prison riot]]. After McClusky terminates the interview, Mickey is left alone with Gale, the film crew and several guards. He manages to overpower a guard and kill most of the people in the room, taking Gale and several others hostage. Gale and his crew give a live television report that profiles the riot. Meanwhile, when Scagnetti attempts to seduce Mallory in her cell, she beats him viciously before another guard subdues her with [[tear gas]]. Mickey and Gale reach Mallory's cell, where Mickey kills the guards and engages in a [[Mexican standoff]] with Scagnetti before Mallory kills him.

Gale's entire television crew is killed trying to escape the riot, while Gale himself begins indulging in violence, shooting at prison guards. Mickey and Mallory steal a van and escape into the woods with Gale, to whom they give a final interview before declaring that he must die. He attempts various arguments to change their minds, appealing to their trademark practice of leaving one survivor. Mickey informs him that they are leaving a witness to tell the tale: his camera. Gale accepts his fate and is shot to death. Unbeknownst to the three, the entire exchange is transmitted to a horrified news anchor through Gale's in-ear microphone.

Several years later, Mickey and Mallory, still fugitives, travel in an [[Recreational vehicle|RV]], as a pregnant Mallory watches their two children play.

== Cast ==
{{cast list|
* [[Woody Harrelson]] as Mickey Knox
* [[Juliette Lewis]] as Mallory Wilson Knox
* [[Robert Downey Jr.]] as Wayne Gale
* [[Tom Sizemore]] as Detective Jack Scagnetti
* [[Tommy Lee Jones]] as Warden Dwight McClusky
* [[Rodney Dangerfield]] as Ed Wilson
* [[Edie McClurg]] as Mrs. Wilson
* [[Sean Stone]] as Kevin Wilson
* [[Russell Means]] as Warren Red Cloud (Old [[Native Americans in the United States|Indian]] Man)
* [[Jeremiah Bitsui]] as Young Indian Boy
* [[Lanny Flaherty]] as Earl
* [[Evan Handler]] as David
* [[Balthazar Getty]] as Gas station attendant
* [[Richard Lineback]] as Sonny
* [[Kirk Baltz]] as Roger
* [[Steven Wright]] as Dr. Emil Reingold
* [[Pruitt Taylor Vince]] as Deputy Warden Kavanaugh
* [[Joe Grifasi]] as Deputy Sheriff Duncan Homolka
* [[Everett Quinton]] as Deputy Wurlitzer
* [[Marshall Bell]] as Deputy
* [[Peter Crombie]] as Intense cop
* [[Grand L. Bush]] as Prison inmate
* [[Louis Lombardi]] as Deputy "Sparky"
* [[Dale Dye]] as Dale Wrigley
* [[Corinna Everson|Corey Everson]] as Mallory Knox in TV reconstruction
* [[O-Lan Jones]] as Mabel
* [[Jared Harris]] as London Boy
* [[James Gammon]] (''uncredited'') as Redneck buddy
* [[Mark Harmon]] (''uncredited'') as Mickey Knox in TV reconstruction
* [[Adrien Brody]] and [[David Pasquesi]] (''uncredited'') as Gale's cameramen
* [[Arliss Howard]] (''uncredited'') as Owen Traft, Mickey and Mallory's [[guardian angel]] / the demon
}}

=== Director's cut ===
{{cast list|
* [[Ashley Judd]] as Grace Mulberry
* [[Rachel Ticotin]] as Prosecutor Wanda Bisbing
* [[Peter Paul (actor)|Peter]] and [[David Paul (actor)|David Paul]] as Simon and Norman Hun
* [[Denis Leary]] and [[Bret Hart]] as prison inmates
}}

== Analysis and themes ==
One of the central themes of ''Natural Born Killers'' is the relationship between real-life violence and the mass media's coverage of it.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}} This thematic preoccupation was declared in the film's promotional materials, with its theatrical poster advertising it as a "bold new film that takes a look at a country seduced by fame, obsessed by crime, and consumed by the media."{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}}

The character of Wayne Gale, the television host of ''American Maniacs'', functions in the film as a figurehead of lurid [[true crime]] television documentaries, which recycle real-life incidents of violence and criminal activity into entertainment for the general public.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=337}} On several occasions, expressionistic edits featuring Gale as a blood-soaked [[Satan]] are interspersed into the film, which Muir suggests emphasizes the film's assertion that mass media and crime mutually reinforce one another.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=337}}

Media representation of the [[nuclear family]] has been identified as another theme in the film, particularly with the depiction of Mallory's dysfunctional family life, which includes a neglectful mother and a sexually abusive father.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}} Muir notes that the sequence depicting Mallory's home life—presented as a television sitcom with the title ''I Love Mallory'' (a parody of ''[[I Love Lucy]]'')—charts "the colossal gulf between the imagery sold to America regarding family life and the truth, for many Americans, of such family life in the 1990s."{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}} The "sitcom" representation of Mallory's household results in a visual dichotomy between her "life as she imagined it should be (replete with an oppressive [[laugh track]] eradicating any scary sense of ambiguity)" and the "grim truth of it."{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=337}}

Ian Cooper wrote that Mickey Knox's prison interview "parodies [[Geraldo Rivera]]'s jailhouse interview with [[Charles Manson|[Charles] Manson]]."<ref>{{cite book|last=Cooper|first=Ian|title=The Manson Family on Film and Television|date=October 20, 2018|publisher=[[McFarland & Company]]|location=[[Jefferson, North Carolina]]|page=33|isbn=9781476633800}}</ref>

== Production ==
=== Concept ===
''Natural Born Killers'' was based on a [[Quentin Tarantino's unrealized projects#The Open Road|screenplay]] written by [[Quentin Tarantino]], in which a married couple suddenly decide to go on a [[killing spree]].{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=65}} Tarantino had sold an option for his script to producers [[Jane Hamsher]] and [[Don Murphy]] for $10,000 after he had tried, and failed, to direct it himself for $500,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hamsher |first=Jane |title=Killer Instinct |publisher=Broadway |year=1998 |isbn=0-7679-0075-8 |pages=48–51}}</ref> Hamsher and Murphy subsequently sold the screenplay to [[Warner Bros.]] Around the same time, [[Oliver Stone]] was made aware of the script. He was keen to find something more straightforward than his previous production, ''[[Heaven & Earth (1993 film)|Heaven & Earth]]'' (1993), a difficult shoot which had left him exhausted.

David Veloz, associate producer Richard Rutowski, and Stone rewrote Tarantino's script, keeping much of the dialogue but changing the focus of the film from journalist Wayne Gale to Mickey and Mallory. The script was revised so drastically that Tarantino was credited for the story only.<ref name="spectacle">{{Cite web |last=Gleiberman |first=Owen |date=August 25, 2019 |title=Twenty-Five Years Later, Oliver Stone's 'Natural Born Killers' Is, More than Ever, the Spectacle of Our Time (Column) |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/columns/natural-born-killers-25th-anniversary-oliver-stone-the-spectacle-of-our-time-1203313212/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190826100142/https://variety.com/2019/film/columns/natural-born-killers-25th-anniversary-oliver-stone-the-spectacle-of-our-time-1203313212/ |archive-date=August 26, 2019 |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> In a 1993 interview, Tarantino stated that he did not hold any animosity towards Stone, and that he wished the film well.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fuller |first=Graham |title=Quentin Tarantino: Interviews |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |year=1998 |isbn=1-57806-051-6 |editor-last=Peary, Gerald |pages=57–59 |chapter=Graham Fuller/1993}}</ref>

Initially, when producers Hamsher and Murphy had first brought the script to Stone's attention, he had envisioned it as an action film; "something [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] would be proud of."<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite news |title='Chaos Rising: The Storm Around Natural Born Killers' (DVD Featurette)}}</ref> As the project developed however, incidents such as the [[O. J. Simpson murder case|O. J. Simpson case]], the [[Lyle and Erik Menendez|Menendez brothers]] case, the [[Tonya Harding]]/[[Nancy Kerrigan]] incident, the [[Rodney King]] incident, and the [[Waco siege]] all took place. Stone came to feel that the media was heavily involved in the outcome of all of these cases, and that the media had become an all-pervasive entity which marketed violence and suffering for the good of ratings. As such, he changed the tone of the film from one of purely action to a "vicious, coldhearted [[farce]]" on the media.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofoutsider0000levy |title=Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film |date=1999-09-01 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5289-0 |language=en |quote=stone natural born killers  farce. |url-access=registration}}</ref> Coloring Stone's approach to the material, and contributing to the violent nature of the film, were the anger and sadness he felt at the breakdown of his second marriage.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Cadwalladr |first=Carole |date=18 July 2010 |title=Oliver Stone and the politics of film-making |work=The Observer |location=paragraph 19 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/18/oliver-stone-chavez-wall-street |access-date=22 July 2010 |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116183712/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/jul/18/oliver-stone-chavez-wall-street |url-status=live }}</ref> He also said in an interview that the film was influenced by the "vitality" of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 27, 2010 |title=Oliver Stone 'loves' Indian cinema |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11635754 |access-date=June 20, 2018 |archive-date=November 28, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171128080258/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-11635754 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Stone cast Woody Harrelson partly because, "frankly, he had that American, trashy look. There's something about Woody that evokes Kentucky or [[white trash]]."{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=307}} At the time, Harrelson was primarily known for his comedic performances, namely his role on the sitcom ''[[Cheers (TV series)|Cheers]]'', and Stone was compelled to cast him against type.<ref name=qa /> Stone cast Lewis for a similar reason, noting that, despite her success as portraying a defiled teenage daughter in ''[[Cape Fear (1991 film)|Cape Fear]]'' (1991), he felt she could "pull off white trash, too. Juliette has malice in her eyes. She's got adorable eyes, but they jump and they gleam. I just felt they [were both] right. They didn't feel like they were upper-class people."{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=307}} Stone tried to convince Lewis to gain muscle mass for her role as Mallory so that she looked tougher, but she refused, saying she wanted the character to look like a pushover, not a bodybuilder.<ref name="Director">{{Cite news |title=Director's Commentary (DVD Extra)}}</ref>

Robert Downey Jr. was cast as Wayne Gale, the reporter chronicling the Knoxes;{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=239}} Downey prepared for his role as reporter Wayne Gale by spending time with Australian TV shock-king [[Steve Dunleavy]], and later convinced Stone to allow him to portray Gale with an Australian accent.<ref name="qa">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Kyle |date=October 13, 2009 |title=Oliver Stone Q&A: 'Natural Born Killers' |url=https://nypost.com/2009/10/13/oliver-stone-qa-natural-born-killers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930074451/https://nypost.com/2009/10/13/oliver-stone-qa-natural-born-killers/ |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |website=[[New York Post]]}}</ref> Tom Sizemore was cast as Detective Jack Scagnetti, the psychotic police officer with murderous impulses himself,{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=240}} while Tommy Lee Jones was cast as Dwight McClusky, a prison warden who appears in the last act of the film.{{sfn|Seitz|2016|p=240}} Rodney Dangerfield, primarily known as a stand-up comedian, portrayed Mallory's rapist father and was allowed by Stone to rewrite all of his own character's lines.<ref name="LA-Rodney">{{Cite web |date=August 21, 1994 |title=MOVIES : Natural Born Actor : Comic titan Rodney Dangerfield is getting respect for his performance as a hateful dad in 'Natural Born Killers' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-21-ca-29578-story.html |website=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=May 27, 2013 |archive-date=September 15, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915025650/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-08-21/entertainment/ca-29578_1_natural-born-killers |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] took 56 days to shoot.<ref name="Director" /> Filming locations included the [[Rio Grande Gorge Bridge]] just west of [[Taos, New Mexico]], where the wedding scene was filmed, and [[Stateville Correctional Center]] in [[Joliet, Illinois]], where the prison riot was filmed. In Stateville, 80% of the prisoners are incarcerated for violent crimes. For the first two weeks on location at the prison, the extras were actual inmates with rubber weapons. For the subsequent two weeks, 200 extras were needed because the Stateville inmates were on [[lockdown]]. According to [[Tom Sizemore]], during filming on the prison set, Stone would play African tribal music at full blast between takes to keep the frantic energy up.<ref name="ReferenceA" /> While shooting the [[Point of view shot|POV scene]] wherein Mallory runs into the wire mesh, director of photography [[Robert Richardson (cinematographer)|Robert Richardson]] broke his finger and the replacement cameraman cut his eye. According to Oliver Stone, he was not popular with the camera department on set that day.<ref name="Director" /> For the scenes involving rear projection, the projected footage was shot prior to principal photography, then edited together, and projected onto the stage, behind the live actors. For example, when Mallory drives past a building and flames are projected onto the wall, this was shot live using footage projected onto the facade of a real building.<ref name="Director" /> An alternate ending was filmed but not used, in which Mickey and Mallory are shot dead by [[Arliss Howard]]'s character.<ref>{{Cite web|last=LONGSDORF|first=AMY|date=August 2, 1996|title='NATURAL BORN KILLERS' DIRECTOR'S CUT PILES ON CARNAGE|url=https://www.mcall.com/news/mc-xpm-1996-08-02-3107369-story.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194723/https://www.mcall.com/|archive-date=June 29, 2021|access-date=2021-02-09|website=mcall.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Stone decided against using this ending because he believed "the 1990s were a time when the bad guys got away with it".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cormier|first=Roger|date=2015-09-24|title=13 Fascinating Facts About Natural Born Killers|url=https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67549/13-fascinating-facts-about-natural-born-killers|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123044723/https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/67549/13-fascinating-facts-about-natural-born-killers|archive-date=January 23, 2021|access-date=2021-02-09|website=[[Mentalfloss.com]]}}</ref>

The famous [[Coca-Cola]] polar bear ad<ref>{{Cite web |title=Coke Lore: Polar Bears&nbsp;– Advertising Case History |work=The Coca-Cola Company |url=http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-lore-polar-bears |access-date=20 October 2010 |archive-date=October 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022015144/http://www.coca-colacompany.com/stories/coke-lore-polar-bears |url-status=live }}</ref> is seen twice during the film. According to Stone, Coca-Cola approved the use of the ad without having a full idea of what the film was about. When they saw the completed film, they were furious.<ref name="Director" />

==== Visual style ====
''Natural Born Killers'' was filmed and edited in a frenzied and [[Psychedelic art|psychedelic]] style and features both color and black and white cinematography, as well as animation (directed by Mike Smith),<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/89966738 |title="Natural Born Killers" (Animated Scenes Excerpt) posted by ACME Filmworks on Vimeo |date=March 24, 2014 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194714/https://vimeo.com/89966738 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/157490497 |title=Natural Born Killers Animation by FFAKE ANIMATION on Vimeo |date=March 2, 2016 |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=June 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629194715/https://vimeo.com/157490497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acmefilmworks.com/directors/mike-smith/ |title=Mike Smith{{!}}Acme Filmworks |access-date=January 1, 2021 |archive-date=July 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200718084844/http://www.acmefilmworks.com/directors/mike-smith/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and other unusual color schemes and visual compositions.<ref name=qa /> Editing of the film lasted  approximately 11 months, with the final film containing almost 3,000 cuts (most films have 600–700).<ref name="Director" /> The film also employs a wide range of camera angles, featuring [[Dutch angle|Dutch tilts]] prominently throughout, with the camera rarely angling along a horizontal field of vision.<ref name="mayhem">{{Cite news |last=Bell |first=Chris |date=March 14, 2017 |title=Mayhem, murder, and movies: the saga of Natural Born Killers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/mayhem-murder-movies-making-natural-born-killers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126140116/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/mayhem-murder-movies-making-natural-born-killers/ |archive-date=November 26, 2018 |website=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]}} {{subscription required}}</ref> Film scholar [[Robert P. Kolker|Robert Kolker]] notes that the Dutch angle's employment in the film is "the visual equivalent of a profound dislocation, a loss of object constancy, the slipperiness of subjectivity itself."{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=66}} Kolker comments that, unlike such films as ''Bonnie and Clyde'' from which ''Natural Born Killers'' draws influence, "from the very beginning...&nbsp; the viewer is forced into a dual situation, neither one of which allows easy access to the main characters. One situation, continued throughout the film, is a kind of rhythmic attention created by a startling flow of images. Stone builds his visuals on unexpected linkages and disorienting juxtapositions within the shots and edits."{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=65}}

Because the film is thematically preoccupied with media, Stone sought to implement visual elements of popular television into the film's visual tableau:<ref name="tv">{{Cite web |last=Rosenberg |first=Howard |date=August 31, 1994 |title=Stone's 'Killers' Shoots Wide as TV Critique |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-31-ca-33276-story.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20190930080304/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-08-31-ca-33276-story.html |archive-date=September 30, 2019 |access-date=September 30, 2019 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> "It had never quite been done before&nbsp;– a mixture of stocks and styles. I was influenced, I have to say, by [[MTV]] and some of the styles I saw in the early '80s and '90s on television. But no one had tried that style over the course of 90, 100 minutes."<ref name=qa /> Commercials which were commonly on the air at the time of the film's release make brief, intermittent appearances as well.{{sfn|Kolker|2000|p=67}}

Concurrent with Stone's preoccupation with television as both a visual and thematic reference point, portions of the film are narrated through parodies of popular television series, including a sequence presented in the style of a sitcom about Mallory's [[dysfunctional family]] (titled ''I Love Mallory''), a parody of ''[[I Love Lucy]]''.<ref name="problem">{{Cite web |last=Bramesco |first=Charles |date=August 26, 2019 |title=Natural Born Killers at 25: the problem with Oliver Stone's hit film |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/26/natural-born-killers-problem-oliver-stone-hit-film-25-year-anniversary |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830142942/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/aug/26/natural-born-killers-problem-oliver-stone-hit-film-25-year-anniversary |archive-date=August 30, 2019 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> In the film's final montage, splices of real-life television news coverage of various criminal cases of the time are included, such as the [[O. J. Simpson murder case|O. J. Simpson case]], the [[Lyle and Erik Menendez|Menendez brothers]], and the [[Tonya Harding]]/[[Nancy Kerrigan]] incident.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}} Film scholar [[John Kenneth Muir]] notes this inclusion as an "exclamation point" concluding the film's thesis: "It seems to say, 'Welcome to the tabloid-TV culture of America in the 1990s, where crime pays and pays well.'"{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=336}}

=== Music ===
{{Main|Natural Born Killers (soundtrack)}}
The film's soundtrack was produced by Stone and [[Trent Reznor]] of [[Nine Inch Nails]], who reportedly watched the film over 50 times to "get in the mood".<ref name="Director" /> Reznor reportedly produced the soundtrack while on tour.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=September 1996 |title=An Interview with Charlie Clouser |journal=Scene Magazine}}</ref> On his approach to compiling the soundtrack, Reznor told [[MTV]]:

<blockquote>I suggested to [[Oliver Stone|Oliver]] [Stone] to try to turn the soundtrack into a collage-of-sound, kind of the way the movie used music: make edits, add dialog, and make it something interesting, rather than a bunch of previously released music.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Box Set: NIN On "Doing The Soundtrack For ''Natural Born Killers''" |url=http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?vid=146223 |access-date=2008-02-18 |publisher=[[MTV.com]] |archive-date=February 24, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080224175915/http://www.mtv.com/overdrive/?vid=146223 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>

Some songs were written especially for the film or soundtrack, such as "[[Burn (Nine Inch Nails song)|Burn]]" by Nine Inch Nails.

== Release and reception ==
===Box office===
In its opening weekend, ''Natural Born Killers'' grossed a total of $11.2 million in 1,510 theaters, finishing [[List of 1994 box office number-one films in the United States|first at the US box office]]. It finished its theatrical run in the United States and Canada with a total gross of $50.3 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Born Killers |url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=naturalbornkillers.htm |access-date=2007-01-12 |website=[[Box Office Mojo]] |archive-date=February 19, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219014520/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=naturalbornkillers.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> It grossed an estimated $60 million internationally for a worldwide total of $110 million<ref name=SI/> against its $34 million budget.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Corliss |first=Richard |date=1994-08-24 |title=Stone Crazy |work=[[Time Magazine]] <!-- |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] --> |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981345,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |access-date=2008-11-23 |archive-date=June 3, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603142031/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981345,00.html?iid=chix-sphere |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Critical response===
On [[review aggregator]] [[Rotten Tomatoes]], ''Natural Born Killers'' has an approval rating of 50% based on 50 reviews, with an average rating of 5.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "''Natural Born Killers'' explodes off the screen with style, but its satire is too blunt to offer any fresh insight into celebrity or crime – pummeling the audience with depravity until the effect becomes deadening."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Born Killers (1994) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/natural_born_killers |access-date=March 7, 2024 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |publisher=[[Fandango Media]] |archive-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517112821/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/natural_born_killers/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On [[Metacritic]], the film has an average weighted score of 74 out of 100, based on 20 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by [[CinemaScore]] gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural Born Killers&nbsp;– CinemaScore |url=https://m.cinemascore.com |access-date=January 17, 2018 |website=[[CinemaScore]] |archive-date=December 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210223808/https://m.cinemascore.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Roger Ebert]] of the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'' gave the film four stars out of four and wrote, "Seeing this movie once is not enough. The first time is for the visceral experience, the second time is for the meaning."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ebert |first=Roger |date=August 26, 1994 |title=Natural Born Killers |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19940826/REVIEWS/408260302/1023 |access-date=2007-01-12 |archive-date=September 27, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927182622/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19940826%2FREVIEWS%2F408260302%2F1023 |url-status=live }}</ref> On his television show, his partner [[Gene Siskel]] agreed with him, adding extra praise to the scene featuring Rodney Dangerfield.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-16|title=Natural Born Killers, Blankman, Fresh, Wagons East!, The Advocate, 1994|url=https://siskelebert.org/?p=3984|url-status=live|website=siskelebert.org|access-date=December 21, 2021|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053934/https://siskelebert.org/?p=3984}} ''(Timestamp 4:08)''</ref>

===Criticism===
Other critics found the film unsuccessful in its aims. Much of the criticism centered around the perception that the film was not effective as a satire and its message was muddled. [[Janet Maslin]] of the ''[[The New York Times|New York Times]]'' wrote, "While '<nowiki/>''Natural Born Killers''<nowiki/>' affects occasional disgust at the lurid world of Mickey and Mallory, it more often seems enamored of their exhilarating freedom. If there is a juncture at which these caricatures start looking like nihilist heroes, then the film passes that point many times."<ref name=":0" /> [[Hal Hinson]] of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' voiced a similar concern, saying "'''Killers''<nowiki/>' is intended as a [[Gonzo journalism|gonzo]] critique of the mass media and, by extension, of the bloodthirsty legions of couch potatoes whose prurient taste guarantees that the garbage rises to the top of the charts. But the film doesn't make it as a piece of social criticism. Primarily this is because the movie's jittery, psychedelic style is so obviously a kick for Stone to orchestrate. Bloody, pulpy excess is his thing; it's what he does best."<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Hinson|first=Hal|date=August 26, 1994|title=Natural Born Killers|newspaper=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/naturalbornkillersrhinson_a0628c.htm|url-status=live|access-date=2007-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702030546/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/naturalbornkillersrhinson_a0628c.htm|archive-date=July 2, 2017}}</ref> Hinson noted the film also loses its "symbolic footing" when it transitions into a [[prison film]].<ref name=":1"/>

Some critics felt the film's focus on the mass media as the main culprit of society's ills rang hollow or that the film did not adequately hold the characters of Mickey and Mallory accountable for their actions. Maslin continued, "for all its surface passions, ''Natural Born Killers'' never digs deep enough to touch the madness of such events, or even to send them up in any surprising way. Mr. Stone's vision is impassioned, alarming, visually inventive, characteristically overpowering. But it's no match for the awful truth."<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Maslin|first=Janet|date=August 26, 1994|title=Natural Born Killers; Young Lovers With a Flaw That Proves Fatal|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/26/movies/film-review-natural-born-killers-young-lovers-with-a-flaw-that-proves-fatal.html|url-status=live|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053928/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/26/movies/film-review-natural-born-killers-young-lovers-with-a-flaw-that-proves-fatal.html|archive-date=December 21, 2021}}</ref>

[[James Berardinelli]] gave the film a negative review but his criticism was different from many other such pans, which generally said that Oliver Stone was a hypocrite for making an ultra-violent film in the guise of a critique of American attitudes. Berardinelli noted that the movie "hits the bullseye" as a satire of America's lust for bloodshed, but repeated Stone's main point so often and so loudly that it became unbearable.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Berardinelli |first=James |title=Natural Born Killers |publisher=ReelViews |url=http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/n/natural_born.html |access-date=2017-07-10 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116065609/http://preview.reelviews.net/movies/n/natural_born.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Stone got in trouble with the [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] community for the use of [[Russell Means]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egIXB5AuRjc |title=Natural Born Killers - Behind the Scenes Clip - Warner Brothers on YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |date=July 8, 2014 |access-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-date=April 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415155549/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=egIXB5AuRjc |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 2015, Taste of Cinema ranked the film 22nd among the "30 Great [[Psychopathy|Psychopath]] Movies That Are Worth Your Time", and [[GamesRadar+]] named the two lead characters among the "50 Creepiest Movie Psychopaths.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turer |first=Jason |date=2015-04-09 |title=30 Great Psychopath Movies That Are Worth Your Time |url=https://www.tasteofcinema.com/2015/30-great-psychopath-movies-that-are-worth-your-time/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=Taste of Cinema - Movie Reviews and Classic Movie Lists |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=published |first=Joshua Winning |date=2013-03-14 |title=50 Creepiest Movie Psychopaths |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/50-creepiest-movie-psychopaths/2/ |access-date=2025-03-08 |website=gamesradar |language=en}}</ref>

===Accolades===
At the 1994 [[Stinkers Bad Movie Awards]], Harrelson was nominated for Worst Actor but lost to [[Bruce Willis]] for ''[[Color of Night]]'' and ''[[North (1994 film)|North]]''. The film was nominated for Worst Picture but lost to ''North''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=1994 17th Hastings Bad Cinema Society Stinkers Awards|url=http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1994/1994st.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070815101800/http://theenvelope.latimes.com/extras/lostmind/year/1994/1994st.htm|archive-date=2007-08-15|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>

=== Year-end lists ===
* 2nd&nbsp;– David Stupich, ''[[The Milwaukee Journal]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Stupich |first=David |date=January 19, 1995 |title=Even with gore, 'Pulp Fiction' was film experience of the year |page=3 |work=The Milwaukee Journal}}</ref>
* 8th&nbsp;– [[Roger Ebert]], ''[[The Chicago Sun-Times]]''<ref name="Ebert">{{Cite web |last=Ebert |first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert |title="Siskel and Ebert" Best of 1994, 1995 |url=https://siskelebert.org/?p=5001 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114151515/https://siskelebert.org/?p=5001 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=15 November 2020}}</ref>
* 8th&nbsp;– Michael Mills, ''[[The Palm Beach Post]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mills |first=Michael |date=December 30, 1994 |title=It's a Fact: 'Pulp Fiction' Year's Best |edition=Final |work=The Palm Beach Post |page=7}}</ref>
* 8th&nbsp;– Christopher Sheid, ''[[The Munster Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sheid |first=Christopher |date=December 30, 1994 |title=A year in review: Movies |work=The Munster Times}}</ref>
* Top 10 (not ranked)&nbsp;– Bob Carlton, ''[[The Birmingham News]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Carlton |first=Bob |date=December 29, 1994 |title=It Was a Good Year at Movies |page=12-01 |work=[[The Birmingham News]]}}</ref>
* Honorable mention&nbsp;– [[Kenneth Turan]], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Turan |first=Kenneth |date=December 25, 1994 |title=1994: YEAR IN REVIEW : No Weddings, No Lions, No Gumps |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-25-ca-12998-story.html |access-date=July 20, 2020 |website=Los Angeles Times |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319070002/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-12-25-ca-12998-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Honorable mention&nbsp;– Dennis King, ''[[Tulsa World]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=King |first=Dennis |date=December 25, 1994 |title=SCREEN SAVERS In a Year of Faulty Epics, The Oddest Little Movies Made The Biggest Impact |edition=Final Home |work=[[Tulsa World]] |page=E1}}</ref>
* Honorable mention&nbsp;– Howie Movshovitz, ''[[The Denver Post]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Movshovitz |first=Howie |date=December 25, 1994 |title=Memorable Movies of '94 Independents, fringes filled out a lean year |edition=Rockies |page=E-1 |work=[[The Denver Post]]}}</ref>
* Honorable mention&nbsp;– Dan Webster, ''[[The Spokesman-Review]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Webster |first=Dan |date=January 1, 1995 |title=In Year of Disappointments, Some Movies Still Delivered |edition=Spokane |page=2 |work=The Spokesman-Review}}</ref>
* Best-worst movie&nbsp;– Todd Anthony, ''[[Miami New Times]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |first=Todd |date=January 5, 1995 |title=Hits & Disses |work=[[Miami New Times]]}}</ref>
* 1st worst&nbsp;– [[Peter Travers]], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Travers |first=Peter |date=December 29, 1994 |title=The Best and Worst Movies of 1994 |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/the-best-and-worst-movies-of-1994-180969/ |access-date=July 20, 2020 |magazine=Rolling Stone |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125152931/https://www.rollingstone.com/movies/movie-news/the-best-and-worst-movies-of-1994-180969/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 1st worst&nbsp;– Dan Craft, ''[[The Pantagraph]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Craft |first=Dan |date=December 30, 1994 |title=Success, Failure and a Lot of In-between; Movies '94 |page=B1 |work=[[The Pantagraph]]}}</ref>
* 2nd worst&nbsp;– John Hurley, ''[[Staten Island Advance]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Hurley |first=John |date=December 30, 1994 |title=Movie Industry Hit Highs and Lows in '94 |page=D11 |work=Staten Island Advance}}</ref>
*10th worst&nbsp;– Glenn Lovell, ''[[San Jose Mercury News]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lovell |first=Glenn |date=December 25, 1994 |title=The Past Picture Show the Good, the Bad and the Ugly -- a Year Worth's of Movie Memories |edition=Morning Final |work=[[San Jose Mercury News]] |page=3}}</ref>
*10th worst &nbsp;– Sean P. Means, ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]''<ref>{{Cite news |last=P. Means |first=Sean |date=January 1, 1995 |title='Pulp and Circumstance' After the Rise of Quentin Tarantino, Hollywood Would Never Be the Same |edition=Final |page=E1 |work=The Salt Lake Tribune}}</ref>
* Worst films (not ranked)&nbsp;– Jeff Simon, ''[[The Buffalo News]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Simon |first=Jeff |date=January 1, 1995 |title=Movies: Once More, with Feeling |url=https://buffalonews.com/news/movies-once-more-with-feeling/article_b73e9a1a-9f60-5d7a-a05c-289243ba0483.html |access-date=July 19, 2020 |website=[[The Buffalo News]] |archive-date=July 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719132904/https://buffalonews.com/news/movies-once-more-with-feeling/article_b73e9a1a-9f60-5d7a-a05c-289243ba0483.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Top 4 worst (not ranked)&nbsp;– [[Stephen Hunter]], ''[[The Baltimore Sun]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hunter |first=Stephen |date=December 25, 1994 |title=Films worthy of the title 'best' in short supply MOVIES |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1994-12-25-1994359091-story.html |access-date=July 19, 2020 |website=The Baltimore Sun |archive-date=December 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201235137/https://www.baltimoresun.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Retrospective ===
For the film's 25th anniversary in 2019, critics wrote about the film's impact in popular culture and its relevance today. Writing for ''[[The Guardian]]'', Charles Bramesco argued the film's rebuke of the media as responsible for violence does not hold up to current times. Bramesco wrote, "With every public bloodbath [in the news today], discourse inches closer to accepting their root cause as a combination of lax [[Overview of gun laws by nation|gun laws]] and an undercurrent of psychosis endemic to those feeling marginalized from society. Stone’s inquest may have been a shock to the system at the time, but his tracing of that psychosis back to the evils of television scans as borderline reactionary to present-day sensibilities."<ref name="problem" /> Bramesco also noted the film's inclusion of Native American mysticism into its plot felt like a "white understanding of native culture."<ref name="problem" />

In contrast, critic [[Owen Gleiberman]] said the film still "captures how our parasitical relationship to pop culture can magnify the cycle of violence...'''Natural Born Killers''<nowiki/>' was the movie that glimpsed the looking glass we were passing through, the new psycho-metaphysical space we were living inside — the roller-coaster of images and advertisements, of entertainment and illusion, of demons that come up through fantasy and morph into daydreams, of vicarious violence that bleeds into real violence.”<ref name="spectacle" />

=== Home media ===
''Natural Born Killers'' was released on [[VHS]] in 1995 by [[Warner Home Video]].<ref>{{Cite book |title=Natural Born Killers [VHS] |asin=6303327982 }}</ref> A director's cut version of the film was released the following year on VHS by [[Trimark Pictures|Vidmark]]/[[Lionsgate Films|Lionsgate]], who also released a non-anamorphic DVD of the director's cut in 2000.<ref name="dvdtalk">{{Cite web |last=Hartel, Nick |date=October 29, 2009 |title=Natural Born Killers: The Director's Cut |url=https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/38562/natural-born-killers-directors-cut/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091104104305/https://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/38562/natural-born-killers-directors-cut/ |archive-date=November 4, 2009 |website=[[DVD Talk]]}}</ref> Distribution rights to Stone's director's cut reverted from Lionsgate to Warner Bros. in 2009, after which Warner issued an anamorphic DVD edition<ref name=dvdtalk /> as well as a [[Blu-ray]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dellamorte |first=Andrew |date=October 30, 2009 |title=NATURAL BORN KILLERS Unrated Director's Cut Blu-ray Review |url=http://collider.com/natural-born-killers-unrated-directors-cut-blu-ray-review/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190325232427/http://collider.com/natural-born-killers-unrated-directors-cut-blu-ray-review |archive-date=March 25, 2019 |website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]]}}</ref> Shout Factory licensed the title for a 4K UHD release and released it on September 26, 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shout Factory: Natural Born Killers Collector's Edition 4K Blu-ray Detailed |url=https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=33049 |website=blu-ray.com |access-date=8 August 2023}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
=== Quentin Tarantino ===
After Quentin Tarantino attempted to publish his original screenplay to ''Natural Born Killers'' as a paperback book, as he had done with his scripts for ''[[True Romance]]'' and his own directorial efforts, ''[[Reservoir Dogs]]'' and ''[[Pulp Fiction]]'', the producers of ''Natural Born Killers'' filed a lawsuit against Tarantino, claiming that when he sold the script to them, he had forfeited the publishing rights; eventually, Tarantino was allowed to publish his original script.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinema: Tarantino v Stone |website=[[Independent.co.uk]] |date=October 23, 2011 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/cinema-tarantino-v-stone-1592900.html |access-date=September 22, 2018 |archive-date=June 15, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005912/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/cinema-tarantino-v-stone-1592900.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tarantino disowned the film, saying, "I hated that fucking movie. If you like my stuff, don't watch that movie." He also claimed to have never watched the film from beginning to end.<ref>{{cite web|date=October 11, 2013|title=Quentin Tarantino: planet Earth couldn't handle my serial killer movie|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/10372875/Quentin-Tarantino-planet-Earth-couldnt-handle-my-serial-killer-movie.html|access-date=September 22, 2018|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|url-access=subscription|archive-date=June 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615232755/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/film-news/10372875/Quentin-Tarantino-planet-Earth-couldnt-handle-my-serial-killer-movie.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Lattanzio|first=Ryan|date=January 8, 2021|title=Quentin Tarantino Has Never Seen All of Oliver Stone's Version of His 'Natural Born Killers'|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/08/quentin-tarantino-oliver-stone-natural-born-killers-1234654847/|url-status=live|access-date=March 17, 2022|website=[[IndieWire]]|archive-date=December 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211221053928/https://www.indiewire.com/2021/08/quentin-tarantino-oliver-stone-natural-born-killers-1234654847/}}</ref>

=== Censorship ===
When the film was first submitted to the [[Motion Picture Association of America]] (MPAA), employees told Stone they would give it an [[Motion Picture Association of America#X replaced by NC-17|NC-17]] unless he edited it. As such, Stone removed some violence by cutting approximately four minutes of footage and the MPAA re-rated the film as an R. In 1996, a Director's Cut was released on home video by [[Vidmark Entertainment]] and [[Pioneer Entertainment]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/arts/film-with-video-cut-needn-t-be-the-director-s-final-word.html FILM;With Video, 'Cut!' Needn't Be the Director's Final Word&nbsp;– New York Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170909114644/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/04/14/arts/film-with-video-cut-needn-t-be-the-director-s-final-word.html |date=September 9, 2017 }}. Nytimes.com (1996-04-14). Retrieved on 2014-05-22.</ref> [[Warner Home Video]] later released this cut on Blu-ray.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Born Killers (Unrated Director's Cut) [Blu-ray]|url=https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Killers-Unrated-Directors-Blu-ray/dp/B002AF4Y96|url-status=live|website=[[Amazon.com]]|date=October 13, 2009 |access-date=September 5, 2017|archive-date=September 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927222139/https://www.amazon.com/Natural-Killers-Unrated-Directors-Blu-ray/dp/B002AF4Y96}}</ref>

The film was banned in Ireland, including&nbsp;– controversially&nbsp;– from [[Film Society#Ireland|cinema clubs]]. The ban was later lifted.<ref name="NYTimesIreland">{{Cite news |title='Natural Born Killers' Is Banned in Ireland |work=NY Times |date=October 28, 1994 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/28/arts/natural-born-killers-is-banned-in-ireland.html |access-date=2013-05-26 |archive-date=August 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160828031612/http://www.nytimes.com/1994/10/28/arts/natural-born-killers-is-banned-in-ireland.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="IFI">{{Cite web |title=Irish Film Institute&nbsp;– Natural Born Killers |url=http://www.ifi.ie/film/natural-born-killers-4/ |access-date=2013-05-26 |website=Irish Film Institute |archive-date=March 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316135501/http://www.ifi.ie/film/natural-born-killers-4/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In the UK, though the cinema release was delayed while the [[BBFC]] investigated reports that the film caused copycat murders in the USA and France, it was finally shown in cinemas in February 1995. The BBFC classified the film uncut at [[18 (British Board of Film Classification)|18]], citing strong bloody violence and sexual violence.<ref>[http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/natural-born-killers-1994 BBFC]  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319000504/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/natural-born-killers-1994 |date=March 19, 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cijnQdfguA0 |title=Natural Born Killers - Oliver Stone (1995) BBC 2 Moving Pictures posted by The Duke Mitchell Film Club on YouTube |website=[[YouTube]] |date=May 22, 2021 |access-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-date=June 24, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624214030/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cijnQdfguA0 |url-status=live }}</ref> The film was also banned in the Philippines by the [[Movie and Television Review and Classification Board]] (MTRCB), a government agency.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sulat|first=Bert B. Jr.|title=A truly twisted thriller|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ja8mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FAsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6562%2C1846635|access-date=June 20, 2023|work=[[Manila Standard]]|publisher=Kamahalan Publishing Corp.|date=June 13, 1995|page=21}}</ref>

The original intended UK home video release in March 1996 was cancelled due to the [[Dunblane massacre]] in Scotland. In the meantime, [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel Five]] showed the film in November 1997. It was finally released on video in July 2001.<ref>{{Cite news |date=May 16, 2001 |title=Natural Born Killers given video release |work=The Guardian |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/may/16/news1 |access-date=December 12, 2016 |archive-date=March 9, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309194945/http://www.theguardian.com/film/2001/may/16/news1 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' ranked the film as the eighth most controversial film ever.<ref>{{Citation |title=25 Most Controversial Movies Ever |date=2010-01-06 |url=http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221484_18,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106151026/http://www.ew.com/ew/gallery/0,,20221484_18,00.html |publisher=[[Entertainment Weekly]] (archived at [[Internet Archive]]) |access-date=2016-06-10 |archive-date=January 6, 2010 |url-status=unfit}}</ref>

=== "Copycat" crimes ===
{{Main|Natural Born Killers copycat crimes}}
From almost the moment of its release, the film has been accused of encouraging and inspiring numerous murderers in North America, including the perpetrators of the [[1997 Heath High School shooting]] and the [[Columbine High School massacre]]. The Columbine killers even code-named their attack "NBK", an initialism for ''Natural Born Killers''.{{sfn|Muir|2011|p=338}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Film|United States|Crime|1990s}}
* [[Charles Starkweather]]
* [[Tabloid talk show]]
* [[Tabloid television]]
* [[Postmodernist film]]
* [[Cable news]]
* [[List of films featuring hallucinogens]]
*''[[Badlands (film)|Badlands]]'' – [[Terrence Malick]]'s 1973 film also about killers in love
* [[Maximalist film]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Sources ==
*{{Cite book |last=Kolker |first=Robert Phillip |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofloneline00kolk |title=A Cinema of Loneliness: Penn, Stone, Kubrick, Scorsese, Spielberg, Altman |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-512350-0 |location=Oxford |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Emanuel |url=https://archive.org/details/cinemaofoutsider0000levy |title=Cinema of Outsiders: The Rise of American Independent Film |publisher=New York University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-8147-5289-0 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}
*{{Cite book |last=Muir |first=John Kenneth |title=Horror Films of the 1990s |publisher=McFarland |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-7864-8480-5 |location=Jefferson, North Carolina}}
*{{Cite book |last=Seitz |first=Matt Zoller |title=The Oliver Stone Experience |publisher=Abrams |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-61312-814-5 |location=New York}}

== Further reading ==
* Hamsher, Jane (1998). ''Killer Instinct''. Broadway.
* Hanley, Jason. (2001) "Natural Born Killers: Music and Image in Postmodern Film," in ''Postmodern Music/ Postmodern Thought'', Routledge. ed. Joseph Auner and Judy Lochhead, pp.&nbsp;335–359.

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|0110632|Natural Born Killers}}
* {{mojo title|naturalbornkillers|Natural Born Killers}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|natural_born_killers|Natural Born Killers}}
* {{Metacritic film|title=Natural Born Killers}}
* [https://archive.today/20121220051140/http://home.comcast.net/~crapsonline/Library/nbk.html "''Natural Born Killers'': Beyond Good and Evil"], by Heidi Nelson Hochenedel, Ph.D.
* [https://www.nathanrabin.com/happy-place/2021/11/24/control-nathan-rabin-40-247-natural-born-killers-1994?rq=stone Nathan Rabin's review of the film]
* [http://film.guardian.co.uk/interview/interviewpages/0,6737,862931,00.html "Natural Born Copycats"], a 2002 article from ''The Guardian'' on Stone's response to claims that the film inspired several murders.
* [[iarchive:Natural Born Killers 1994 Workprint|Watch the ''Natural Born Killers'' rough cut/workprint at the Internet Archive]]

{{Oliver Stone}}
{{Quentin Tarantino}}
{{Venice Film Festival Grand Jury Prize}}

{{Authority control}}

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