Editing Near-open central vowel

{{Short description|Vowel sound represented by ⟨ɐ⟩ in IPA}}
{{Infobox IPA
| ipa symbol = ɐ
| ipa number = 324
| decimal = 592
| x-sampa = 6
| imagefile = IPA Unicode 0x0250.svg
| imagesize = 150px
| braille = 256
| braille2 = a
}}
{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The '''near-open central vowel''', or '''near-low central vowel''',<ref>{{Vowel terminology}}</ref> is a type of [[vowel]] sound, used in some [[Speech communication|spoken]] [[language]]s. The symbol in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] that represents this sound is {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, a [[Turned a|rotated lowercase double-story a]].

In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, i.e. as if it were [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back]]. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but many speakers use a central vowel like {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or {{IPAblink|ɜ}}. To avoid the [[trap–strut merger]], Standard Southern British English is moving away from the {{IPA|[ɐ]}} quality towards {{IPAblink|ʌ}} found in RP spoken in the first half of the 20th century (e.g. in [[Daniel Jones (phonetician)|Daniel Jones]]'s speech).{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}}

Much like {{angbr IPA|ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} is a versatile symbol that is not defined for [[roundedness]]{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=166}} and that can be used for vowels that are near-open central,{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} near-open near-front,{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} near-open near-back,{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=68, 70}} open-mid central,{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} open central{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=64–65}} or an (often unstressed) vowel with variable height, backness and/or roundedness that is produced in that general area.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} For open central unrounded vowels transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, see [[open central unrounded vowel]].

When the usual transcription of the near-open near-front and the near-open near-back variants is different from {{angbr IPA|ɐ}}, they are listed in [[near-open front unrounded vowel]] and [[open back unrounded vowel]] or [[open back rounded vowel]], respectively.

The near-open central unrounded vowel is sometimes the only open vowel in a language{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=25}} and then is typically transcribed with {{angbr IPA|a}}.

== Features ==
{{near-open vowel}}
{{central vowel}}
* It is undefined for [[roundedness]], which means that it can be either rounded or unrounded. In practice however, the unrounded variant is more common.

== Occurrence ==
In the following list, {{angbr IPA|ɐ}} is assumed to be unrounded. The rounded variant ({{audio|Near-open central rounded vowel.ogg|listen}}) is transcribed as {{angbr IPA|ɐ̹}}. Some instances of the latter may actually be fully open.

{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
|-
! colspan="2" | Language !! Word !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Meaning !! Notes
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] || {{lang|bn|[[Adyghe language#Alphabet|сэ]]}} / ''s'''ă''''' || {{IPA|[sɐ]}} || 'I' || Varies between near-open and open-mid {{IPA|[ɜ]}}. See [[Adyghe phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bengali language|Bengali]]{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|পা]]}} / [[Romanization of Bengali|''p'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[pɐ]}} || 'leg' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Bengali phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian alphabet|п'''а'''ра]]}}/para ||{{IPA|[pɐˈra]}} || 'coin' || Unstressed allophone of {{IPA|/ɤ/}} and {{IPA|/a/}}.{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} May be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə}}. See [[Bulgarian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Burmese language|Burmese]]{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}} || {{lang|bm|[[Burmese alphabet|မ'''တ်''']]}}/maat ||{{IPA|[mɐʔ]}} || 'vertical' || Allophone of {{IPA|/a/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open {{IPAblink|ä}} in open oral syllables.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}}
|-
| [[Catalan language|Catalan]] || [[Barcelona metropolitan area]]{{sfnp|Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Harrison|1997|pp=2}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan alphabet|'''e'''ncar'''a''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ɐŋˈkäɾɐ]}} || 'yet, still, even' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in other Eastern dialects. See [[Catalan phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Chinese language|Chinese]] || [[Cantonese]]{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} || {{lang|yue-Hani|[[Chinese characters|心]]}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|[[Jyutping|s'''a'''m1]]}} || {{IPA|[sɐ̝m˥]}} || 'heart' || Open-mid.{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} See [[Cantonese phonology]]
|-
| [[Shanghainese]]{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}} || align="left" | {{lang|wuu|[[Chinese characters|砍]]}}
|{{IPA|[kɐʔ˦]}}|| 'to cut' || Appears only in closed syllables; the exact height and backness is somewhat variable.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Danish language|Danish]]{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} || {{lang|da|[[Danish orthography|fatt'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈfætɐ]}} || 'understands' || Typically realized the same as {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, i.e. {{IPAblink|ɒ|ɒ̽}}. Other possible realizations are {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and {{IPAblink|ɤ̞|ə̠}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} See [[Danish phonology]]
|-
| [[Dinka language|Dinka]] || Luanyjang{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}} || ''l'''a'''ŋ''|| {{IPA|[lɐ́ŋ]}} || 'berry' || Short allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}; varies between near-open {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and open-mid {{IPA|[ɐ̝]}}.{{sfnp|Remijsen|Manyang|2009|pp=117, 119}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[Emilian dialects|Emilian]]
|{{lang|egl|[[Bolognese dialect|Bulåggn'''a''']]|italic=yes}}
|{{IPA|[buˈlʌɲːɐ]}}
|'[[Bologna]]'
|Centralized {{IPA|/a/}}.
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[English language|English]] || [[California English|California]]{{sfnp|Ladefoged|1999|p=42}} || rowspan="5" | ''[[English orthography|n'''u'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[nɐt]}} || rowspan="5" | 'nut' || See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Cockney]]{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}{{sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} || {{IPA|[nɐ̟ʔ]}} || Near-front.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=305}}
|-
| [[East Anglian English|East Anglian]]{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=167}} || {{IPA|[nɐʔ]}} || Used in some places (e.g. Colchester) instead of the traditional {{IPAblink|ʌ}}.{{sfnp|Trudgill|2004|p=167}}
|-
| [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]]{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[nɐʔt]}} || Varies between near-open near-front {{IPA|[ɐ̟]}}, near-open central {{IPA|[ɐ]}}, open near-front {{IPAblink|a|a̠}} and open central {{IPAblink|ɐ̞}}.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} See [[New Zealand English phonology]]
|-
| [[Received Pronunciation]]{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}}{{sfnp|Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}} || Increasingly retracted to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} to avoid the [[trap-strut merger]].{{sfnp|Cruttenden|2014|p=122}} See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Inland Northern American English|Inland Northern American]]<ref>{{citation|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=1997|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html|access-date=March 15, 2013}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|b'''e'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[bɐt]}} || 'bet' || Variation of {{IPA|/ɛ/}} used in some places whose accents have undergone the [[Northern cities vowel shift]].
|-
| [[Estuary English|Middle Class London]]<ref name="alt188">{{Harvcoltxt|Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}}. The authors differentiate between symbols {{IPA|[ɒ̟]}} and {{IPA|[ɒ̈]}}; the former denotes a more back vowel.</ref> || ''[[English orthography|l'''o'''t]]'' || {{IPA|[lɐ̹ʔt]}} || 'lot' || Rounded; can be back {{IPAblink|ɒ}} instead.<ref name="alt188"/> See [[English phonology]]
|-
| [[Australian English|Australian]]{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=64}} || ''[[English orthography|comm'''a''']]'' || {{IPA|[ˈkɔmɐ]}} || 'comma' || Alternatively lowered from word-final {{IPAblink|ə}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=163}} See [[Australian English phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Galician language|Galician]]
| {{lang|gl|feit'''a'''}}
| {{IPA|[ˈfejt̪ɐ]}}
| 'done'
| Realization of final unstressed {{IPA|/a/}}. See [[Galician phonology]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[German language|German]] || [[Standard German|Standard]]{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}}{{sfnp|Rathcke|Mooshammer|2020|pp=48–50}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|Op'''er''']]|italic=yes}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Oper.ogg|[ˈoːpɐ]}} || 'opera' || The exact height, backness and roundedness is somewhere between {{IPAblink|ä}} and {{IPAblink|ɔ}}, depending on the environment. Sometimes, an opening diphthong of the {{IPA|[əɐ̯]}}-type is used instead.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} In Northern Standard German, the short {{IPAblink|ä}} is raised to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} when unstressed, rendering {{lang|de|Opa}} 'grandpa' homophonous with {{lang|de|Oper}}.{{sfnp|Rathcke|Mooshammer|2020|pp=48–50}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| Regional northern accents<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Northern German accents-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German alphabet|k'''o'''mmen]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɐmən]}} || 'to come' || Varies between central {{IPA|[ɐ]}} and back {{IPA|[ɑ]}}; corresponds to an open-mid rounded {{IPAblink|ɔ}} in Standard German.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See [[Standard German phonology]]
|-
| [[Greek language|Greek]] || [[Modern Greek|Modern]] Standard{{sfnp|Arvaniti|2007|p=25}} || {{lang|el|[[Greek alphabet|'''α'''κ'''α'''κί'''α''']]}} / [[Romanization of Greek|'''''a'''k'''a'''kí'''a''''']] || {{IPA|[ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ]}} || 'acacia' || Most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Modern Greek phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hausa language|Hausa]]{{sfnp|Schuh|Yalwa|1999|pp=90–91}} || {{example needed|date=February 2017}} || || || Possible allophone of {{IPA|/a/}}, which can be as close as {{IPAblink|ə}} and as open as {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Schuh|Yalwa|1999|pp=90–91}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]{{sfnp|Ohala|1999|p=102}} || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|दस]]}}/{{Uninastaliq|{{lang|ur|[[Urdu alphabet|دَس]]|rtl=yes}}}}/das ||{{IPA|[ˈd̪ɐs]}} || 'ten' || Common realization of {{IPA|/ə/}}.{{sfnp|Ohala|1999|p=102}} See [[Hindustani phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Korean language|Korean]]{{sfnp|Lee|1999|p=121}} || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|하나]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|h'''a'''n'''a''']]}}  || {{IPA|[hɐnɐ]}} || align tr="center"| 'one' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}. See [[Korean phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Kumzari language|Kumzari]]{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}} || {{Uninastaliq |گپ}} / {{lang|zum|g'''a'''p}} || {{IPA|[ɡɐ̟p]}} || 'large' || Near-front.{{sfnp|Anonby|2011|p=378}}
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Limburgish language|Limburgish]] || [[Maastrichtian dialect|Maastrichtian]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159, 162}} || {{lang|li|v'''äö'''l}} || {{IPA|[vɐ̹ːl]}} || 'much' || Rounded; contrasts with the open-mid {{IPAblink|ɞː}} in words with Accent 2 ({{IPA|[ɐ̹ː]}} itself is always toneless).{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=159, 161–162, 164}} It may be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ɶː}}, as it is a phonological front vowel.
|-
| [[Venlo dialect]]{{sfnp|Peeters|1951|p=39}} || {{lang|li|'''aa'''n}} || {{IPA|[ˈɐːn]}} || 'on' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|aː}} in other dialects.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] || {{lang|lt|[[Lithuanian orthography|k'''a'''s]]}} || {{IPA|[kɐs̪]}} || 'what' || See [[Lithuanian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|pp=68, 70}} || {{lang|lb|Kann'''er'''}} || {{IPA|[ˈkʰɑnɐ̠]}} || 'children' || Near-back.{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} See [[Luxembourgish phonology]]
|-
|colspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|{{Lang|ml|പത്ത്}}
|{{IPA|[pɐt̪ːɨ̆]}}
|'ten'
|See [[Malayalam phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Mapuche language|Mapudungun]]{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=92}} || {{lang|arn|[[Mapudungun alphabet|k'''a'''rü]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝]}} || 'green' || Open-mid;{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=92}} often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|a}}.
|-
| [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] || [[Norwegian dialects|Østfold dialect]]<ref name="jahr">{{Harvcoltxt|Jahr|1990|p=92}}</ref> || | {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|b'''a'''da]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɐ̹̂ːdɐ]}} || 'to bathe' || The example word illustrates both the rounded {{IPA|[ɐ̹]}} and the unrounded {{IPA|[ɐ]}}.
|-
| [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]]|| Eastern Piedmont || | {{lang|pms|paut'''a'''}}|| {{IPA|[ˈpɑwtɐ]}}|| 'mud' || Common realization of final unstressed {{IPA|/a/}}.
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}} || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|aj'''a''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Aja_european_pt.wav|[ˈäʒɐ]}} || 'act' ([[Subjunctive mood|subj.]]) || Closer {{IPA|[ɐ̝]}} in [[European Portuguese]] than in [[Brazilian Portuguese]] ({{IPA|[ɐ]}}).{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}} See [[Portuguese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bhardwaj |first=Mangat Rai |title=Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-315-76080-3 |location=Abingdon |page=87 |language=en, pa |chapter=Chapter 4: Tone and Related Phenomena in Panjabi}}</ref>
|{{Lang|pa|ਖੰਡ}} / {{Uninastaliq|{{Lang|pnb|کھنڈ|rtl=yes}}}}
|{{IPA|[ˈkʰɐ̌ɳɖᵊ]}}
|'sugar'
|Common realization of {{IPA|/ə/}}, the inherent vowel of Punjabi. See [[Punjabi phonology]]
|-
|{{Lang|pa|ਪਊਆ}} / {{Uninastaliq|{{Lang|pnb|پوّا|rtl=yes}}}}
|{{IPA|[pɐwːä]}}
|'metric half pint'
|Can occur as realization of tense {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} in some contexts followed by a geminate semi-vowel.
|-
| [[Romanian language|Romanian]]|| Moldavian dialects{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|b'''ă'''rbat]]}} || {{IPA|[bɐrˈbat]}} || 'man' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ə}} in standard Romanian. See [[Romanian phonology]]
|-
| [[Russian language|Russian]] || Standard [[Moscow]]{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|гол'''о'''ва]]}} / ''gol'''o'''va''|| {{Audio-IPA|Ru-голова.ogg|[ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä]}} || 'head' || Corresponds to {{IPAblink|ʌ}} in standard [[Saint Petersburg]] pronunciation;{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See [[Russian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Sabiny language|Sabiny]]<ref name="sabiny1">{{cite web|title=UPSID 4)S|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref> || {{example needed|date=January 2016}} || || || Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.<ref name="sabiny2">{{cite web|title=UPSID SEBEI|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html|access-date=27 January 2016}}</ref>
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} || {{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian orthography|слив'''а''']]}} / ''slyv'''a'''''|| {{IPA|[ˈslɪwɐ]}} || 'plum' || See [[Ukrainian phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Vietnamese language|Vietnamese]]{{sfnp|Hoang|1965|p=24}} || {{lang|vi|[[Vietnamese alphabet|ch'''ế'''ch]]|italic=yes}} || {{IPA|[cɐ̆jk̚]}} || 'askance' || Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ə̆}}. See [[Vietnamese phonology]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[Xumi language|Xumi]]{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|pp=369–370}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=388–389}} || colspan="2" align="center" | {{IPA|[tsʰɐ˦]}} || 'salt' || Near-open {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in Lower Xumi, open-mid {{IPA|[ɐ̝]}} in Upper Xumi. The latter phone may be transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɜ}}. The example word is from Lower Xumi.{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|pp=388–389}}{{sfnp|Chirkova|Chen|2013|p=369}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[Turned a]]
* [[Index of phonetics articles]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== References ==
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* {{phoible|ɐ}}

{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:Near-open vowels]]
[[Category:Central vowels]]