Editing Nauruan language

{{Short description|Austronesian language spoken in Nauru}}
{{Distinguish|Na language}}
{{Redirect|Nauru language|other languages spoken in Nauru|Languages of Nauru}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2007}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Nauruan
| nativename       = Dorerin Naoe, Ekaiairũ Naoero
| states           = [[Nauru]]
| ethnicity        = [[Nauruans]]
| speakers         = 9,356<!--Ethn. gives an undated estimate of 1,000 L2 speakers from 1992 ({{e14|NRU}}), which was the difference of two population estimates. The difference may have been immigrants in the mining industry, but in 2006 1,500 expats were repatriated, presumably removing most of the L2 speakers-->
| date             = 2013
| ref              = e25
| familycolor      = Austronesian
| fam2             = [[Malayo-Polynesian languages|Malayo-Polynesian]]
| fam3             = [[Oceanic languages|Oceanic]]
| fam4             = [[Micronesian languages|Micronesian]]
| script           = [[Latin alphabet|Latin]]
| nation           = {{flagdeco|Nauru}} [[Nauru]]
| iso1             = na
| iso2             = nau
| iso3             = nau
| glotto           = naur1243
| glottorefname    = Nauru
| notice           = IPA
| ietf             = na-NR
| map              = Micronesian languages.en.svg
| mapcaption       = Map showing the distribution of the [[Micronesian languages]]; Nauruan-speaking region is shaded purple.
}}
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Siro speaking Nauruan.webm|thumb|A Nauruan speaker, recorded in [[Taiwan]].]]

'''Nauruan'''<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/nau/ Nauruan] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)</ref> or '''Nauru'''<ref name="Glottolog4.3">{{cite web| editor-last1= Hammarström| editor-first1 = Harald| editor-last2 = Forke| editor-first2 = Robert| editor-last3 = Haspelmath| editor-first3 = Martin| editor-last4 = Bank| editor-first4 = Sebastian| year = 2020|title = Nauru| work = [[Glottolog]] 4.3| url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/naur1243}}</ref><ref name="ISO 639-2/RA">{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=316 |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nau |publisher=ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress |access-date=2017-07-04 |quote=Name: Nauru}}</ref><ref name="ISO 639-3/RA">{{cite web |url=http://www-01.sil.org/iso639-3/documentation.asp?id=nau |title=Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nau |publisher=ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International |access-date=2017-07-04 |quote=Name: Nauru}}</ref> ({{Langx|na|dorerin Naoero|link=no}}) is an [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]], spoken natively in the [[island country]] of [[Nauru]]. Its relationship to the other Micronesian languages is not well understood.

The Nauruan language is one of the languages that does not exist yet in [[Google Translate]].

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
Nauruan has 16–17 [[consonant]] [[phoneme]]s.  Nauruan makes phonemic contrasts between velarized and palatalized labial consonants.  Velarization is not apparent before long back vowels and palatalization is not apparent before non-low front vowels.<ref name="Nathan">{{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974|p=481}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|+Consonant phonemes<ref name="Nathan_a">{{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974|p=483}}</ref><ref>{{Harvp|Hughes|2020|p=15}}</ref>
! rowspan=2 colspan=2|
! colspan=2|[[Bilabial consonant|Bilabial]]
! rowspan=2|[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! colspan=3|[[Dorsal consonant|Dorsal]]
|-
!<small>[[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]</small>
!<small>[[velarization|velarized]]</small>
!<small>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]</small>
!<small>post-velar</small>
!<small>[[labialization|labial]]</small>
|-
!colspan=2| [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|mʲ}} || {{IPA link|mˠ}} || {{IPA link|n}} || || {{IPA link|ŋ}} || {{IPA link|(ŋʷ)}}
|-
!rowspan=2|[[Stop consonant|Stop]] ||<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|pʲ}} || {{IPA link|pˠ}} || {{IPA link|t}} || || {{IPA link|k}} || {{IPA link|kʷ}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|bʲ}} || {{IPA link|bˠ}} || {{IPA link|d}} || || {{IPA link|ɡ}} || {{IPA link|ɡʷ}}
|-
!colspan=2|[[Fricative]]
| || || || {{IPA link|ʝ}} || ||({{IPA link|ɣʷ}})
|-
!colspan=2|[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|
|{{IPA link|w}}
|-
!colspan=2|[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| || ||{{IPA link|r}} {{IPA link|rʲ}} || || ||
|}

Voiceless stops are [[geminate]]d and nasals also contrast in length.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974|pp=481–483}}</ref> Dental stops {{IPAslink|t}} and {{IPAslink|d}} become {{IPAblink|tʃ}} and {{IPAblink|dʒ}} respectively before high front vowels.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974|pp=481–482}}</ref>

The approximants become fricatives in "emphatic pronunciation." {{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974}} transcribes them as {{angbr IPA|j}} and {{angbr IPA|w}} but also remarks that they contrast with the non-syllabic allophones of the high vowels. {{IPAslink|w}} can also be heard as a fricative {{IPAblink|ɣʷ}}.

Depending on stress, {{IPAslink|r}} may be a flap or a trill. The precise phonetic nature of {{IPAslink|rʲ}} is unknown.  {{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974}} transcribes it as {{angbr IPA|r̵}} and speculates that it may pattern like palatalized consonants and be partially devoiced.

Between a vowel and word-final {{IPAslink|mˠ}}, an epenthetic {{IPAblink|b}} appears.<ref name="Nathan" />

===Vowels===
There are 12 phonemic vowels (six long, six short).  In addition to the allophony in the following table from {{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974}}, a number of vowels reduce to {{IPA|[ə]}}:<ref name="Nathan_a" />
<!-- (Nathan 1974) doesn't elaborate on the environmental conditions leading to such allophony -->

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! Phoneme !! Allophones || Phoneme || Allophones
|-
! {{IPA|/ii/}}
| {{IPA|[iː]}}
! {{IPA|/uu/}}
| {{IPA|[ɨː ~ uː]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/i/}}
| {{IPA|[ɪ ~ ɨ]}}
! {{IPA|/u/}}
| {{IPA|[ɨ ~ u]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/ee/}}
| {{IPA|[eː ~ ɛː]}}
! {{IPA|/oo/}}
| {{IPA|[oː ~ ʌ(ː) ~ ɔ(ː)]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/e/}}
| {{IPA|[ɛ ~ ʌ]}}
! {{IPA|/o/}}
| {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/aa/}}
| {{IPA|[æː]}}
! {{IPA|/ɑɑ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑː]}}
|-
! {{IPA|/a/}}
| {{IPA|[æ ~ ɑ]}}
! {{IPA|/ɑ/}}
| {{IPA|[ɑ ~ ʌ]}}
|}

Non-open vowels (that is, all but {{IPA|/aa/, /a/, /ɑɑ/ /ɑ/}}) become non-syllabic when preceding another vowel, as in {{IPA|/e-oeeoun/}} → {{IPA|[ɛ̃õ̯ɛ̃õ̯ʊn]}} ('hide').<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Nathan|1974|p=482}}</ref>

===Stress===

Stress is on the penultimate syllable when the final syllable ends in a vowel, on the last syllable when it ends in a consonant, and initial with reduplications.<ref name="Nathan_a" />

== Writing system ==
In the original writing system for Nauruan, 17 letters were used:
* The five [[vowel]]s: a, e, i, o, u
* Twelve [[consonant]]s: b, d, g, j, k, m, n, p, q, r, t, w

The letters c, f, h, l, s, v, x, y, and z were not included. With the growing influence of foreign languages, in particular [[German language|German]], [[English language|English]], [[Gilbertese language|Gilbertese]], and part of the [[Pama–Nyungan languages|Pama-Nyungan family]], more letters were incorporated into the Nauruan alphabet. In addition, phonetic differences of a few vowels arose, so that [[I-mutation|umlaut]]s and other similar sounds were indicated with a [[tilde]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}

=== Attempt at language reform of 1938 ===
In 1938, there was an attempt by the Nauruan language committee and [[Timothy Detudamo]] to make the language easier to read for Europeans and Americans. It was intended to introduce as many [[diacritic]]al symbols as possible for the different vowel sounds to state the variety of the Nauruan language{{clarify|date=June 2017}} in writing. It was decided to introduce only a circumflex accent in the place of the former [[tilde]], so that the characters "õ" and "ũ" were replaced by "ô" and "û". The "ã" was replaced with "e".

Also, "y" was introduced in order to differentiate words with the English "j" ({{Lang|na|puji}}). Thus, words like {{Lang|na|ijeiji}} were changed to {{Lang|na|iyeyi}}. In addition, "ñ" (which represented the [[velar nasal]]) was replaced with "ng", to avoid confusion with the [[Spanish language|Spanish]] [[Ñ]]. "bu" and "qu" were replaced with "bw" and "kw", respectively. "ts" was replaced with "j" (since it represented a sound similar to the English "j"); and the "w" written at the end of words was dropped.

These reforms were only partly carried out: the symbols "õ" and "ũ" are still written as such, with tildes. However, the letters "ã" and "ñ" are now only seldom used, being replaced with "e" and "ng", as prescribed by the reform. Likewise, use of the digraphs "bw" and "kw" has been implemented. Although "j" took the place of "ts", certain spellings still use "ts": e.g., the districts [[Baiti]] and [[Ijuw District|Ijuw]] (according to the reform {{Lang|na|Beiji}} and {{Lang|na|Iyu}}) are still written with the old writing conventions. The "y" has become generally accepted.

Today the following 30 Latin letters are used.
* [[Vowel]]s: a, ã, e, i, o, õ, u, ũ
* [[Consonant]]s: b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z

The relationship of the above letters and phonemes is:<ref>{{cite web | url=https://omniglot.com/writing/nauruan.htm | title=Nauruan language and alphabet }}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=January 2023}} a [ɑ/a], ã [ɛ], e [e/e̞/ɛ], i [i/ɪ/ɨ], o [o/ɔ], õ [ø], u [ʊ/ʉ], ũ [y], b [b], bw [b͡w], c [k/s], d [d], di [ʤi], f [f], g [g], gw [g͡w], h [h], j [ʤ̊], k [k], kw [k͡w], nng [ŋː], l [l], m [m], n [n], ñ [ŋ], p [p], qu [k͡w], r [ɾ/r], s [s], t [t], ti [ʧi], ts [ʤ̊], v [f/v], w [w/ɣ], x [k͡s], y [j/ʝ], z [z].

== Dialects ==
According to a report published in 1937 in [[Sydney]], [[Australia]], there was a diversity of dialects until Nauru became a colony of [[Germany]] in 1888 and the first texts in Nauruan began to be published. The varieties were so divergent that people from different [[Districts of Nauru|districts]] often had problems understanding each other completely. With the increasing influence of foreign languages and the rise in the number of Nauruan texts, the dialects blended into a standardized language, which was promoted through dictionaries and translations by [[Alois Kayser]] and [[Philip Delaporte]].

Today there is significantly less dialectal variation. In the district of [[Yaren District|Yaren]] and the surrounding area there is an eponymous dialect spoken, which is only slightly different from other varieties.

==Delaporte's Nauruan dictionary==
In 1907, [[Philip Delaporte]] published his pocket German-Nauruan [[dictionary]]. [http://www.trussel.com/kir/naudel.htm] The dictionary is small (10.5 × 14&nbsp;cm), with 65 pages devoted to the glossary and an additional dozen to phrases, arranged alphabetically by the [[German language|German]]. Approximately 1650 German words are [[gloss (transliteration)|gloss]]ed in Nauruan, often by phrases or synonymous forms. There are some 1300 'unique' Nauruan forms in the glosses, including all those occurring in phrases, ignoring [[diacritical]] marks. The accents used there are not common; just one accent (the [[tilde]]) is in use today.

== Sample text ==
The following example of text is from the [[Bible]] ([[Book of Genesis|Genesis]], 1.1–1.8):

''<sup>1</sup>''{{Lang|na|Ñaga ã eitsiõk õrig imin, Gott õrig ianweron me eb.}} ''<sup>2</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me eitsiõk erig imin ñana bain eat eb, me eko õañan, mi itũr emek animwet ijited, ma Anin Gott õmakamakur animwet ebõk.}} ''<sup>3</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me Gott ũge, Enim eaõ, me eaõen.}} ''<sup>4</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me Gott ãt iaõ bwo omo, me Gott õekae iaõ mi itũr.}} ''<sup>5</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me Gott eij eget iaõ bwa Aran, me eij eget itũr bwa Anũbũmin. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr adamonit ibũm.}} ''<sup>6</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me Gott ũge, Enim tsimine firmament inimaget ebõk, me enim ekae ebõk atsin eat ebõk.}} ''<sup>7</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me Gott eririñ firmament, mõ õ ekae ebõk ñea ijõñin firmament atsin eat ebõk ñea itũgain firmament, mõ ũgan.}} ''<sup>8</sup>''{{Lang|na|Me Gott eij egen firmament bwe Ianweron. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr karabũmit ibũm.}}

This text demonstrates a few of the [[German loanword]]s (e.g. {{Lang|de|Gott}}, "[[God]]"; and {{Lang|de|Firmament}}, "[[celestial sphere]]") in Nauruan, which is traced back to the strong influence of [[Germany|German]] [[missionary|missionaries]].

== Phrases ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Nauruan
!English
|-
|{{Lang|na|anũbũmin}}
|night
|-
|{{Lang|na|aran}}
|day
|-
|{{Lang|na|ebagadugu}}
|ancestor
|-
|{{Lang|na|Ekamawir omo/Ekamowir omo (more formal)<br />Mo mo (more informal)}}
|hello/greeting/welcome 
|-
|{{Lang|na|ebõk}}
|water
|-
|{{Lang|na|Firmament}}
|Earth; celestial sphere
|-
|{{Lang|na|Gott}}
|God
|-
|{{Lang|na|ianweron}}
|heaven
|-
|{{Lang|na|iaõ}}
|light
|-
|{{Lang|na|iow}}
|peace
|-
|{{Lang|na|itũr}}
|darkness
|-
|{{Lang|na|õawin}}
|beginning
|-
|{{Lang|na|Tarawong (ka)}}
|goodbye
|-
|{{Lang|na|wa reit ed?}}/mo awe？
|How are you?
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
*"[https://archive.org/details/rosettaproject_nau_detail-1 Nauru Grammar]", by [[Alois Kayser]] compiled (1936); distributed by the German embassy 1993, {{ISBN|0-646-12854-X}}
* {{citation
|last=Nathan
|first=Geoffrey S.
|title=Nauruan in the Austronesian Language Family
|journal=Oceanic Linguistics
|volume=12
|issue=1/2
|year=1974
|pages=479–501
|doi=10.2307/3622864
|jstor=3622864
|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite thesis |last=Hughes |first=Kevin |year=2020 |title=The Synchronic and Diachronic Phonology of Nauruan: Towards a Definitive Classification of an Understudied Micronesian Language |type=PhD dissertation |url=https://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/3599 |publisher=City University of New York}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Incubator|na}}
* [[wikt:na:|Nauruan Wiktionary]]

{{Nauru topics}}
{{Oceania topic|Languages of}}
{{Micronesian languages}}
{{Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Nauruan language| ]]
[[Category:Languages of Nauru]]
[[Category:Micronesian languages]]
[[Category:Severely endangered languages]]