Editing Nectarius of Jerusalem

'''Nectarius of Jerusalem''', born '''Nikolaos Pelopidis''' ({{langx|grc|Νεκτάριος Πελοπίδης}}, 1602–1676), was the [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem]] from 1661 to 1669.<ref name="Noble 2016">{{cite book | last1=Noble | first1=S. | last2=Panchenko | first2=C.A. | last3=Noble | first3=B.P. | title=Arab Orthodox Christians Under the Ottomans 1516–1831 | publisher=Holy Trinity Publications | year=2016 | isbn=978-1-942699-10-1 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qsoOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT677 | access-date=2023-12-07 | page=677}}</ref>

==Biography==
Patriarch Nectarius was born Nikolaos Pelopidis near Heraklion in [[Crete]] in 1602.{{cn|date=September 2023}} He was educated by the monks of [[Saint Catherine's Monastery]], who were operating the Sinaitic Academy in Herakleion at that time,{{cn|date=September 2023}} eventually becoming a [[monk]] himself in [[Sinai Peninsula|Sinai]].<ref name=SCHAFF>[[:de:Ferdinand Kattenbusch|Kattenbusch, Ferdinand]] (Ph.D, Th.D.). ''"[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08/Page_98.html NECTARIUS: Patriarch of Jerusalem]."'' In: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, Ed. (1914). [[Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge|New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]], Vol. VIII: Morality - Petersen. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1953. p. 98.</ref>

About 1645 he studied at [[Athens]] with the Neo-[[Aristotelianism|Aristotelian]] philosopher and scholar [[Theophilos Corydalleus]].<ref name=SCHAFF/>

Early in 1661 he was in [[Constantinople]] on business connected with his monastery, and on his return to Sinai he was chosen abbot (25-1-1661). However, on his way to [[Jerusalem]] to be consecrated, he was informed that he had been chosen [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|Patriarch of the Holy City]], and was [[Consecrations in Eastern Christianity#Consecration of bishops|consecrated]] on April 9, 1661.<ref name=SCHAFF/>

As he was fond of learning and of music, he arranged for the establishment of schools in Constantinople, in Arta and Chios. In addition, he repaired the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in Jerusalem, and cared for the reconstruction of monastic houses and [[guest houses]] for visitors there.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

When he was present in [[Iași]], the capital of [[Moldavia]], he became involved with the issues surrounding [[Patriarch Nikon]] of Moscow and all the Rus'.{{cn|date=September 2023}} In July 1663, when Pantaleon Ligarid and Archbishop Josef of Astrakhan tried to officially depose Patriarch Nikon from his cathedra, Patriarch Nectarius of Jerusalem protested in 1664 against their intended trial of Patriarch Nikon, because he saw no serious basis for it. He also knew Ligarid well, considering him a rogue.<ref>Daniel Shubin. ''A History of Russian Christianity.''  Algora Publishing, 2004. p. 119.</ref>

He is known by his recommendation of the ''Confessio Orthodoxa'' of [[Peter Mogilas]] (1645), which he endorsed in 1662.<ref name=STRONG>Proeschel, J.N. ''"2. Nectarius (Patriarch of Jerusalem)."'' In: [[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]] and [[James Strong (theologian)|James Strong]]. Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature. Vol. VI ‒ ME-NEV. New York: Harper and Brother Publishers, 1882. p. 914.</ref>{{#tag:ref|There were four seventeenth-century Confessions:
:* [[Metrophanes Kritopoulos]] (1625); 
:* [[Cyril Lucaris|Cyril Loukaris]] (1629); 
:* [[Peter Mogila]] (1645); and 
:* [[Patriarch Dositheos II of Jerusalem|Dositheos of Jerusalem]] (1672).<ref>[[Christos Yannaras]]. ''Orthodoxy and the West: Hellenic Self-Identity in the Modern Age.'' Transl. Peter Chamberas and Norman Russell. Brookline: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2006. p. 64.</ref>|group=note}}

As early as 1666 he sought to be relieved of his duties, and by 1669 [[Dositheos Notaras]] had become his successor.<ref name=SCHAFF/>

He participated in the [[Synod of Jerusalem (1672)|Synod of Jerusalem]] in 1672, that refuted the Calvinist confessions of [[Cyril Lucaris]].<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08364a.htm New Advent website, ''Jerusalem (After 1291)'']</ref>

After his resignation, Nectarius remained in Jerusalem, except for a short time when he was driven to Mount Sinai by Latin monks who came to Palestine with Roman Catholic crusaders. Later he remained at the Monastery of The Holy Archangels (Andromedos, [[Jaffa|Joppa]]) until his death.{{cn|date=September 2023}} Saint [[Raphael of Brooklyn|Raphael Hawaweeny]] states that Nectarius was "a righteous person in mind and soul" and so chose to retire due to "fierce resistance of the Jerusalemite monks when he declined to persecute the indigenous Orthodox".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawaweeny |first=Raphael |title=An Historical Glance at the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulcre |publisher=Oakwood Publications |year=1893 |isbn=1879038315 |location=California |publication-date=1996 |pages=21 |translator-last=Najim |translator-first=Michel}}</ref>

Patriarch Nectarius died on July 14, 1676.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

===Writings===
Patriarch Nectarius was versed in the Greek, Arabic, Turkish, and Latin languages.{{cn|date=September 2023}}

During his patriarchate, Romish emissaries were very active in [[Proselytism|endeavoring to persuade]] the [[Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem|Greek Christians of Palestine]], suffering under the yoke of the Turks, to unite with the Church of Rome. Among them a [[Franciscan]], named Peter, was especially active in distributing five tracts in defense of the [[Primacy of the Bishop of Rome|papal authority]]. Nectarius' refutation of these tracts regarding papal supremacy was among the most important of his writings, in a publication entitled: {{in lang|el}} ''Κατά τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Παπᾶ'',{{#tag:ref|{{in lang|el}} ''Περί τῆς ἀρχῆς τοῦ Παπᾶ ἀντιρρήσεις.'' [[Iași|Iassi]] 1682; London 1702; Paris 1718.|group=note}} a firm refutation of the Roman Catholic theses.<ref name=STRONG/>

He also wrote a work in Greek against the doctrines of [[Martin Luther|Luther]] and [[John Calvin|Calvin]], which was translated into Latin by [[Eusèbe Renaudot|Renaudot]], who published it, together with Gennadius' ''Homilies on the Eucharist.''<ref>([[Paris]], 1709, 4to).</ref> In his doctrine of the [[Eucharist]], Nectarius was strictly Orthodox, and a zealous opponent of [[Cyril Lucaris]] and the [[Calvinism|Calvinistic]] movement.<ref name=SCHAFF/><ref>[https://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/encyc/encyc06/htm/iii.lvi.iv.htm Christian Classics Ethereal Library, ''Synod of Jerusalem'']</ref>

In addition, Nectarius is said to have written a history of the [[Egypt in the Middle Ages|Egyptian empire]] down to [[Selim I|Sultan Selim]].<ref name=STRONG/>{{#tag:ref|See [[Johann Albert Fabricius|Fabricius]], ''Bibliotheca Graeca'' (ed. [[Gottlieb Christoph Harless|Harless]]), ix, [https://books.google.com/books?id=irsNAAAAYAAJ&q=NECTARII 310].|group=note}} In this Arabic manuscript (which he composed in Greek), he states that he personally witnessed a miracle in the region of [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis, Egypt]], similar to the narrative of ''The Valley of Dry Bones,'' ([http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=ezekiel%2037:1-37:14&version=KJV Ezekiel 37:1-14]) in which the prophet sees the [[Resurrection of the dead|dead rise again]].<ref name=RUDDER>''[[Canon law#Eastern Orthodox Church|The Rudder]] (Pēdálion)'': Of the metaphorical ship of the One Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church of the Orthodox Christians, or all the sacred and divine canons of the holy and renowned Apostles, of the holy Councils, ecumenical as well as regional, and of individual fathers, as embodied in the original Greek text, for the sake of authenticity, and explained in the vernacular by way of rendering them more intelligible to the less educated.
:Comp. Agapius a Hieromonk and Nicodemus a Monk. First printed and published A.D.1800. Trans. D. Cummings, from the 5th edition published by John Nicolaides (Kesisoglou the Caesarian) in Athens, Greece in 1908, (Chicago: The Orthodox Christian Educational Society, 1957; Repr., New York, N.Y.: Luna Printing Co., 1983). pp. 10-11.</ref>{{#tag:ref|"In the region of [[Heliopolis (Ancient Egypt)|Heliopolis, Egypt]], where the great pyramids are, God performs the following strange paradox every year, to wit: on the evening of our (not the Latins') [[Holy Week#Great and Holy Thursday|Holy Thursday]], the earth vomits old human relics and bones, which cover the ground of an extensive plain and which remain standing until the following [[Ascension Thursday|Thursday of the Assumption]] (misnamed "Ascension" by the Latins), and then they go into hiding, and no longer show themselves at all, until Holy Thursday comes again. This is no myth or fable, but is true and certain, having been verified by older and recent historians, and particularly by [[:el:Γεώργιος Κορέσιος|George Coressios]] the Chian, and by '''Nectarius,''' of blessed memory, a former [[Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem|patriarch of Jerusalem]], who in the Arabic manuscript which he composed tells about it on page 266 and, as appears from what he says further on, saw it with his own eyes. In fact, these human bones presage the future [[resurrection of the dead]], just as the prophet [[Ezekiel]] too saw them."<ref name=RUDDER/>|group=note}}

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[:de:Ferdinand Kattenbusch|Kattenbusch, Ferdinand]] (Ph.D, Th.D.). ''"[http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08/Page_98.html NECTARIUS: Patriarch of Jerusalem]."'' In: Jackson, Samuel Macauley, Ed. (1914). '''[[Schaff–Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge|New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge]]''', Vol. VIII: Morality - Petersen. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker Book House, 1953. p.&nbsp;98.
* Proeschel, J.N. ''"2. Nectarius (Patriarch of Jerusalem)."'' In: [[John McClintock (theologian)|McClintock, John]] and [[James Strong (theologian)|James Strong]]. '''Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological and Ecclesiastical Literature'''. Vol. VI ‒ ME-NEV. New York: Harper and Brother Publishers, 1882. p.&nbsp;914.
* {{in lang|el}} Μανούσακας Μ. Ι.. ''Η Επιτομή της Ιεροκοσμικής Ιστορίας του Νεκταρίου Ιεροσολύμων και αι πηγαί αυτής.'' Κρητικά Χρονικά. τομ.1 (1947), σελ. 291–332.
* {{in lang|la}}  [[Johann Albert Fabricius|Fabricius, Johann Albert]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=irsNAAAAYAAJ&q=NECTARII Ioannis Alberti Fabricii... Bibliotheca Graeca: Sive Notitia Scriptorum Vetervm Graecorvm].'' Editio Nova: [[Gottlieb Christoph Harless]], Christoph August Heumann. Volvmen Nonvm. Hambvrgi: Apud Carolvm Ernestvm Bohn, 1804. p.&nbsp;310.

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{{succession box|
before=[[Patriarch Paiseus of Jerusalem|Paiseus]]|
title=[[Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem]]|
years=1661–1669|
after=[[Dositheos (patriarch of Jerusalem)|Dositheos II]]}}
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{{Patriarchs of Jerusalem}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1602 births]]
[[Category:1676 deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century Greek Orthodox Patriarchs of Jerusalem]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox theologians]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox Christians from Greece]]
[[Category:Eastern Orthodox monks]]
[[Category:People from Heraklion (regional unit)]]
[[Category:Clergy from Heraklion]]