Editing Necromancy

{{Short description|Magic involving communication with the deceased}}
{{About|the form of magic|the film|Necromancy (film)}}
{{Redirect|Necromancer}}
[[File:Endor.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Illustration portraying a scene from the Bible wherein the [[Witch of Endor]] uses a necromantic ritual to conjure the spirit of [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]] at the behest of [[Saul the King|Saul]]; from the frontispiece of ''Sadducismus Triumphatus'' (1681) by [[Joseph Glanvill]].]]
{{Anthropology of religion|Basic}}
{{magic sidebar|Forms}}

'''Necromancy''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɛ|k|r|ə|m|æ|n|s|i}})<ref>{{Cite EPD|16}}</ref><ref>{{MerriamWebsterDictionary|Necromancy}}</ref> is the practice of [[Magic (paranormal)|magic]] involving communication with the [[Death|dead]] by [[Evocation|summoning]] their spirits as [[Ghost|apparition]]s or [[Vision (spirituality)|visions]] for the purpose of [[divination]]; imparting the means to foretell future events and discover hidden knowledge. Sometimes categorized under ''death magic'', the term is occasionally also used in a more general sense to refer to [[black magic]] or [[witchcraft]] as a whole.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Webster's Dictionary#Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary|Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary]] | title = necromancy | url = http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/necromancy | edition = 11th | date = April 2008 | publisher = [[Merriam-Webster]] | location = [[Springfield, Massachusetts|Springfield, MA]] | access-date = 2011-11-03 | archive-date = 2021-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210212021938/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/necromancy | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Oxford Dictionary of English]] | title = necromancy | url = http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/necromancy | edition = 3rd rev. | date = August 2010 | publisher = [[Oxford University Press]] | location = [[Oxford|Oxford, UK]] | access-date = 2011-11-03 | archive-date = 2012-05-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120517023031/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/necromancy | url-status = dead }}</ref>

== Etymology ==

The word ''necromancy'' is adapted from [[Late Latin]] {{lang|la|necromantia}}: a loan word from the [[Koine Greek|post-Classical Greek]] {{lang|grc|νεκρομαντεία}} ({{Transliteration|grc|nekromanteía}}, or 'divination through a dead body'), a compound of [[Ancient Greek]] {{lang|grc|νεκρός}} ({{Transliteration|grc|nekrós}}, or 'dead body') and {{lang|grc|μαντεία}} ({{Transliteration|grc|manteía}}, or 'divination').

The Koine Greek compound form was first documented in the writings of [[Origen|Origen of Alexandria]] in the 3rd century AD.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] (OED) |title=necromancy, ''n.'' |url=http://oed.com/view/Entry/125700 |edition=3rd |date=September 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford, UK |access-date=2012-04-26 |archive-date=2019-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215022138/http://oed.com/view/Entry/125700 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Roberts |first1=A. |last2=Donaldson |first2=J. |year=1995 |title=The Ante-Nicene Fathers |volume=II/XIII |location=Michigan |publisher=Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing Company}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kapcar |first=Andrej |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Origins of Necromancy or How We Learned to Speak to the Dead |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333390417 |access-date=August 31, 2022 |website=Researchgate.net}}</ref> The Classical Greek term was {{lang|grc|ἡ νέκυια}} ({{Transliteration|grc|[[nekyia]]}}), from the episode of the ''[[Odyssey]]'' in which [[Odysseus]] visits the realm of the dead souls, and {{lang|grc|νεκρομαντεία}} in Hellenistic Greek; {{lang|la|necromantīa}} in [[Classical Latin|Latin]], and ''necromancy'' in 17th-century English.<ref>[http://oed.com/view/Entry/125745 necyomancy, ''n.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200405200433/https://oed.com/start;jsessionid=EAEA71B29057801E62B9BE075A3482D7?authRejection=true&url=%2Fview%2FEntry%2F125745 |date=2020-04-05 }}, ''OED''.</ref>

== Antiquity ==
{{Main|Magic in the Graeco-Roman world}}
Early necromancy was related to – and most likely evolved from –forms of [[shamanism]] or prehistoric ritual magic that calls upon spirits such as the [[ghost]]s of deceased forebears. Classical necromancers addressed the dead in "a mixture of high-pitch squeaking and low droning", comparable to the [[Trance|trance-state]] mutterings of shamans.<ref>Luck, p. 12.</ref>
Necromancy was prevalent throughout antiquity with records of its practice in [[ancient Egypt]], [[Babylonia]], [[ancient Greece|Greece]], ancient [[Etruria]], [[ancient Rome|Rome]], and [[History of China|China]]. In his ''[[Geographica]]'', [[Strabo]] refers to {{lang|grc|νεκρομαντία}} ({{Transliteration|grc|nekromantia}}), or "diviners by the dead", as the foremost practitioners of divination among the people of [[Parthian Empire|Persia]],<ref>Strabo. ''Geography'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239:book=16:chapter=2:section=39 Book XVI, Chapter 2, Section 39] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622062540/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239%3Abook%3D16%3Achapter%3D2%3Asection%3D39 |date=2021-06-22 }}.</ref> and it is believed to have also been widespread among the peoples of [[Chaldea]] (particularly the [[Hermeticists]], or "star-worshipers") and Babylonia. The Babylonian necromancers were called {{lang|mis|manzazuu}} or {{lang|mis|sha'etemmu}}, and the spirits they raised were called {{lang|mis|etemmu}}. 
Traditional [[Chinese folk religion]] involves necromancy in seeking blessing from dead ancestors through ritual displays of [[filial piety]].

The oldest literary account of necromancy is found in [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]''.<ref>Johnson, p. 808.</ref><ref>Ruickbie, p. 24.</ref> Under the direction of [[Circe]], a powerful sorceress, Odysseus travels to the [[Greek underworld|underworld]] ({{Transliteration|grc|[[katabasis]]}}) in order to gain insight about his impending voyage home by raising the spirits of the dead through the use of spells which Circe has taught him. He wishes to invoke and question the [[Shade (mythology)|shade]] of [[Tiresias]] in particular; however, he is unable to summon the seer's spirit without the assistance of others. The ''Odyssey''{{'}}s passages contain many descriptive references to necromantic rituals: rites must be performed around a pit with fire during nocturnal hours, and Odysseus has to follow a specific recipe, which includes the blood of sacrificial animals, to concoct a libation for the ghosts to drink while he recites prayers to both the ghosts and gods of the underworld.<ref>Homer. ''Odyssey'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0218:book=10:card=10 Book X, Lines 10–11] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123170745/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D10%3Acard%3D10 |date=2020-11-23 }}, and [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0218:book=11:card=1 Book XI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127151758/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218%3Abook%3D11%3Acard%3D1 |date=2020-11-27 }}.</ref>

Practices such as these, varying from the mundane to the grotesque, were commonly associated with necromancy. Rituals could be quite elaborate, involving [[magic circle]]s, [[wand]]s, [[talisman]]s, and [[incantation]]s. The necromancer might also surround himself with morbid aspects of death, which often included wearing the deceased's clothing and consuming foods that symbolized lifelessness and decay such as unleavened black bread and unfermented grape juice. Some necromancers even went so far as to take part in the mutilation and consumption of corpses.<ref>Guiley, p. 215.</ref> These ceremonies could carry on for hours, days, or even weeks, leading up to the eventual summoning of spirits. Frequently they were performed in places of [[burial|interment]] or other melancholy venues that suited specific guidelines of the necromancer. Additionally, necromancers preferred to summon the recently departed based on the premise that their revelations were spoken more clearly. This timeframe was usually limited to the twelve months following the death of the physical body; once this period elapsed, necromancers would evoke the deceased's ghostly spirit instead.<ref>Lewis, p. 201.</ref>

While some cultures considered the knowledge of the dead to be unlimited, ancient Greeks and Romans believed that individual shades knew only certain things. The apparent value of their counsel may have been based on things they knew in life or knowledge they acquired after death. [[Ovid]] writes in his ''[[Metamorphoses]]'' of a marketplace in the underworld where the dead convene to exchange news and gossip.<ref>Luck, p. 13.</ref><ref>Ovid. ''Metamorphoses'', [[s:Metamorphoses/Book IV#The Transformation of Ino and Melicerta to Sea-Gods|Book IV, Fable VII, Lines 440–464]].</ref>

=== Prohibited among Israelites ===

There are also several references to necromancers – called "bone-conjurers" among Jews of the later [[Hellenistic period]]<ref>Luck, p. 57.</ref> – in the [[Bible]]. The [[Book of Deuteronomy]] ([[s:Bible (King James)/Deuteronomy#18:9|18:9–12]]<ref>{{abbr|cf.|compare with}} [[s:Tanakh/Torah/Devarim#Devarim 18|''Tanakh, Torah, Devarim'' 18:9–12]].</ref>) explicitly warns the [[Israelites]] against engaging in the [[Canaan#Hebrew Bible|Canaanite]] practice of divination from the dead: {{Blockquote|<sup>9</sup>When thou art come into the land which the LORD thy God giveth thee, thou shalt not learn to do according to the abominations of those nations. <sup>10</sup>There shall not be found among you any one who maketh his son or his daughter to pass through the fire, or who useth divination, or an observer of times, or an enchanter, or a witch, <sup>11</sup>or a charmer, or a consulter with familiar spirits, or a wizard, or a necromancer. <sup>12</sup>For all who do these things are an abomination unto the LORD, and because of these abominations the LORD thy God doth drive them out from before thee ([[Authorized King James Version|KJV]]).}} Though Mosaic Law prescribed the [[List of capital crimes in the Torah|death penalty]] to practitioners of necromancy ([[s:Bible (King James)/Leviticus#20:27|Leviticus 20:27]]<ref>{{abbr|cf.|compare with}} [[s:Tanakh/Torah/Vayikra#Vayikra 20|''Tanakh, Torah, Vayikra'' 20:27]].</ref>), this warning was not always heeded. One of the foremost examples is when King [[Saul]] had the [[Witch of Endor]] invoke the spirit of [[Samuel (Bible)|Samuel]], a [[Biblical judges|judge]] and [[prophet]], from [[Sheol]] to divine the outcome of a coming battle ([[s:Bible (King James)/1 Samuel#28:3|1 Samuel 28:3–25]]<ref>{{abbr|cf.|compare with}} [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a28.htm#3 ''Tanakh, Nevi'im, Shmu'el Aleph'' 28:3–25] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509225206/http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a28.htm#3 |date=2012-05-09 }}.</ref>). However, the so-called witch was shocked at the presence of a familiar spirit in the image of Samuel for in I Sam 28:7 states "Behold, there is a woman that hath a familiar spirit at Endor" and in I Sam 28:12 says, "when the woman saw Samuel, she cried out in a loud voice", and the familiar spirit questioned his reawakening, asking as if he were Samuel the Prophet, "Why hast thou disquieted me?"<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog|title=Lives of the Necromancers|author=William Godwin|year=1876|page=[https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance04godwgoog/page/n41 18]}}</ref> Saul died the next day in combat, with Chronicles 10:13 implying this was due to the prohibition against necromancy.

== Early and High Middle Age ==
{{Further|Medieval European magic}}
Many medieval writers believed that actual [[resurrection]] required the assistance of God. They saw the practice of necromancy as conjuring demons who took the appearance of spirits. The practice became known explicitly as [[maleficium (sorcery)|maleficium]], and the Catholic Church condemned it.<ref>Kieckhefer 2011, p. 152.</ref> Though the practitioners of necromancy were linked by many common threads, there is no evidence that these necromancers ever organized as a group. One noted commonality among practitioners of necromancy was usually the utilization of certain toxic and [[hallucinogenic]] plants from the [[nightshade family]] such as [[black henbane]], [[jimson weed]], [[Atropa belladonna|belladonna]] or [[mandrake]], usually in magic salves or potions.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants: ethnopharmacology and its applications|last=Raetsch|first=Ch.|publisher=US: Park Street Press|year=2005|pages=277–282}}</ref>

Medieval necromancy is believed{{by whom|date=March 2015}} to be a synthesis of [[Astral plane|astral]] magic derived from Arabic influences and [[exorcism]] derived from Christian and Jewish teachings. Arabic influences are evident in rituals that involve moon phases, sun placement, day and time. Fumigation and the act of burying images are also found in both astral magic and necromancy. Christian and Jewish influences appear in the symbols and in the conjuration formulas used in summoning rituals.<ref>Kieckhefer 2011, pp. 165–166.</ref>

Practitioners were often members of the Christian clergy, though some nonclerical practitioners are recorded. In some instances, mere apprentices or those ordained to lower orders dabbled in the practice. They were connected by a belief in the manipulation of spiritual beings – especially demons – and magical practices. These practitioners were almost always literate and well educated. Most possessed basic knowledge of exorcism and had access to texts of [[astrology]] and of [[demonology]]. Clerical training was informal and university-based education rare. Most were trained under apprenticeships and were expected to have a basic knowledge of Latin, ritual and doctrine. This education was not always linked to spiritual guidance and seminaries were almost non-existent. This situation allowed some aspiring clerics to combine Christian rites with [[occult]] practices despite its condemnation in Christian doctrine.<ref>Kieckhefer 2011, pp. 153–154.</ref>

Medieval practitioners believed they could accomplish three things with necromancy: will manipulation, illusions, and knowledge:
* Will manipulation affects the mind and will of another person, animal, or spirit. Demons are summoned to cause various afflictions on others, "to drive them mad, to inflame them to love or hatred, to gain their favor, or to constrain them to do or not do some deed."<ref>Kieckhefer 2011, p. 158.</ref>
* Illusions involve reanimation of the dead or conjuring food, entertainment, or a mode of transportation.
* Knowledge is allegedly discovered when demons provide information about various things. This might involve identifying criminals, finding items, or revealing future events.

The act of performing medieval necromancy usually involved magic circles, conjurations, and sacrifices such as those shown in the ''[[Munich Manual of Demonic Magic]]'':
* Circles were usually traced on the ground, though cloth and parchment were sometimes used. Various objects, shapes, symbols, and letters may be drawn or placed within that represent a mixture of Christian and occult ideas. Circles were usually believed to empower and protect what was contained within, including protecting the necromancer from the conjured demons. A text known as the Heptameron explain the function of the circle thusly: "But because the greatest power is attributed to the Circles; (For they are certain fortresses to defend the operators safe from the evil Spirits;)..."
* Conjuration is the method of communicating with the demons to have them enter the physical world. It usually employs the power of special words and stances to call out the demons and often incorporated the use of Christian prayers or biblical verses. These conjurations may be repeated in succession or repeated to different directions until the summoning is complete.
* [[Sacrifice]] was the payment for summoning; though it may involve the flesh of a human being or animal, it could sometimes be as simple as offering a certain object. Instructions for obtaining these items were usually specific. The time, location, and method of gathering items for sacrifice could also play an important role in the ritual.<ref>Kieckhefer 2011, pp. 159–162.</ref>

The rare confessions of those accused of necromancy suggest that there was a range of spell casting and related magical experimentation. It is difficult to determine if these details were due to their practices, as opposed to the whims of their interrogators. [[John of Salisbury]] is one of the first examples related by [[Richard Kieckhefer]], but as a Parisian [[ecclesiastical court]] record of 1323 shows, a "group who were plotting to invoke the demon Berich from inside a circle made from strips of cat skin" were obviously participating in what the Church would define as "necromancy".<ref>Kieckhefer 1998, p. 191.</ref>

Herbert Stanley Redgrove claims necromancy as one of three chief branches of medieval [[ceremonial magic]], alongside [[black magic]] and [[Left-hand path and right-hand path|white magic]].<ref>Redgrove, p. 95.</ref> This does not correspond to contemporary classifications, which often conflate "nigromancy" ("black-knowledge") with "necromancy" ("death-knowledge").

== Late Middle Ages to Renaissance ==
{{Further|Renaissance magic}}
[[File:A Magician by Edward Kelly.jpg|thumb|Engraving of occultists [[John Dee]] and [[Edward Kelley]] "in the act of invoking the spirit of a deceased person"; from ''Astrology'' (1806) by [[Ebenezer Sibly]].]]
In the wake of inconsistencies of judgment, necromancers and other practitioners of the magic arts were able to utilize spells featuring holy names with impunity, as any biblical references in such [[ritual]]s could be construed as prayers rather than [[Spell (paranormal)|spells]]. As a consequence, the necromancy that appears in the ''Munich Manual'' is an evolution of these theoretical understandings. It has been suggested that the authors of the ''Manual'' knowingly designed the book to be in discord with [[ecclesiastical law]]. The main recipe employed throughout the ''Manual'' used the same religious language and names of power alongside demonic names. An understanding of the names of God derived from [[Apocrypha|apocryphal texts]] and the [[Torah|Hebrew Torah]] required that the author of such rites have at least a casual familiarity with these sources.

Within the tales related in occult manuals are found connections with stories from other cultures' literary traditions. For instance, the ceremony for conjuring a horse closely relates to the Arabic ''[[One Thousand and One Nights]]'' and French [[Romance (heroic literature)|romances]]; [[Geoffrey Chaucer|Chaucer's]] ''[[The Squire's Tale]]'' also bears marked similarities.<ref>Kieckhefer 1998, p. 43.</ref> This becomes a parallel evolution of spells to foreign gods or demons that were once acceptable, and frames them into a new Christian context, albeit demonic and forbidden. As the material for these manuals was apparently derived from scholarly magical and religious texts from a variety of sources in many languages, the scholars who studied these texts likely manufactured their own aggregate sourcebook and manual with which to work spells or magic.

In the notebooks of [[Leonardo da Vinci]], it is stated that "Of all human opinions that is to be reputed the most foolish which deals with the belief in Necromancy, the sister of [[Alchemy]], which gives birth to simple and natural things."<ref>Leonardo. ''Notebooks'', [[s:The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci/XIX#On spirits (1211-1213)|Volume 2, Chapter XIX, Section III:1213]].</ref>

== Modern era ==
In the present day, necromancy is more generally used as a term to describe manipulation of death and the dead, or the pretense thereof, often facilitated through the use of ritual magic or some other kind of occult ceremony. Contemporary [[séance]]s, [[Mediumship|channeling]] and [[Spiritualism (movement)|Spiritualism]] verge on necromancy when supposedly invoked spirits are asked to reveal future events or secret information. Necromancy may also be presented as sciomancy, a branch of [[Theurgy|theurgic magic]].

As to the practice of necromancy having endured in one form or another throughout the millennia, ''An Encyclopædia of Occultism'' states: {{Blockquote|The art is of almost universal usage. Considerable difference of opinion exists among modern adepts as to the exact methods to be properly pursued in the necromantic art, and it must be borne in mind that necromancy, which in the Middle Ages was called sorcery, shades into modern spiritualistic practice. There is no doubt, however, that necromancy is the touch-stone of occultism, for if, after careful preparation the adept can carry through to a successful issue, the raising of the soul from the other world, he has proved the value of his art.<ref>Spence, p. 286.</ref>}}

== Contemporary pop-culture ==
The archvillain in J.R.R. Tolkien's [[The Lord of the Rings|Lord of the Rings]] fantasy, Sauron, first reappears in the environs of Middle Earth as 'the Necromancer of [[Dol Guldur]]' in Tolkien's standalone prologue to the trilogy ''[[The Hobbit]]''. In fictional settings such as ''[[Dungeons & Dragons]]'', or fantasy video games, necromancy is associated with the reanimation of corpses often meant to be used as weapons. This tradition appears to combine associations of conjuring the dead from European and Mediterranean traditions with elements involving Zombies that seem to derive from Caribbean folklore and practice. {{Citation needed|date=December 2024}}

== See also ==
* {{annotated link|Ventriloquism#Origins|Gastromancy}}
* {{annotated link|Grógaldr}}
* {{annotated link|Haitian Vodou}}
* {{annotated link|List of occult terms}}
* {{annotated link|Macumba}}
* {{annotated link|Necromanteion of Acheron}}
* {{annotated link|Ouija}}
* {{annotated link|Spirit possession}}
* {{annotated link|Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible}}
* {{annotated link|Yūrei}}
* {{annotated link|Islam and magic}}
* {{annotated link|Lich}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

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* {{cite book | last1 = Siembieda | first1 = K. | author-link1 = Kevin Siembieda | last2 = Long | first2 = K. | author-link2 = Kevin Long (artist) | last3 = Rosenstein | first3 = J. | title = Rifts World Book Four: Africa | year = 1993 | publisher = [[Palladium Books]] | location = [[Taylor, Michigan|Taylor, MI]] | isbn = 978-0-916211-58-5 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Siembieda | first1 = K. | last2 = Sumimoto | first2 = M. | last3 = Cartier | first3 = R. | title = Rifts World Book 18: Mystic Russia | url = https://archive.org/details/palladiumbookspr0000siem | url-access = registration | year = 1998 | publisher = Palladium Books | location = Taylor, MI | isbn = 978-1-57457-011-3 |name-list-style=amp}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Siembieda | first1 = K. | last2 = Wujcik | first2 = E. | author-link2 = Erick Wujcik | last3 = Cartier | first3 = R. | last4 = Marciniszyn | first4 = A. | last5 = Jacques | first5 = C. | last6 = McCall | first6 = R. | title = Palladium Fantasy Role-Playing Game Book III: Adventures on the High Seas | edition = 2nd | year = 1996 | publisher = Palladium Books | location = Taylor, MI | isbn = 978-0-916211-17-2 | name-list-style = amp | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/adventuresonhigh00siem }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Spence | first = L. | author-link = Lewis Spence | encyclopedia = An Encyclopædia of Occultism | title = Necromancy | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zqcXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA286 | year = 1920 | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = London | oclc = 264589119 | pages = 286–290}}
* {{cite book | author = Strabo | author-link = Strabo | editor1-last = Hamilton | editor1-first = H. C. | editor2-last = Falconer | editor2-first = W | title = Geography | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0239 | year = 1889–1893 | orig-year = 20 BCE – 23 CE | publisher = [[George Bell & Sons]] | location = London| oclc = 693763975}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Tweet | first1 = J. | author1-link = Jonathan Tweet | last2 = Cook | first2 = M. | author2-link = Monte Cook | last3 = Williams | first3 = S. | author3-link = Skip Williams | editor1-first = J. | editor1-last = Martin | editor1-link = Julia Martin | editor2-first = J | editor2-last = Rateliff | editor2-link = John D. Rateliff | title = Player's Handbook: Core Rulebook I | series = [[Editions of Dungeons & Dragons#Dungeons & Dragons v3.5|''Dungeons & Dragons'' v3.5]] | year = 2003 | publisher = [[Wizards of the Coast]] | location = Renton, WA | isbn = 978-0-7869-2886-6 |name-list-style=amp}}

== Further reading ==
{{Commons category}}
{{wikiquote}}
* {{cite book | last = Bacon | first = R. | author-link = Roger Bacon | editor-last = MacDonald | editor-first = M | title = De Nigromancia | url = https://www.scribd.com/doc/13020915/Bacon-De-Nigromancia | year = 1988 | orig-year = c. 1260–1280 | publisher = Heptangle Books | location = Berkeley Heights, NJ | isbn = 978-0-935214-10-9 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140823103217/http://www.scribd.com/doc/13020915/Bacon-De-Nigromancia | archive-date = 2014-08-23 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Dubray | first = C. | encyclopedia = [[Catholic Encyclopedia]] | title = Necromancy | url = http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10735a.htm | year = 1911 | publisher = Robert Appleton Company | location = New York }}
* {{cite book | last = Godwin | first = W. | author-link = William Godwin | title = Lives of the Necromancers | url = https://archive.org/details/livesnecromance02godwgoog | year = 1834 | publisher = F. J. Mason | location = London| oclc = 2657815}}
* {{cite book | last = Halliday | first = W. R. | author-link = William Reginald Halliday | title = Greek Divination: A Study of Its Methods and Principles | chapter-url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xC91vC0DZj4C&pg=PA235 | year = 1913 | publisher = [[Macmillan Publishers|Macmillan]] | location = London| oclc = 25019974 | pages = 235–245 | chapter = Chapter XI: Necromancy| isbn = 978-1976523922 }}
* {{cite book | editor1-last = Monroe | editor1-first = A. | editor2-last = Edwards | editor2-first = T. | title = Full Guide to Becoming a Real Wizard, Witch or Necromancer; from "The Scripts of Osari the Wise" | year = 2010 | orig-year = 1907 | publisher = Library Tales/[[CreateSpace]] | location = New York| isbn = 978-1-4499-6763-5}}
* {{cite book | last = Ogden | first = D. | title = Greek and Roman Necromancy | year = 2001 | publisher = [[Princeton University Press]] | location = [[Princeton, New Jersey|Princeton, NJ]] | isbn = 978-0-691-00904-9}}
* {{cite book | last = Vulliaud | first = P. | title = La Kabbale Juive: Histoire et Doctrine – Essai Critique | year = 1923 | publisher = Émile Nourry | location = Paris | language = fr | oclc = 22318758}}
* {{cite book | last = Wendell | first = L. | title = The Necromantic Ritual Book | year = 1991 | publisher = Westgate Publications | location = [[Opelousas, Louisiana|Opelousas, LA]] | isbn = 978-0-944087-03-9}}

{{divination}}
{{fantasy fiction}}
{{witchcraft}}
{{Death}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Necromancy| ]]
[[Category:Divination]]
[[Category:History of magic]]
[[Category:Left-Hand Path]]
[[Category:Magic (supernatural)]]